用于管道焊缝检测的激光超声系统

针对石油管道焊缝检测中被测样品粗糙,作业环境恶劣等问题,基于光折变晶体内双波混合干涉原理,研制了高频激光超声测振仪,结合激光超声的激励技术,设计了一种可用于检测石油管道表面及内部焊缝缺陷的激光超声检测系统.利用该系统分别对缺陷在表面和内部的管道焊缝试块进行了超声激励和检测实验.实验结果表明,该系统能有效地分析出被测样品表面以及内部缺陷的位置以及相应深度,检测分辨率达到0.01 mm,缺陷位置检测误差控制在2%以内.该检测系统结构紧凑可靠,操作简便,开发的高频激光超声测振仪能工作在管道焊缝检测的常见作业环境(70~75 d B低频环境噪声),具有一定的适用性.     

管道环焊缝相控超声检测系统设计

传统的单探头超声检测精度低、效率差，严重影响了管道环焊缝缺陷检测自动化程度的提高，为此将超声相控阵技术移植到管道环焊缝缺陷检测，设计了一套管道环焊缝缺陷检测系统，给出了检测系统的硬、软件设计．在硬件设计中，通过Matlab编程优化阵列换能器的参数，解决了一系列技术难点．试块和模拟管道的实验结果表明，该系统具有良好的超声发射与接收合成能力，而且对管道焊缝缺陷的检出率和缺陷定位均迭到检测要求，同时也证明了阵列换能器参数优化设计方法的可行性。     

相控阵检测在锅炉悬吊管中的应用

为了消除锅炉悬吊管焊缝因射线检测遗漏的超标缺陷对机组安全运行造成的隐患,利用相控阵检测对经射线检测合格后的悬吊管焊缝进行复检。结果表明:相控阵检测能发现射线检测遗漏的缺陷,检测数据与缺陷实际情况吻合较好;相控阵检测比射线检测效率高、精度高且成本低;相控阵检测代替射线检测用于锅炉管道焊缝检测是可行的,为锅炉管道的质量检验提供了一种新的思路。     

天然气管道拘束焊缝复合加载条件下的抗裂性研究

天然气管道在服役过程中,常受到复杂的外部载荷,在金口焊缝处易发生泄露或开裂。针对天然气管道金口焊缝拘束状态,设计了一套自拘束焊接装置,模拟了金口焊缝的拘束状态;并通过复合加载试验及应力应变检测,探讨了全尺寸管道拘束焊缝在复合加载条件下的抗裂敏感性。试验结果表明:拘束焊缝管道无论在内压+静态弯曲复合加载,还是在内压+冲击弯曲复合加载条件下,其抗开裂性均比无拘束焊缝管道差,缺陷开裂敏感性高。含缺陷管道对外部冲击载荷更为敏感,外部动载更易造成含缺陷管道开裂。在复合加载过程中,拘束焊缝管道缺陷尖端的最大应变值小于无拘束焊缝管道缺陷尖端的应变,无拘束焊缝可承受更大的塑性变形。含缺陷管道对弯曲加载速率较为敏感,弯曲加载速率增大,缺陷更易开裂。     

超声导波在焊缝缺陷检测中的发展与挑战

简要回顾了超声导波技术的发展历程,调研了导波在焊缝缺陷检测中的研究现状。从导波与焊缝的交互作用、导波与缺陷的交互作用两个角度出发,分析了板状结构焊缝缺陷检测的发展与应用。结合导波纵向模态、扭转模态、结构特点,阐述了管道焊缝缺陷检测技术的进展。最后总结了当前导波技术在焊缝缺陷检测中面临的机遇与挑战。     

基于模态分离算法的管道焊缝缺陷模拟

在温度、压力、介质腐蚀、振动等影响下,在役工业管道焊缝内部的小缺陷易发展成裂纹,对管道安全运行产生危害。在模态对称分离算法检测单焊缝管道缺陷的基础上,基于L(0,2)模态导波进行数值模拟,分别以前焊缝缺陷对称面、弯管对称面为纵坐标建立新的笛卡尔直角坐标系,根据对称原理,易于提取缺陷特征。模拟结果表明,非对称幅值与裂纹深度呈指数函数关系,该方法可以实现双焊缝和弯管焊缝缺陷的识别和定量。     

基于纵向超声导波的管道焊缝缺陷识别研究

为了更有效地识别管道焊缝缺陷,提高焊接管道在使用过程中的安全性,采用数值计算和数值模拟相结合的方式,提出了一种基于纵向超声导波检测管道焊缝缺陷的检测方法,该方法通过观察导波在焊缝缺陷前后的传播特征,以入射波与透射波峰值点之比作为损伤指标,得到损伤指标的变化情况,同时识别出了焊缝缺陷的位置与大小。为了验证文中方法的有效性,利用ANSYS软件建立了含有不同缺陷的焊接管道模型,并模拟了超声导波透过焊缝区域时的传播过程,分析了其传播特性,得到不同损伤参数(厚度和角度)对损伤指标的影响规律。数值算例表明,该方法可以有效地识别出焊缝缺陷的位置并对其进行大小评估,所提出的损伤指标与损伤参数之间具有较好的线性关系。     

电站超厚壁管道对接焊接接头中间检验的一点心得

电站超厚壁管道的焊接质量关系到机组安全运行。笔者结合实际工作经验,介绍了焊缝超厚壁管道对接焊接接头中间检验的工艺特点,分析了不同布片方式对射线照相质量的影响。通过对比试验,验证了不同透照方式对缺陷检出的影响效果。实际检测时应根据预期检测缺陷种类选用适当的透照工艺,并提出保证底片质量的措施。     

高酸气田集输管道焊缝热处理及质量控制

高酸气田集输管道焊缝热处理是在天然气系统高酸性环境和野外自然环境下,对输送高H2S和硫化物介质的管道焊缝进行消除焊缝残余应力,软化焊缝淬硬部位,增强焊缝的韧性和塑性,提高焊缝抗硫化物应力开裂的能力的工艺技术。采用焊缝高温回火焊后热处理工艺消除集输管道残余应力造成的质量缺陷。提高高酸气田集输管道焊缝热处理的质量要依赖于先进的工艺技术和施工现场的全过程的质量控制。     

拉应力作用下含缺陷埋地管道应变与裂纹扩展行为分析

采用数值模拟和宽板拉伸实验相结合的方法,研究单点缺陷与双点缺陷对含螺旋焊缝缺陷管道应力应变及裂纹扩展行为. 基于管材的力学性能和标准等确定缺陷尺寸位置参数,利用ABAQUS建立含不同参数缺陷的宽板及全尺寸管道模型分析拉外力下的应力分布特点,研究不同缺陷长度与深度对管道焊缝处裂纹萌生的规律;设计3组含焊缝处缺陷管道宽板拉伸实验,研究管道应变与裂纹扩展情况. 结果表明：拉应力下管道宽板模型具有可靠性;随着缺陷尺寸的增大,相对长度为0.79、相对深度为45.98的缺陷对裂纹萌生影响最大. 对比宽板试验发现,宽板焊缝上、下侧截面点位的应力应变在轴向拉力作用下,均呈现出先缓慢增加后快速上升的趋势,且相对单点缺陷,双点缺陷的相互作用对裂纹的萌生和扩展产生较大影响.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.