Recipes Prediction by Matching to K/S Values Based on New Two-constant Theory

A concept of new two-constant of colorant, both （ R/St ） and （s/St）, is introduced based on the Kubelka-Munk theory. A new two-constant theory for color matching is presented. Basic equations used in matching to K/S values are given in matrix form based on the new two-constant theory. Algorithm for a least-squares match to K/S values of a sample is developed by use of the new two-constant theory. The algorithm is suitable for single-constant theory as well as two-constant theory. The experimental data show that calculating K/S values of disperse dyes based on new two- constant theory are accordant with the measuring ones. The recipes predicted by new two-constant theory arc closer to the actual recipes of the standard sample than the recipes predicted by single-constant theory. The sample according to the recipe predicted by new two-constant theory has smaller color difference against for the standard than the sample according to the recipe predicted by single-constant theory. The results show that the scattering of disperse dyes cannot be negligible, and that the recipes match to textiles colored by disperse dyes should be predicted by using of new two-constant theory.     

A new non-monotone fitness scaling for genetic algorithm

The properties of selection operators in the genetic algorithm (GA) are studied in detail. It is indicated that the selection of operations is significant for both improving the general fitness of a population and leading to the schema deceptiveness. The stochastic searching characteristics of GA are compared with those of heuristic methods. The influence of selection operators on the GA' s exploration and exploitation is discussed, and the performance of selection operators is evaluated with the premature convergence of the GA taken as an example based on One-Max function. In order to overcome the schema deceptiveness of the GA, a new type of fitness scaling, non monotone scaling, is advanced to enhance the evolutionary ability of a population. The effectiveness of the new scaling method is tested by a trap function and a needle-in-haystack (NiH) function.     

Effects of surface tension on bubble growth in an extensive uniformly superheated liquid

The study of bubble growth in an extensive pool of liquid provides considerable insight into the mechanisms that play a role in bubble growth near a heated surface and in the cavitation phenomenon. This work focuses on analyzing the effects of surface tension on the growth rate for the thermally controlled stage of a single bubble in such a liquid. The conservation of energy equations, including the internal energy term for the bubble and that within boundary layer around it, are numerically solved. The complete temporal variations of the bubble in water and liquid nitrogen are investigated based on the assumption that the bubble growth is controlled only in sequence by inertia and heat. Thus, the two stages are subject to the continuity of the bubble growth, while the inertia-controlled stage is only formulated by the well-known Rayleigh solution. The thickness of the boundary layer around the bubble is also determined. The results are comparable with the Plesset-Zwick models and Forster-Zuber models, as well as available experimental data. It is found that the influence of internal energy on the rate of bubble growth is small enough to be ignored; however, the accumulative effects of the surface tension are significant and increase with a decrease in the degree of superheat.     

What are universities for?

Governments worldwide rightly regard universities as fundamental to the achievement of many national priorities. But it is the paper’s contention that many misunderstand their true benefit to society. Investments in universities are increasingly based on the belief that the science labs in particular of research-intensive universities can be the source of a continuous stream of people and ideas that will spawn innovative and fast growing companies to form the nexus of the knowledge-based economy. This belief is a source of misconceived policies that offer only ultimate disillusion. It is the totality of the university enterprise that is important, as the only place where that totality of ourselves and our world is brought together, and which makes it the strongest provider of the rational explanation and meaning that societies need. In research, universities create new possibilities; in teaching, they shape new people. Its graduates learn to seek the true meaning of things: to distinguish between the true and the merely seemingly true, to verify for themselves what is stable in that very unstable compound that often passes for knowledge. It is the complex, interacting whole of the university that is the source of the separate economic, social, cultural and utilitarian benefits valued by society. It needs to be understood, valued and managed as a whole. These perceptions are a direct challenge to not only to governments but to university administrators who have been either cowed or seduced into the slipshod thinking that is leading to demands that universities cannot satisfy, whilst obscuring their most important contributions. The challenge to both is to permit autonomy without oppressive accountability, and to give staff and students the freedom to think, speculate and research. These are the very conditions of the personal and collective creativity that are the sources of a university’s deepest benefits to its society.     

The orientational preferences of backbones of proteins

The orientation between the backbone residues of proteins is defined based on the local configurations and the corresponding preferences are analyzed by statistics.It is found that all the residue pairs have some specific preferences of orientations.The statistical analysis is mainly concen-trated in the orientational distributions for two kinds of groupings of residues based on the hydrophobicity and secondary structural features.The statistics for such two types of groupings shows different orienta-tional preferences.It is found that for the former grouping the orientational preference is rather weak, while for the later a kind of strong orientational pref-erences.This suggests that the formation of local structures and of secondary structures are highly related to the orientational preferences.     

The largest known odonate in China: Hsiufua chaoi Zhang et Wang, gen. et sp. nov. from the middle jurassic of inner mongolia

A new genus and species, Hsiufua chaoi Zhang et Wang, is established based on a forewing from the Middle Jurassic Haifanggou Formation in Inner Mongolia, China and attributed to Campterophlebiidae, Isophlebioidea, Odonata. It is the largest odonate known in China and the fourth in the world in terms of forewing length. The maximum size (based on forewing length) of Odonata is smaller in the Permian than in the Mesozoic which is probably due to competition for prey between Odonata and Protodonata in the Permian. The reason that the maximum size of Jurassic odonates is larger than that of their extant relatives is most probably less competition and lower predation pressure from contemporary aerial vertebrates.     

KDD-based rolling schedule model for plate mill

A novel method for generating a rolling schedule is presented, which is fundamentally different from the existing ones.KDD (knowledge discovery in database) techniques are applied for discovering association rules between rolling parameters in a large database of rolling operation, and based on these rules, the schedule for the crucial last six finishing passes is generated. Operational evaluation shows that the schedule generated by the new method outperforms that generated by existing methods. It also shows how in this application the human's domain knowledge is applied to speed up the KDD process and to ensure the validity of the knowledge discovered.     

A fast SVM training algorithm based on the set segmentation and k-means clustering

At present, studies on training algorithms for support vector machines (SVM) are important issues in the field of machine learning. It is a challenging task to improve the efficiency of the algorithm without reducing the generalization performance of SVM. To face this challenge, a new SVM training algorithm based on the set segmentation and k-means clustering is presented in this paper. The new idea is to divide all the original training data into many subsets, followed by clustering each subset using k-means clustering and finally train SVM using the new data set obtained from clustering centroids. Considering that the decomposition algorithm such as SVMlight is one of the major methods for solving support vector machines, the SVMlight is used in our experiments. Simulations on different types of problems show that the proposed method can solve efficiently not only large linear classification problems but also large nonlinear ones.     

Application of the Henon Chaotic Model on to the Design of Low Density Parity Check Codes

A new method to design parity-check matrix based on Henon chaos model is presented. The designed parity-check matrix is with rather random behavior. Simulation results show that the proposed method makes an improvement in bit error rate （BER） performance by 0.4 dB compared with that of Luby for AWGN channel. The proposed method decreases the complexity of decoding significantly, and improves the error correcting performance of LDPC codes. It has been shown that Henon chaotic model is a powerful tool for construction of good LDPC codes, which make it possible to apply the LDPC code in real communication systems.     

Stabilization of Chaotic Time Series by Proportional Pulse in the System Variable Based on Genetic Algorithm

The PPSV (Proportional Pulse in the System Variable) algorithm is a convenient method for the stabilization of the chaotic time series. It does not require any previous knowledge of the system. The PPSV method also has a shortcoming, that is, the determination off. is a procedure by trial and error, since it lacks of optimization. In order to overcome the blindness, GA (Genetic Algorithm), a search algorithm based on the mechanics of natural selection and natural genetics, is used to optimize the λ_i The new method is named as GAPPSV algorithm. The simulation results show that GAPPSV algorithm is very efficient because the control process is short and the steady-state error is small.     

Neutron imaging at Peking University

： Neutron imaging techniques were investigated at Peking University based on a 4.5 MV Van de Graaff accelerator. The thermal neutron radiography, fast neutron radiography and fast neutron resonance radiography were tested. The low neutron flux limits the image quality. A new radio frequency quadrupole （RFQ） accelerator based on neutron source with a yield of 1 012 n/s is being set up.     

中子源的剂量分布与辐射防护

20ci中子源在工作状态时,中子发射率大,对源室的辐射较大,在较长时间使用中子源的过程中,不可避免对在源室的工作人员和周边环境造成不同影响,为保障中子源的安全使用,满足辐射防护的安全标准和优化要求。南华大学核科学技术学院研究了中子源对四周产生辐射剂量的分布情况,对源辐射分布进行实地检测及数据分析等研究工作。为中子源将采取最佳屏蔽措施提供一份参考依据。     

中子散射及其应用

在近30年间，由于中子源和散射装置的改进，中子散射在凝聚态物质中的应用日益广泛，在许多方面是其他（X射线、电子、激光、同步辐射等）散射技术不可比拟的．在简单评述供散射用的中子源和散射实验技术进展之后，重点介绍中子散射在凝聚态物质研究中的应用，它们包括晶体结构和磁结构的测定、表面、界面和薄膜的表征、测定结构涨落、磁涨落的现代相变研究、畸变、无序系统（包括分形和小角散射）和高分子材料、高Tc氧化物超导体的研究。     

中子散射技术及中国散裂中子源概述

介绍了中子散射的特点和它的优越性以及散裂中子源的基本原理、发展状况和多学科的应用优势,介绍了中国散裂中子源的总体目标、总体方案、先进性及建成后的国际地位.     

d-T源中子照相装置慢化准直系统初步设计

慢化体准直器是热中子照相装置的关键组件之一,利用铅、铍、石墨等为慢化体的材料,对d-T反应中子源中子照相装置的慢化准直系统进行设计.采用MCNP程序模拟d-T反应快中子在慢化体内的中子慢化输运过程,通过计算得到了满足热中子照相的慢化准直系统的设计方案,给出了经慢化后的中子束各项物理参数.     

因瓦效应与中子散射

概述了作者十几年来用非弹性中子散射和光电子能谱等方法在非晶态因瓦合金的自旋波动力学，晶格动力学和电子结构方面所进行的实验研究，基于实验事实，提出了统一解释因瓦效应的电子－声子相互作用机制。以此展示中子散射等近代物理实验方法在凝聚态物理研究中的重要地位。     

预测某些中子星的构成组份

在理论上对中子星的构成组份以及中子星物质的不可压缩性进行不同的设定,通过计算得到一系列对应的中子星质量理论最大值。将这些计算值与观测值进行对比,可预测出某些中子星的构成组份。     

14 MeV中子防护体设计的MCNP模拟

用富氢材料防护产额为108个/s的D T中子发生器, 当富氢材料厚度大于76 cm时, 其中子辐射剂量低于0.025 mSv/h. 为降低防护体厚度, 用铜和含硼聚乙烯组成的双层材料作为14 MeV中子防护体. Monte Carlo(MCNP)计算结果表明, 若中子辐射剂量小于0.025 mSv/h, 则双层材料的最小厚度为52 cm, 硼的质量分数为1.00%, 铜和含硼聚乙烯的厚度分别为37 cm和15 cm.     

超子排斥势和弱吸引势对中子星性质的影响

从相对论平均场理论出发,研究了不同超子势下,超子耦合常数对中子星性质的影响．对4种不同的超子势进行了计算,计算发现,∑强排斥势和Ξ的弱吸引势都将抑制超子的产生．作者通过对不同超子势的计算得到以下结果：∑排斥势越强,状态方程越硬,其所得中子星的最大质量越大．计算得到中子星的质量为1．32～1．45M⊙（M⊙为太阳质量）,与实际观测基本符合．