Spatial distribution of Cd and Cu in soils in Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area （SZIA）, China

Heavy metal contamination of soils, derived from sewage irrigation, mining and inappropriate utilization of various agrochemicals and pesticides, and so on, has been of wide concern in the last several decades. The Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area （SZIA） in China is a representative area of heavy metal contamination of soils resulting from sewage irrigation for about 30 years. This study investigated the spatial distribution and temporal variation of soil cadmium （Cd） and copper （Cu） contamination in the SZIA. The soil samples were collected from the SZIA in 1990 and 2004; Cd and Cu in soils was analyzed and then the spatial distribution and temporal variation of Cd and Cu in soils were modeled using Kriging methods. The results show that long-term sewage irrigation had caused serious Cd and Cu contamination in soils. The mean and the maximum of soil Cd are markedly higher than the levels in second grade standard soil （LSGSS） in China, and the maximum of soil Cu is close to the LSGSS in China in 2004 and is more than the LSGSS in China in 1990. The contamination magnitude of soil Cd and the soil extent of Cd con- tamination had evidently increased since sewage irrigation ceased in 1992. The contamination magnitude of soil Cu and the soil extent of Cu contamination had evidently increased in topsoil, but obviously decresed in subsoil. The soil contamination of Cd and Cu was mainly related to Cd and Cu reactivation of contaminated sediments in Shenyang Xi River and the import of Cd and Cu during irrigation. The eluviation of Cd and Cu in contaminated topsoil with rainfall and irrigation water was another factor of temporal-spatial variability of Cd and Cu contamination in soils.     

Distribution and partition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） in water of the Zhujiang River Estuary

The spatial, temporal, and vertical distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） in water columns from the Zhujiang River Estuary were examined, and the partition behavior of PBDEs between particle and dissolved phases was investigated in the present study. The results show that the distributions of PBDEs concentrations in the water varied with the sampling seasons. The PBDEs concentrations in water samples were lower in May 2005, when the brackish water was dominant in the estuary, than in October 2005, when fresh water from river runoff dominated the estuary. The spatial distribution of PBDEs in October 2005 indicated that the river runoff was the major mode to input PBDEs to the estuary, and the concentration of PBDEs in water might be dissolved organic carbon （DOC） dependence. The spatial and vertical distributions of PBDEs in May 2005 were relatively homogeneous, and SPM was the major factor on controlling the levels of PBDEs in this sampling time. Both DOC and POC could play certain roles in determining the distribution and partition of PBDEs between particle and dissolved phases, but their effects varied with the water properties.     

Dinosaur eggs and dinosaur egg-bearing deposits （Upper Cretaceous） of Henan Province, China： Occurrences, palaeoenvironments, taphonomy and preservation

The Upper Cretaceous dinosaur egg-bearing deposits in Henan Province, central China are divided into three formations in ascending order: Gaogou, Majiacun and Sigou. The Gaogou Formation belongs to alluvial fan deposits containing the fossil dinosaur egg assemblage of Faveoloolithus, Dendroolithus, Dictyoolithus, Paraspheroolithus and Longiteresoolithus. The Majiacun Formation is interpreted as braided stream to meandering stream deposits with assemblage of Ovaloolithus,Paraspheroolithus,Placoolithus,Dendroolithus,Prismatoolithus, rare Youngoolithus and Nanhiungoolithus. The Sigou Formation is shallow lacustrine/palustrine to low-sinuosity river sedimentary rocks with assemblage of Macroolithus,Elongatoolithus, Ovaloolithus and Paraspheroolithus.To date, 37 oospecies, 13 oogenera and 8 oofamilies of dinosaur eggs have been distinguished. Autochthonous dinosaur eggs are preserved in the floodplain deposits, whereas allochthonous and parautochthonous dinosaur eggs are preserved in the alluvial fans. This suggests that river floodplains are the best environments for the preservation of numerous autochthonous dinosaur eggs. The preservation of most dinosaur eggs in brown to red calcic palaeosoils, muddy siltstones or mudstones suggests that the paleoclimate of the nesting area was semiarid. The presence of gray and green mudstone and coal layers, however, indicates that there existed an ephemeral subhumid climate during the middle and Late Cretaceous. It is suggested that such a climate was favorable for the development of meandering streams in a vegetated environment.     

Seasonal variation of gut Cyanophyta contents and liver GST expression of mud carp （Cirrhina molitorella） and Nile tilapia （Oreochromis niloticus） in the tropical Xiangang Reservoir （Huizhou, China）

Liver glutathione S-transferase(GST) plays a major role in the detoxification of microcystins(MCs) via conjugation to glutathione(GSH).We evaluated the relationship between seasonal variation in fish gut contents and the expression of GST isoforms in mud carp(Cirrhina molitorella) and Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus).We quantified the abundance and diversity of plankton in the water column and foregut of mud carp and Nile tilapia in the tropical Xiangang Reservoir between October 2007 and July 2008.The mRNA expression of 7 liver GST isoforms was determined by real-time RT-PCR.The gut contents of both species were dependent on the amount and type of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the water.The expression of liver GST genes in Nile tilapia and mud carp was positively and negatively correlated,respectively,with the abundance of toxic cyanobacteria in the fore-gut.The expression of liver GST mRNA was correlated to the abundance of toxic cyanobacteria in the gut contents of both species,suggesting that mRNA expression of GST isoforms could be used as a biomarker in Nile tilapia and mud carp to monitor cyanobacteria blooms in reservoirs.     

New primitive ichthyosaurian （Reptilia,Diapsida） from the Middle Triassic of Panxian,Guizhou, southwestern China and its position in the Triassic biotic recovery

A new primitive ichthyopterygian Xinminosaurus catactes gen. et. sp. nov. is erected based on a complete skeleton from the Middle Triassic Upper Member of the Guanling Formation at Panxian, Guizhou, southwestern China. It has a suite of uniquely derived char- acters in its dentition, ulna, carpals and tarsals. It is similar to primitive ichthyopterygians in retaining elongated limb bones. The new taxon and a diversity of marine reptiles in Panxian Fauna are the physical markers of the Middle Triassic Biotic radiation. Detailed studies of this fauna will supply essential knowledge on the diversity, migration and paleobiogeographic affinity of Middle Triassic ichthyopterygians.     

Phylogenetic identification and microbial diversity in snow of the summit （8201 m） of Cho Oyu Mountain,Tibet

The bacterial diversity and abundance in snow of the summit （8201 m） of Cho Oyu mountain, Tibet, were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing followed by scanning electronic microscopy analysis. Most of bacteria were found to be of spherical or oval shape （〉95%）. Bacterial 16S rDNA sequences were classified into 5 genera （Caulobacter, Ralstonia, Cupriavidus, Pelomonas and Pseudomonas）. Gammaproteobacteria were the most abundant （91.25%） among the library that consists of 594 clones. The sequences found in this study are highly similar to those previously retrieved from other cold environments, such as ice core, sea ice, permafrost and snow. The results showed that the cold and barren environments strongly influence the survival of bacteria. The high similarity among sequences retrieved from snow sample and other places, such as ocean, soil and water, suggested that the bacteria in snow, soil and water environments have the same origin.     

Differential gene expression profiling in the developed ovaries between the parthenogenetic and bisexual female rice water weevils,Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel （Coleoptera： Curculionidae）

The rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel （Coleoptera： Curculionidae）, reproduces by sex in the Southeastern United States, but reproduces by parthenogenesis in California and other invaded regions in Asia and Europe. The objective of this study was to create a parthenogenetic gene expression profile of the rice water weevil in order to gain a better insight into the molecular mechanisms of parthenogenesis in the weevil. Suppression subtractive hybridization （SSH） technique was employed for profiling differential gene expression in the developed ovary between the parthenogenetic and bisexual female rice water weevils. A total of 70 contigs were obtained, and the BLASTX search identified putatively 28 genes with differential functions. According to the cytological process of parthenogenesis, the tubulin alpha-1 chain and signal transduction genes etc. were selected for real time quantitative RT-PCR analyses, and their possible functions related to the molecular mechanism of parthenogenesis were discussed. The tubulin alpha-1 chain and some signal transduction genes may be related to the molecular mechanisms of parthenogenesis of the rice water weevil.     

Effects of cadmium, 17β-estradiol and their interaction in the male Chinese loach （Misgurnus anguillicaudatus）

To assess the interaction effect between cadmium (Cd) and 17-estradiol (E2),male Chinese loaches (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) were exposed to E2 (1 g/L) and Cd (50 or 500 g/L) alone and in combination using a semi-static waterborne exposure system.The effects of E2 on the accumulation and distribution of Cd,as well as the effects of Cd on vitellogenin (Vtg) synthesis induced by E2,were investigated.Cd mainly accumulated in the kidneys,liver,intestines,and gills,with little amounts in muscles,bones,and gonads.Co-exposure with E2 did not change the main targets for Cd.E2 could induce Vtg synthesis in male Chinese loaches,and co-exposure with 50 or 500 g/L Cd could inhibit the Vtg induced by 1 g/L E2.Compared with the results reported in the literature,it can be concluded that factors such as fish species,Cd dosage,and manner of exposure might make contributions to the interaction between Cd and E2.Our results also suggested that male Chinese loaches are susceptible to Cd,and can be recommended as a potential sentinel species to study the ecotoxicology of heavy metals.     

油田地表土壤中多环芳烃提取方法改进研究

研究了油田运行井周围的地表土壤中16种多环芳烃的提取和测定方法.对超声提取方法进行优化,得到了最佳超声提取条件,分析在最佳超声条件下直接超声波、微波辅助超声、微波与振荡辅助超声的提取效果,并与72h索氏提取相比较.结果表明,在温度30℃,功率120 W下超声60 min提取多环芳烃的效果最好.     

淮北芦岭矿区土壤中PAHs的分布特征及分析

在运用气相色谱-质谱方法对淮北芦岭煤矿区17个代表性土壤样品和一个煤矸石样品进行28种PAHs(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)测试和分析的基础上,研究了PAHs在矿区土壤中的分布特征及迁移行为,评价了PAHs在矿区的环境影响.结果表明,研究区28种PAHs,总含量(干重)∑28PAHs从0.35μg/g到6.21μg/g,平均值为1.69μg/g.其中16种是USEPA规定的优控PAHs,总含量(干重)∑16PAHs从0.23μg/g到3.53μg/g,平均值为1.00μg/g.按相关评价标准,该区部分土壤受到PAHs中度到重度污染,且该区PAHs污染来源是煤矸石堆和生物质燃料燃烧.通过毒性评价可知,PAHs污染土壤的环境风险主要是苯并[a]芘,TEQ达60.68%.     

珠江广州段沉积物中多环芳烃分布及富集研究

通过对珠江广州河段沉积物进行粒度分级:>500μm,500μm>>220μm,220μm>>63μm,,63μm>>22μm,<22μm.对各个粒级的样品重液分离,收集轻组分(有机质)和重组分(主要为无机矿物及无定型有机质).参照美国EPA8000系列方法分析样品中多环芳烃(PAHs),利用显微镜对沉积物中不同组分进行鉴定,讨论了PAHs在沉积物不同组分中的分布规律.     

分析红树植物样品中多环芳烃时色素干扰的去除方法

建立了一种用于分析红树植物样品中PAHs含量的萃取液净化方法.采用微波辅助萃取法对红树植物样品中的PAHs进行萃取,将萃取液中的叶绿素皂化;再用OasisHLB反相固相萃取小柱富集PAHs,使之与叶绿素皂化产物等杂质分离,以二氯甲烷洗脱PAHs后用GC-MS测定.替代物回收率在75.2%～107.9%之间,RSD为0.5%～8.5%,检出限范围为0.17～2.35ng/g.     

人工神经网络用于多环芳烃及胆蒽系化合物致癌活性的研究

用人工神经网络中误差反向传播网络(BPNN)和径向基函数网络(RBFNN)对甲基、烷基、环戊并及环己并及胆蒽系化合物的致癌性强弱进行了分类,采用的输入参数为单个原子能（IAE）、电子能(EE)、生成热(HOF)、原子最高正电荷(QMAX)、原子最低负电荷(QMIN)、最高占有轨道能量(HOMO)、最低朱占有轨道能量(LUMO)、偶极矩(DIP)、水合能(HE)、疏水性参数(logP)、分子表面积(SA)、极化率(Polar)、代谢活性区中心碳原子离域能(△E1)、亲电活性区中心碳原子离域能(△E2)和分子中脱毒区总数(n)。BP网络采用tan-sigmoid函数,RBF网络采用Quadratic和Inverse Quadratic函数。两种模型的分类准确率均达80％以上。     

大气颗粒物中多环芳香烃快速萃取方法的研究

大气颗粒物中多环芳香烃(PAHs)的标准提取方法有索氏萃取法和超声波萃取法。本研究在使用两种标准方法的基础上,利用快速溶剂萃取方法(ASE)对公路大气、隧道大气和汽车尾气等大气颗粒物样品提取PAHs,并探讨了颗粒物中提取PAHs时合适的萃取方法和萃取溶剂。实验结果表明,公路大气样品中PAHs提取可以选用乙腈为溶剂的ASE方法;隧道空气样品PAHs提取中索氏提取法优于其他方法;而汽车尾气样品中大部分PAHs的提取,以二氯甲烷为萃取溶剂的ASE的效果与其他方法相同。     

贵阳市道路地表灰尘中多环芳烃的分布特征及生态风险评估

采用高效液相色谱法对贵阳市道路地表灰尘中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了定量分析,研究了贵阳市道路地表灰尘中PAHs在不同功能区分布特征,并分析了其可能来源。最后以单因子指数、内梅罗综合指数评价法和苯并(a)芘的等效致癌毒性(BEQ)评价标准对PAHs的生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,贵阳市道路地表灰尘样品中PAHs的质量分数在88.1～13 192.7μg/kg之间,各个功能区地表灰尘PAHs质量分数有明显差异,最高值出现在交通要道,最低值出现在公园。生态风险评价表明,贵阳市地表灰尘中以交通要道和工业区两个功能区已受到严重的PAHs威胁,具有较为严重的生态风险.     

上海大气可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征研究

采用气质联用技术(GC／MS)对上海市大气颗粒物中美国EPA优先控制的16种多环芳烃进行定量研究．结果显示,冬季PAHs浓度最高,夏季浓度最低;绝大多数的PAHs存在于0．43～2．1μm的粒径范围内;在粒径分布上,三环、四环、五环的PAHs基本上呈单峰分布,在0．43-1．1μm时达到浓度最高值．     

松花江河漫滩沉积物柱样中PAHs分布的年代特征

利用²¹⁰Pb和¹³⁷Cs定年技术结合松花江河漫滩沉积物柱样中多环芳烃(PAHs)的检测结果分析PAHs在近90年间的年代特征. 结果表明, 松花江河漫滩沉积物中PAHs质量比在1960年以后急剧增加, 20世纪90年代初期达到峰值后呈下降趋势, 与我国滇池和其他部分城市湖泊沉积记录基本一致, 但与发达国家同类研究结果明显不同. 与国内其他河流沉积物相比, 松花江PAHs污染处于中等水平.呈现以萘、 菲等低环化合物为主的污染特征. 根据PAHs环数的相对丰度、 w(蒽)/w(蒽+菲)、 w(荧蒽)/w(荧蒽+芘), 沉积物PAHs主要来源于石油类污染. PAHs质量比的阶段性变化与流域内近90年的人口、 GDP均显著相关, 即松花江PAHs污染与人类活动显著相关.     

苔藓生物监测大气沉降中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染研究进展

苔藓是最灵敏的大气污染指示植物之一,取材容易,调查方法简单,现已被用于监测大气中的PAHs污染研究领域。基于苔藓对大气中的PAHs的富集机制、特点、影响因素等方面进行综述,介绍了苔藓监测大气沉降的历史、国内外的研究现状,由此促进国内更深入的开展用苔藓植物来监测大气中的多环芳香烃的指示工作,并且探讨了把苔藓作为生物修复材料的应用前景。