具有良好可再生性的新型二氧化硅磁性氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料

Graphene oxide (GO) wrapped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by coating the Fe₃O₄ NPs with a SiO₂ layer, and then modifying by amino groups, which interact with the GO nanosheets to form covalent bonding. The SiO₂ coating layer plays a key role in integrating the magnetic nanoparticles with the GO nanosheets. The effect of the amount of SiO₂ on the morphology, structure, adsorption, and regenerability of the composites was studied in detail. An appropriate SiO₂ layer can effectively induce the GO nanosheets to completely wrap the Fe₃O₄ NPs, forming a core-shell Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO composite where Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ NPs are firmly encapsulated by GO nanosheets. The optimized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO sample exhibits a high saturated adsorption capacity of 253 mg·g?1 Pb(II) cations from wastewater, and the adsorption process is well fitted by Langmuir adsorption model. Notably, the composite displays excellent regeneration, maintaining a ~90% adsorption capacity for five cycles, while other samples decrease their adsorption capacity rapidly. This work provides a theoretical guidance to improve the regeneration of the GO-based adsorbents.     

微波预处理对复杂铜矿磨矿及浮选动力学的影响

The effect of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ on the reduction roasting and magnetic separation of high-phosphorus iron ore containing phosphorus in the form of Fe₃PO₇ and apatite was investigated. The results revealed that Na₂CO₃ had the most significant effect on iron recovery and dephosphorization, followed by CaCO₃, the effect of CaF₂ was negligible. The mechanisms of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS). Without additives, Fe₃PO₇ was reduced to elemental phosphorus and formed an iron–phosphorus alloy with metallic iron. The addition of CaCO₃ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to generate an enormous amount of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ and promoted the reduction of iron oxides. However, the growth of iron particles was inhibited. With the addition of Na₂CO₃, the phosphorus in Fe₃PO₇ migrated to nepheline and Na₂CO₃ improved the reduction of iron oxides and growth of iron particles. Therefore, the recovery of iron and the separation of iron and phosphorus were the best. In contrast, CaF₂ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to form fine Ca₃(PO₄)₂ particles scattered around the iron particles, making the separation of iron and phosphorus difficult.     

不同硅饱和系数水榴石的碳酸化分解动力学

Carbonated decomposition of hydrogarnet is one of the vital reactions of the calcification–carbonation method, which is designed to dispose of low-grade bauxite and Bayer red mud and is a novel eco-friendly method. In this study, the effect of the silica saturation coefficient (x) on the carbonation of hydrogarnet was investigated from the kinetic perspective. The results indicated that the carbonation of hydrogarnets with different x values (x = 0.27, 0.36, 0.70, and 0.73) underwent two stages with significantly different rates, and the kinetic mechanisms of the two stages can be described by the kinetic functions R3 and D3. The apparent activation energies at Stages 1 and 2 were 41.96–81.64 and 14.80–34.84 kJ/mol, respectively. Moreover, the corresponding limiting steps of the two stages were interfacial chemical reaction and diffusion.     

一种超重力燃烧合成制备高性能高熵合金的新方法

A new method of high-gravity combustion synthesis (HGCS) followed by post-treatment (PT) is reported for preparing high-performance high-entropy alloys (HEAs), Cr_0.9FeNi_2.5V_0.2Al_0.5 alloy, whereby cheap thermite powder is used as the raw material. In this process, the HEA melt and the ceramic melt are rapidly formed by a strong exothermic combustion synthesis reaction and completely separated under a high-gravity field. Then, the master alloy is obtained after cooling. Subsequently, the master alloy is sequentially subjected to conventional vacuum arc melting (VAM), homogenization treatment, cold rolling, and annealing treatment to realize a tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of 1250 MPa, 1075 MPa, and 2.9%, respectively. The present method is increasingly attractive due to its low cost of raw materials and the intermediate product obtained without high-temperature heating. Based on the calculation of phase separation kinetics in the high-temperature melt, it is expected that the final alloys with high performance can be prepared directly across master alloys with higher high-gravity coefficients.     

窄板坯结晶器内连铸工艺参数对钢液流场的影响

Computational simulations and high-temperature measurements of velocities near the surface of a mold were carried out by using the rod deflection method to study the effects of various operating parameters on the flow field in slab continuous casting (CC) molds with narrow widths for the production of automobile exposed panels. Reasonable agreement between the calculated results and measured subsurface velocities of liquid steel was obtained under different operating parameters of the CC process. The simulation results reveal that the flow field in the horizontal plane located 50 mm from the meniscus can be used as the characteristic flow field to optimize the flow field of molten steel in the mold. Increases in casting speed can increase the subsurface velocity of molten steel and shift the position of the vortex core downward in the downward circulation zone. The flow field of liquid steel in a 1040 mm-wide slab CC mold can be improved by an Ar gas flow rate of 7 L·min?1 and casting speed of 1.7 m·min?1. Under the present experimental conditions, the double-roll flow pattern is generally stable at a submerged entry nozzle immersion depth of 170 mm.     

电渣重熔脱硫技术研究进展

Electroslag remelting (ESR) gives a combination of liquid metal refining and solidification structure control. One of the typical aspects of liquid metal refining during ESR for the advanced steel and alloy production is desulfurization. It involves two patterns, i.e., slag–metal reaction and gas–slag reaction (gasifying desulfurization). In this paper, the advances in desulfurization practices of ESR are reviewed. The effects of processing parameters, including the initial sulfur level of consumable electrode, remelting atmosphere, deoxidation schemes of ESR, slag composition, melting rate, and electrical parameters on the desulfurization in ESR are assessed. The interrelation between desulfurization and sulfide inclusion evolution during ESR is discussed, and advancements in the production of sulfur-bearing steel at a high-sulfur level during ESR are described. The remaining challenges for future work are also proposed.     

利用皮秒激光烧蚀制备非球形铝纳米颗粒

We report the picosecond laser ablation of aluminum targets immersed in a polar organic liquid (chloroform, CHCl₃) with ~2 ps laser pulses at an input energy of ~350 μJ. The synthesized aluminum nanoparticles exhibited a surface plasmon resonance peak at ~340 nm. Scanning electron microscopy images of Al nanoparticles demonstrated the spherical morphology with an average size of (27 ± 3.6) nm. The formation of smaller spherical Al nanoparticles and the diminished growth could be from the formation of electric double layers on the Al nanoparticles. In addition to spherical aluminum nanoparticles, triangular/pentagonal/hexagonal nanoparticles were also observed in the colloidal solution. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images of ablated Al targets demonstrated laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs), which were the high spatial frequency LIPSSs (HSF-LIPSSs) since their grating period was ~280 nm. Additionally, coarse structures with a period of ~700 nm were observed.     

Mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al2O3?Na2O system during high-temperature sintering

The mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al₂O₃?Na₂O system during the high-temperature sintering process were systematically investigated using DSC?TG, XRD, SEM?EDS, FTIR, and Raman spectra, and the crystal structure of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was also simulated by Material Studio software. The results indicated that the minerals formed during the sintering process included Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀, CaO·Al₂O₃, and 12CaO·7Al₂O₃, and the content of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ could reach 92wt% when sintered at 1200°C for 30 min. The main formation stage of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ occurred at temperatures from 970 to 1100°C, and the content could reach 82wt% when the reaction temperature increased to 1100°C. The crystal system of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was tetragonal, and the cells preferred to grow along crystal planes (110) and (210). The formation of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was an exothermic reaction that followed a secondary reaction model, and its activation energy was 223.97 kJ/mol.     

含细夹层的分矿充填层中流动特性的可视化

Ore particles, especially fine interlayers, commonly segregate in heap stacking, leading to undesirable flow paths and changeable flow velocity fields of packed beds. Computed tomography (CT), COMSOL Multiphysics, and MATLAB were utilized to quantify pore structures and visualize flow behavior inside packed beds with segregated fine interlayers. The formation of fine interlayers was accompanied with the segregation of particles in packed beds. Fine particles reached the upper position of the packed beds during stacking. CT revealed that the average porosity of fine interlayers (24.21%) was significantly lower than that of the heap packed by coarse ores (37.42%), which directly affected the formation of flow paths. Specifically, the potential flow paths in the internal regions of fine interlayers were undeveloped. Fluid flowed and bypassed the fine interlayers and along the sides of the packed beds. Flow velocity also indicated that the flow paths easily gathered in the pore throat where flow velocity (1.8 × 10?5 m/s) suddenly increased. Fluid stagnant regions with a flow velocity lower than 0.2 × 10?5 m/s appeared in flow paths with a large diameter.     

全尺寸PDC钻头切削齿载荷分布规律的实验研究

根据实验应力分析原理,研究了三种剖面形状的全尺寸PDC刮刀钻头在常压下钻进红砂岩和白砂岩时,切削齿上的工作载荷.重点研究了切削齿上的轴向力、切削力、侧向力及其合力沿半径的分布规律及其与钻压和转速的关系,还分析讨论了岩石类型和钻头剖面形状对载荷分布规律的影响.结果表明,钻头形状不同,切削齿上的载荷分布亦不同;转速对切削齿上的载荷分布基本无影响.     

水平井井底钻压波动规律的实验研究

利用水平井钻柱动力学模拟实验装置,进行了水平井井底钻压波动的模拟实验。实验结果表明:水平井井底的钻压波动为一正弦波动,其波动频率与钻柱的自转频率相等,钻压对波动频率的影响不大。水平井井底的实际钻压始终与名义钻压近似相等;随着钻压和转速的增加,水平井井底钻压的波动会变得越稳定。水平井实际钻进时,建议转速大于52.08 r/min,钻压大于90 kN。     

水平旋转钻柱横向振动特性试验

利用水平井钻柱动力学特性模拟装置,对不同钻压和转速条件下水平旋转钻柱横向振动特性进行试验研究。结果表明:钻压和转速是影响水平井旋转钻柱横向振动特性的重要因素;随着转速增加,两横向振动的频率逐渐变大而相位差变小,两横向振动频率与钻柱自转频率呈线性关系;钻压增大对两横向振动频率的影响不大,但两横向振动的相位差会随着钻压的增大而逐渐变小;实际钻进中,钻柱一直处于井筒的右下部,转速选取时应尽量避开52.1 r/min。     

旋切方式作用的新型钻头破岩特性与试验分析

在分析传统三牙轮钻头破岩特性的基础上,提出一种旋切方式破岩的新型钻头(旋切钻头)。运用柱坐标与复合运动原理,建立破岩过程切削齿的位置方程、速度方程和加速度方程。同时结合算例参数,分析不同齿圈切削齿破岩过程接触段上的速度和加速度分布规律。根据加速度计算结果进行切削齿破岩工作力学和失效机制研究。结果表明:在钻进过程中,旋切钻头的切削齿以冲击、旋切方式破岩,不同齿圈切削齿同时切削井壁,且大齿圈切削齿过井眼中心,运动速度快,可有效地提高钻头心部破岩效率。试验结果验证了算例分析和计算方法的正确性,建立的计算方法修正了现有研究的部分错误,且适用于其他牙轮钻头与复合钻头的研究。     

PDC钻头切削齿磨损规律的试验研究

根据摩擦与磨损原理，研究了两种齿形的ＰＤＣ钻头在不同钻井参数下钻进过程中进行简易取心时岩石的磨损状况，分析了切削齿的磨损速度与岩石的岩性、钻压以及转速的关系，并进一步确定了切削齿的磨损速度与磨损高度的关系。结果表明，钻头切削齿的磨损速度与钻压、转速成非线性关系，并且磨损速度受磨损高度的影响。根据试验结果，得出了钻头切削齿磨损速度的综合模式。     

盘形钻头刮切实验数据分析处理

简要介绍了盘形钻头的结构特点及工作机理,着重对盘形牙轮钻头9种不同结构参数的盘形切削齿与目前镶齿牙轮钻头上使用的瓢形和楔形齿在重庆砂岩上进行了刮切对比实验的实验数据进行了分析处理。求出了刮切实验中测得的不同牙齿在刮切过程中的刮切力的最大值、最小值、平均值和刮切单位体积岩石所需的刮切力的大小,得到了不同结构牙齿在刮切重庆砂岩时的刮切效果,为进一步设计出实用于中硬及软地层并具有较高综合工作性能的盘形钻头提供了实验数据。     

直井眼钟摆钻具纵向振动特性的实验研究

为了了解直井眼中底部钻柱的纵向振动特性,利用根据相似理论设计出的钻柱动力学模拟试验装置,对不同参数组合下的钟摆钻具组合纵向振动特性进行了模拟实验研究。实验结果表明,钻柱的纵向振动主要与转速和钻压有关。转速一定时,提高钻压有利于减轻钻柱纵向振动;钻压一定时,降低转速有利于减轻钻柱的纵向振动;当对钻具施加的名义钻压一定时,随着转速的增加,平均钻压有减小的趋势。另外,在减小直井底部钻柱纵向振动的问题上存在钻压与转速的优化组合。     

牙轮钻头牙齿破岩有限元分析

牙轮钻头是石油钻井中主要的破岩工具。牙轮钻头的破岩是通过其齿圈上的牙齿和岩石相互作用完成的。本文通过建立牙轮钻头单个牙齿与岩石互作用模型,用有限元方法完成了牙轮钻头破岩过程的分析,获得岩石的破碎坑;进一步通过等效应力云图确定了牙齿破岩过程牙齿及岩石的应力分布情况,为进一步分析牙轮钻头破岩效率提供依据。     

适合于研磨性硬地层的新型孕镶金刚石钻头优化设计试验研究

针对现有钻头在研磨性硬地层中普遍存在钻速低、寿命短的问题,研制了一种孕镶钻齿,通过室内试验优选胎体配方和金刚石参数,设计了一种新型孕镶金刚石钻头,并进行了现场应用。孕镶钻齿设计为圆柱形,以铸造碳化钨和碳化钨为胎体骨架材料,以浓度为25%、粒度为80目的天然金刚石颗粒为磨削元件,采用热压工艺烧结合成。新型孕镶金刚石钻头冠部形状设计为直线-圆弧-圆弧型双锥剖面,采用等间距高密度径向布齿,布齿间距为2 mm,采用横卧和竖立两种方式周向布齿。现场应用结果表明,新型孕镶金刚石钻头可提速79%左右,使用寿命是牙轮钻头寿命的2倍以上。     

井底条件下牙轮钻头润滑系统工况的模拟实验研究

对牙轮钻头润滑密封储油系统在井底高温条件下的容积及压力变化进行了模拟实验。通过实验及对钻头实际工况的分析得出,在井底因高温及钻头动我所造成的密封储油系统的容积变化约为2％～3％,系统的内外压差约为0.3～0.5MPa.