河川沙塘鳢的胚胎和胚后发育以及温度对胚胎发育的影响

本文描述了河川沙塘鳢的胚胎和胚后发育以及温度与胚胎发育的关系。根据外形和内部主要特征，将胚胎发育分为３０个发育期。在胚胎发育期间，许多器官分化形成，至孵化时，胚胎已具有较完善的内部器官，各鳍亦已形成。胚后发育以卵黄囊的消失和鳞被的形成为依据，划分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期和幼鱼期。胚后发育不经过浮游生活期。在自然水温中，胚胎约经２１天发育孵出仔鱼。胚胎发育的最高临界温度为３０．０℃，最低临界温度为１０．０℃，适宜温度范围为１５．０～２７．０℃，其中２１．０～２７．０℃为胚胎发育的最适温度范围。     

中国鲎胚胎被膜的扫描电镜研究

中国鲎的胚胎主要有三层被膜卵壳膜、内卵膜和胚护膜.它们对胚胎发育的正常进行至关重要.扫描电镜研究结果显示,卵壳膜被覆于成熟的卵子和S19之前的胚胎表面,厚约80.0　μm,是中国鲎卵子和早期胚胎的主要保护性结构;内卵膜在晚期囊胚和原肠胚期形成,至胚胎发育完成时蜕去,厚约18.0～32.0 μm,外表面布满大小不等、结构相似的凸起的结构单位,内表面衬有直径约0.1 μm,互联呈网的纤维,内卵膜和在S19时才完全形成的胚护膜是晚期胚胎的主要保护性结构.     

折叠萝卜螺胚胎发育的初步研究

折叠萝卜螺雌雄同体,体内受精,体外发育.受精卵从产出到仔螺孵化在(25±1)℃恒温条件下历时327h,胚体增长6 4倍,担轮幼虫和幼螺形成期历时最长,约占整个历期的73 7%.胚胎发育的全过程分为6个时期,即:卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期,担轮幼虫期、仔螺形成期和仔螺孵化期,无面盘幼虫期.担轮幼虫不形成明显的口前纤毛束和口后纤毛束及顶板,纤毛均匀分布于胚体表面.     

灭幼脲对云斑天牛的不育作用及核酸含量的影响

用灭幼脲处理的补充营养寄主植物饲养云斑天牛Ｂａｔｏｃｅｒａｈｏｒｓｆｉｅｌｄｉ（Ｈｏｐｅ）成虫，对子代卵的孵化有明显抑制作用，生化分析表明：灭幼脲可以促进雌虫卵巢组织ＤＮＡ，ＲＮＡ及一日龄卵ＤＮＡ的合成；对一日龄卵内ＲＮＡ含量影响不显著，对发育末期胚胎的ＤＮＡ，ＲＮＡ有明显抑制作用。结合灭幼脲在世代间垂直传递途径，讨论了灭幼脲对云斑天牛成虫不育作用的机理。     

团头鲂的胚胎发育与观察方法优化

通过人工繁殖获得团头鲂受精卵,在体视显微镜下对其胚胎和早期仔鱼发育过程进行了连续观察、拍照与测量.结果显示,团头鲂受精卵呈圆球形,具黏性,卵径(1.18±0.09)mm;在水温(21±1)℃条件下,团头鲂胚胎发育从受精到孵化历时39h10min,经历了胚盘形成、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期和出膜期7个发育阶段;初孵仔鱼体长(3.44±0.29)mm,出膜后第4d仔鱼鳔完全充气,卵黄囊消失;观察时,受精卵至尾鳍出现期胚胎置0.7%生理盐水中,肌肉效应期和后面各时期的胚胎经4%多聚甲醛固定后置3%甲基纤维素中拍照可获得良好效果.该工作为研究团头鲂胚胎早期发育过程提供了实时和动态的图像资料,并为鱼类胚胎发育观察提供了基本技术参考.     

河川沙塘鳢孵化腺的超微结构

为进一步了解河川沙塘鳢（Odontobutis potamophila）胚胎早期发育过程中孵化腺（Hatching gland,HG）的发生及其超微结构,采用透射电镜观察了河川沙塘鳢胚胎早期发育过程中心跳期、眼晶体形成期、血液循环期、眼黑色素出现期、孵化前期、初孵仔鱼期等6个不同时期的孵化腺超微结构。观察结果显示,河川沙塘鳢的孵化腺为单细胞腺体,最早可在眼晶体形成期观察到孵化腺细胞（Hatching glandc ells,HGCs）,主要分布于头部腹面、头部与卵黄囊连接处及其卵黄囊前腹面;当胚胎发育至血液循环期时,HGCs不仅在形态上达到最大,数量上急剧增多,而且分布更广泛;胚胎发育进入眼黑色素出现期时,可以观察到处于不同合成时期的酶原颗粒,每个酶原颗粒外面均有膜包围,颗粒之间有明显的界限;当胚胎发育至孵化前期时,HGCs在数量上达到最多,并且可以观察到呈圆球形、直径约为0．25—1．00μm的孵化酶颗粒自HGCs顶部的开口向外分泌,这些颗粒有的以单体形式存在,有些则粘结成团;初孵仔鱼期,HGCs分泌作用已经完成,它们离开胚胎表面,移至表皮细胞下方并逐渐衰退。以上结果表明,河川沙塘鳢孵化酶颗粒有一个成熟过程,成熟的孵化酶颗粒主要通过外倾方式向卵周隙中分泌以帮助胚胎的孵化破膜。     

哺乳动物胚胎干细胞的特性及利用

哺乳动物胚胎干细胞（ES细胞）是由动物早期胚胎发育的内细胞团（ICM）或原始生殖细胞（PGC）分离得到的。人们利用ES细胞所具有的全能性、体外分化以及稳定的遗传性能等特点，展示了ES细胞在建立哺乳动物的早期胚胎体外分化模型、转基因动物模型、器官和组织的修复和移植治疗、克隆动物的生产、发育生物学的研究等方面广阔的应用前景。但是，由于哺乳动物错综复杂的基因调控和环境因素的影响，对于胚胎干细胞的研究还存在诸多问题，还需作更深入细致的研究。     

P16基因在小鼠胚胎发育过程中的表达

以E9 d龄至E14 d龄昆明种正常小鼠胚胎为材料，利用质粒扩增的、地高辛标记的基因探针在组织切片上进行DNA-mRNA分子原位杂交，研究了p16基因在小鼠胚胎发育过程中的表达.结果表明：p16基因不参与E9和E10 d胚胎发育中的器官原基形成，参与器官的进一步分化成熟过程，这些器官主要有眼、脑、心、肺、脊柱和面颌骨，肝组织的发育与其无关；不同的器官有不同的细胞周期调控机制.     

日本沼虾胚胎复眼发生的研究

应用光镜技术和透射电镜技术,研究了日本沼虾胚胎复眼的发生.在原肠期,胚区前端的外胚层细胞增殖形成视叶原基.发育至后无节幼体期开始形成视神经节.在前蚤状幼体早期胚胎出现复眼色素，同时构成复眼的细胞开始分化。前蚤状幼体晚期，复眼色素区扩大到复眼直径的一半。复眼由个眼构成，每个个眼由角膜、角膜生成细胞、晶锥、小网膜细胞等组成。超微结构显示，胚胎的复眼结构与成体的相似，但感杆束直径比成体小。至胚胎孵化，眼柄尚未发育完善。     

栽宽杂种水稻不同发育时期幼穗离体培养的研究

随栽宽杂种幼穗发育过程的进程,其愈伤组织诱导率呈现由低→高→低的变化．通过愈伤组织阶段和幼穗直接分化培养均在第２期（第１次枝梗原基分化期）获得了最高的绿苗分化率．当第６期（花粉母细胞减数分裂期）幼穗诱导的愈伤组织完全丧失分化绿苗能力时,而幼穗直接分化仍能再生绿苗,并且此法具有操作简单,获得绿苗快的特点．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that