含碳球团还原法处理含锌电炉粉尘的试验分析

为综合利用含锌电炉粉尘,提出运用含碳球团的还原处理方法,并进行了扩大性试验,得到了还原焙烧法的合理工艺条件.试验表明:配碳的碳氧比C/O=1.2、还原温度1 150 ℃、料层厚度30 mm、加热时间65 min可取得较好的效果;还原后的球团为半金属化球团,其w(TFe)为50%左右,金属化率60%～70%,球团的残Zn含量在2%以下,是较好的高炉原料;Zn的还原挥发率达到90%左右,收集粉中ZnO含量在90%左右;PbO含量在2%以下,已达到等级氧化锌的标准,实现了含锌电炉粉尘的无害化和资源化利用.     

钒钛磁铁矿直接还原试验研究

在热力学分析的基础上研究了实验室条件下钒钛磁铁矿配煤直接还原的特点,考察了还原机理及还原温度、反应时间和配碳量对金属化率的影响.结果表明:采用直接还原可使钒钛磁铁矿中铁的氧化物优先还原为金属铁,钛仍以氧化物的形态存在;随着温度升高,球团金属化率呈上升趋势,且上升趋势随之减缓;在xC/xO=0.9∶1时,延长反应时间金属化率增加,但反应时间过长金属铁会被再氧化,反应时间控制在20 min为宜;在xC/xO=1.1∶1时,40 min内未出现再氧化现象;低配碳(xC/xO=0.8∶1)时,球团的金属化率随还原时间、还原温度的增加而增加,1 300℃下还原10 min后金属化率即达到了90%以上.     

含锌粉尘内配碳球团还原模型

以转底炉处理钢铁厂含锌粉尘为背景,结合转底炉实际生产工艺条件,建立了含锌粉尘内配碳球团直接还原一维非稳态数学模型.模型不仅考虑了铁氧化物的还原反应和碳的气化反应,还加入了氧化锌的还原反应,并通过实验验证了模型的准确性.利用计算结果分析讨论了炉温、球团半径及孔隙率对球团还原的影响.炉温对球团的金属化率和脱锌率均有显著影响,孔隙率和球团半径仅对球团的金属化率影响较小,而对脱锌率基本没有影响.     

津布巴铁精矿含碳球团还原实验研究

高炉炼铁工艺中炼焦、球团、烧结工序是主要污染源,本实验模拟转底炉工艺采用煤粉为还原剂实现直接还原铁的清洁生产。实验以津布巴铁精矿为原料,对该铁精矿进行XRD分析、扫描电镜分析和热失重分析。实验采用含碳球团焙烧还原工艺,通过四因素三水平正交实验研究各因素对焙烧球团的金属化率的影响。结果表明:在含碳球团焙烧还原过程中,对金属化率的影响程度从大到小的因素分别为焙烧温度、碱度、焙烧时间和配碳量,其中,当配碳量为1.0,温度为1 150℃,碱度为0.37,焙烧时间为25 min是得到高金属化率焙烧球团的最佳条件,球团焙烧后的残炭量与焙烧温度和碱度也有较大关系,最终球团金属化率均在80%以上。     

含锌粉尘内配碳球团还原模型

以转底炉处理钢铁厂含锌粉尘为背景,结合转底炉实际生产工艺条件,建立了含锌粉尘内配碳球团直接还原一维非稳态数学模型.模型不仅考虑了铁氧化物的还原反应和碳的气化反应,还加入了氧化锌的还原反应,并通过实验验证了模型的准确性.利用计算结果分析讨论了炉温、球团半径及孔隙率对球团还原的影响.炉温对球团的金属化率和脱锌率均有显著影响,孔隙率和球团半径仅对球团的金属化率影响较小,而对脱锌率基本没有影响.     

钢铁厂含锌铅粉尘配碳球团的直接还原工艺

对钢铁厂含锌铅粉尘配碳球团直接还原工艺进行了研究.结果表明：生球碱度及还原时间对球团中铅挥发率和铁的金属化率有显著影响，而还原温度则对球团中锌、铅挥发率和铁的金属化率均有显著影响.在此基础上确定的最佳工艺参数为：生球碱度～0.9，还原温度和还原时间分别为1250℃和25min.     

预还原球团吸波性能及其微波加热煤基直接还原

研究预还原球团在微波场中的升温特性,考察预还原球团微波加热中对直接还原的影响,分析铁氧化物煤基微波加热的还原行为.研究结果表明:预还原程度越高,球团中的Fe3O4含量逐渐减少,浮氏体和金属铁含量逐渐增多,对微波的吸收性能逐渐减弱,但是仍然具有较好的吸波能力.预还原球团金属化率越高,得到的海绵铁金属化率越高,在预还原球团金属化率为42.85％(质量分数),温度为1 000℃,还原时间为48 min,碳氧质量比为1.75:1时,海绵铁金属化率达到97.29％.随着还原反应的进行,铁氧化物的成分不断改变,金属铁颗粒呈星点状分布于浮氏体之间,但并不会形成致密金属壳,为还原反应中的气体交换创造良好的动力学条件.     

含碳团矿盖碳保护直接还原的试验研究

在盖碳保护敞焰加热条件下,对含碳团矿进行试验研究,得到金属化率与加热时间、加热温度、料层厚度等参数间的定量关系,从而确定了球团还原时获得高金属化率的条件。     

磁铁矿球团煤基直接还原工艺中润磨的强化

以铁品位为69.21%(质量分数)的磁铁精矿为原料,采用预热球团"一步法"煤基直接还原工艺制取直接还原铁。为了降低该精矿成球时产生过多粉末,采用润磨工艺来预处理混合料,并在最优条件下进行了扩大型全流程试验。研究结果表明:在磁铁精矿配加1.0%复合粘结剂及润磨4 min的条件下,生球落下强度由未润磨时的3.8次/(0.5 m)提高到13.7次/(0.5 m);润磨后干球(<1 mm=粉末率由未润磨时的10.98%降低到2.98%;在预热温度为800℃和预热时间为10 min时,预热球团抗压强度由未润磨时的466 N/个提高到581 N/个。预热球团直接还原时,采用润磨预处理方案球团的金属化率与无润磨工艺球团的金属化率相差不大,但金属化球团抗压强度远远大于未润磨时的金属化球团抗压强度,且几乎不产生磁性粉末。通过链箅机-回转窑直接还原扩大试验,所得直接还原球团铁品位达93.43%,金属化率达95.88%,含硫量低于0.01%,磁性粉率为0.75%~0.96%,每吨直接还原铁所耗还原煤为808.5~859.3 kg。     

低配碳比含碳球团直接还原的实验研究

根据低配碳比含碳球团还原熔分工艺制备粒铁的技术思想,对低配碳比含碳球团的直接还原进行实验研究.结果表明,这种低配碳比的含碳球团还原速度较快,还原反应进行了10 min时表观还原度为84%,20min时表观还原度可达88%;继续延长反应时间,球团表层还原得到的少量金属铁会再次被氧化成FeO.还原反应结束后,球团内仍存在少量尚未还原的FeO,它们与脉石中的SiO2形成低熔点的铁橄榄石,有利于工艺后期渣铁的熔化及分离.     

钒钛磁铁矿含碳球团还原的影响因素

通过单因素实验考察了还原温度、还原时间及碳氧摩尔比（nC/nO）对钒钛磁铁矿含碳球团还原的影响,结合扫描电镜照片解释了钒钛磁铁矿的还原机理.实验结果表明,适当升高还原温度、延长还原时间及增加碳氧摩尔比均可以促进钒钛磁铁矿的还原,并且金属化率随还原温度的升高先急剧升高而后趋于平缓,随着还原时间的延长及碳氧摩尔比的增加而先升高后降低,而残碳量随着反应的进行不断降低.当还原温度为1350℃,还原时间为30 min,碳氧摩尔比为1.2时,球团的金属化率达到最大值.通过扫描电镜照片可以看出,球团在还原过程中形成了铁连晶,并且在不同的还原条件下铁连晶的大小及形态不同.     

高铬型钒钛磁铁矿煤基直接还原研究

将高铬型钒钛磁铁精矿、还原剂煤粉和黏结剂按一定比例配料、混匀、模压成型后进行直接还原,研究了煤种、碳氧摩尔比(COR)、还原温度、还原时间和添加剂等因素对高铬型钒钛磁铁精矿还原产物金属化率的影响,采用X射线衍射对还原产物进行物相分析.结果表明:以无烟煤为还原剂,碳氧摩尔比1.2、还原温度1 350℃、还原时间60 min的条件下,未采用添加剂时产物金属化率最高可达89.80%;在碳氧摩尔比1.2、还原温度1 250℃、保温时间30 min、添加质量分数为3%Ca F2条件下,还原产物金属化率达85.27%,有效降低了还原过程的能耗.还原温度低于1 250℃时,产物主要物相为金属铁,同时还有少量的Fe2O3,Fe3O4,Fe3C,Fe0.5M g0.5Ti2O5和Ti O2;1 300℃时,还原产物中出现Fe2VO4;高于1 350℃时,还原产物中出现了(Fe,Cr)和Ti3O5.     

不同还原度铁氧化物球团在微波场中的升温及还原行为

为深入了解氧化球团在微波竖炉中的升温以及煤基直接还原行为,实验采用铁精矿氧化球团作为基础原料,在气体还原剂条件下进行预还原,通过控制还原时间得到不同还原度铁氧化物球团,并从不同还原度铁氧化物球团的结构以及性能出发,研究它们在微波场中的升温性能及其还原变化.电磁性能测试结果表明,球团中的铁及其氧化物在微波场中的升温速度从快到慢依次为:Fe3O4,Fe2O3,Fe,FeO.微波加热还原结果分析及矿相结构观察显示,Fe2O3的深还原时间较长,物相多重转变,造成过程温度和还原气氛跟不上氧化物的还原反应速度;Fe3O4阶段升温速度快,结构松散,有助于进一步的还原,但进入浮士体(FeO的固溶体)阶段后孔隙率降低,升温速度骤降,造成还原的困难;在还原度达到66.90％时,表层以金属铁相为主,孔洞发达,吸波性能强,在气化反应有效进行的条件下,球团将会实现快速还原.     

Numerical simulation of the direct reduction of pellets in a rotary hearth furnace for zinc-containing metallurgical dust treatment

A mathematical model was established to describe the direct reduction of pellets in a rotary hearth furnace (RHF). In the model, heat transfer, mass transfer, and gas-solid chemical reactions were taken into account. The behaviors of iron metallization and dezincification were analyzed by the numerical method, which was validated by experimental data of the direct reduction of pellets in a Si-Mo furnace. The simulation results show that if the production targets of iron metallization and dezincification are up to 80% and 90%, respectively, the furnace temperature for high-temperature sections must be set higher than 1300℃. Moreover, an undersupply of secondary air by 20% will lead to a decline in iron metallization rate of discharged pellets by 10% and a decrease in dezincing rate by 13%. In addition, if the residence time of pellets in the furnace is over 20 min, its further extension will hardly lead to an obvious increase in production indexes under the same furnace temperature curve.     

球团预制-硅热还原炼镁还原罐内传热

为了解决皮江法还原罐内传热慢的问题，提出将白云石粉、硅铁、萤石混合，加入黏结剂先造球再煅烧，煅烧后的热球团直接用于还原的炼镁新技术.采用数值方法研究预制球团在还原罐内的传热规律.结果表明:提高硅铁添加量、增加球团直径、减小床层密度均有利于热量向还原罐内部传递;将边界温度由1473K提高至1498K，还原罐中心区域达到1473K的时间由300min缩短至178min;当还原罐直径为300mm时，对于直径为25mm的预制球团，还原罐中心点加热至1473K的时间为90min，而对于皮江法球团则需要288min.     

Reduction of 1-3 mm iron ore by H2 in a fluidized bed

The reduction of 1-3 mm fine powder of iron ore by H₂ was conducted in a lab-fabricated kg class high temperature fluidized bed. The results show that the differential pressure in the fluidized bed, which has small fluctuation with time, increases with the increase of gas flowing velocity. The utilization ratio of gas decreases when the reaction lasts longer time indicating that the reaction is faster at the beginning of reduction and becomes slower in the latter process. The higher the reaction temperature is, the higher the utilization ratio of gas is, but the difference of utilization ratio among the different temperatures becomes smaller with time. The utilization ratio of gas and the metallization ratio can reach 9% and 84% respectively at 750℃ for 20 min, which shows the reduction reaction by H₂ is very fast. The increase of metallization ratio with gas velocity performs quite good linearity, which shows that a higher velocity of reducing gas can be used to improve the productivity of the reactor when H₂ is used as reducing gas. With the increase of charge height, the metallization ratio decreases, but the utilization ratio of gas increases. The reaction temperature can be reduced to 700-750℃ from 800-850℃ when H₂ is used as reducing gas.     

以龙舌兰蔗渣作为还原剂使磁铁矿精矿有效地金属化

The reduction behavior and metallization degree of magnetite concentrate with agave bagasse were investigated in an inert atmosphere. The effects of temperature, biomass content, and residence time on reduction experiments and metallization degree were investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Compared with other types of biomass, agave bagasse had lower contents of nitrogen, sulfur, and ash. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the metallization degree improved with increasing temperature and biomass content. Complete metallization was achieved at 1100°C for 30 min with 65:35 and 50:50 ratios of the magnetite concentrate to the agave bagasse. These results demonstrate that agave bagasse promotes the efficient metallization of magnetite concentrate without the external addition of a reducing agent. Therefore, this biomass is a technical suitable alternative to replace fossil fuels in steelmaking.     

MgO对铁矿球团还原冶金性能的影响

研究考察了MgO对铁矿球团低温还原粉化率(RDI)、还原性(RI)以及还原膨胀率(RSI)等几种冶金性能的影响.结果表明:当MgO添加剂质量分数由0增加至2.0%时，铁矿球团的低温还原粉化率(RDI)和还原膨胀率(RSI)都逐渐下降，分别下降了6.46%与6.21%，还原粉化和还原膨胀现象得到抑制；同时，铁矿球团的还原性(RI)呈现逐渐上升趋势，升高了4.66%；故适量添加MgO有利于改善铁矿球团的冶金性能.通过分析配加MgO添加剂后铁矿球团的微孔情况及矿物组成的变化，研究解明了MgO对铁矿球团冶金性能的影响原因.     

Recovery of iron from high phosphorus oolitic iron ore using coal-based reduction followed by magnetic separation

Oolitic iron ore is one of the most important iron resources. This paper reports the recovery of iron from high phosphorus oolitic iron ore using coal-based reduction and magnetic separation. The influences of reduction temperature, reduction time, C/O mole ratio, and CaO content on the metallization degree and iron recovery were investigated in detail. Experimental results show that reduced products with the metallization degree of 95.82% could be produced under the optimal conditions (i.e., reduction temperature, 1250℃; reduction time, 50 min; C/O mole ratio, 2.0; and CaO content, 10wt%). The magnetic concentrate containing 89.63wt% Fe with the iron recovery of 96.21% was obtained. According to the mineralogical and morphologic analysis, the iron minerals had been reduced and iron was mainly enriched into the metallic iron phase embedded in the slag matrix in the form of spherical particles. Apatite was also reduced to phosphorus, which partially migrated into the metallic iron phase.