Bayesian empirical likelihood estimation of quantile structural equation models

Structural equation model (SEM) is a multivariate analysis tool that has been widely applied to many fields such as biomedical and social sciences. In the traditional SEM, it is often assumed that random errors and explanatory latent variables follow the normal distribution, and the effect of explanatory latent variables on outcomes can be formulated by a mean regression-type structural equation. But this SEM may be inappropriate in some cases where random errors or latent variables are highly nonnormal. The authors develop a new SEM, called as quantile SEM (QSEM), by allowing for a quantile regression-type structural equation and without distribution assumption of random errors and latent variables. A Bayesian empirical likelihood (BEL) method is developed to simultaneously estimate parameters and latent variables based on the estimating equation method. A hybrid algorithm combining the Gibbs sampler and Metropolis-Hastings algorithm is presented to sample observations required for statistical inference. Latent variables are imputed by the estimated density function and the linear interpolation method. A simulation study and an example are presented to investigate the performance of the proposed methodologies.     

Variable Selection for Structural Equation with Endogeneity

This paper studies variable selection problem in structural equation of a two-stage least squares (2SLS) model in presence of endogeneity which is commonly encountered in empirical economic studies. Model uncertainty and variable selection in the structural equation is an important issue as described in Andrews and Lu (2001) and Caner (2009). The authors propose an adaptive Lasso 2SLS estimator for linear structural equation with endogeneity and show that it enjoys the oracle properties, i.e., the consistency in both estimation and model selection. In Monte Carlo simulations, the authors demonstrate that the proposed estimator has smaller bias and MSE compared with the bridge-type GMM estimator (Caner, 2009). In a case study, the authors revisit the classic returns to education problem (Angrist and Krueger, 1991) using the China Population census data. The authors find that the education level not only has strong effects on income but also shows heterogeneity in different age cohorts.     

部件寿命服从威布尔分布时典型系统的寿命与剩余寿命估计

在实际工程中,对系统寿命以及剩余寿命的估计非常重要。在已知系统中部件寿命与可靠度的前提下,关于如何快速得到系统级寿命与剩余寿命的相关研究比较缺乏。针对这一问题,首先研究了可靠度、寿命以及剩余寿命的关系,进一步假设部件寿命服从同一威布尔分布,根据部件的寿命与可靠度函数,推导得到串联、并联和表决系统寿命与剩余寿命期望的封闭表达式,并给出了相应的计算方法。对于冷备系统,当部件寿命服从同一指数分布时,推得了系统寿命及剩余寿命期望的封闭表达式,而当部件寿命服从同一威布尔分布时,给出了系统寿命与剩余寿命的数值计算方法。仿真试验证明本文所提出的方法是准确高效的。最后,以卫星中的动量轮r/n(G)表决系统为例开展了实例研究,证明了该方法在工程实践中的有效性。     

Smooth estimation of ROC curve in the presence of auxiliary information

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is often used to study and compare two-sample problems in medicine. When more information may be available on one treatment than the other, one can improve estimator of ROC curve if the auxiliary population information is taken into account. The authors show that the empirical likelihood method can be naturally adapted to make efficient use of the auxiliary information to such problems. The authors propose a smoothed empirical likelihood estimator for ROC curve with some auxiliary information in medical studies. The proposed estimates are more efficient than those ROC estimators without any auxiliary information, in the sense of comparing asymptotic variances and mean squared error (MSE). Some asymptotic properties for the empirical likelihood estimation of ROC curve are established. A simulation study is presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed estimators.     

An Efficient Multiple Imputation Approach for Estimating Equations with Response Missing at Random and High-Dimensional Covariates

Empirical-likelihood-based inference for parameters defined by the general estimating equations of Qin and Lawless(1994) remains an active research topic. When the response is missing at random(MAR) and the dimension of covariate is not low, the authors propose a two-stage estimation procedure by using the dimension-reduced kernel estimators in conjunction with an unbiased estimating function based on augmented inverse probability weighting and multiple imputation(AIPW-MI) methods. The authors show that the resulting estimator achieves consistency and asymptotic normality. In addition, the corresponding empirical likelihood ratio statistics asymptotically follow central chi-square distributions when evaluated at the true parameter. The finite-sample performance of the proposed estimator is studied through simulation, and an application to HIV-CD4 data set is also presented.     

Feature Screening for Nonparametric and Semiparametric Models with Ultrahigh-Dimensional Covariates

This paper considers the feature screening and variable selection for ultrahigh dimensional covariates. The new feature screening procedure base on conditional expectation which is used to differentiate whether an explanatory variable contributes to a response variable or not, without requiring a specific parametric form of the underlying data model. The authors estimate the marginal conditional expectation by kernel regression estimator. The proposed method is showed to have sure screen property. The authors propose an iterative kernel estimator algorithm to reduce the ultrahigh dimensionality to an appropriate scale. Simulation results and real data analysis demonstrate the proposed method works well and performs better than competing methods.     

Cross-Entropy Minimization Estimation for Two-Phase Sampling and Non-Response

This paper considers the problem of estimating the finite population total in two-phase sampling when some information on auxiliary variable is available.The authors employ an informationtheoretic approach which makes use of effective distance between the estimated probabiUties and the empirical frequencies.It is shown that the proposed cross-entropy minimization estimator is more efficient than the usual estimator and has some desirable large sample properties.With some necessary modifications,the method can be applied to two-phase sampling for stratification and non-response.A simulation study is presented to assess the finite sample performance of the proposed estimator.     

基于动态分位点回归模型的金融传染分析

金融危机传染检验一直是国际金融研究中的重要问题,大多数传染效应存在性的检验采用相关性方法.本文应用动态平滑数系数分位点回归模型研究不同国家股票市场之间的分位点相关关系,通过系数函数的变化趋势对危机传染问题进行检验和预测.其中在对参数函数进行非参数估计时,应用局部线性回归方法.为了分析亚洲金融危机期间的危机传染问题,对亚洲几个相关国家的指数数据进行了实证分析,实证结果发现,通过分析常数项函数以及系数函数的变化趋势,不仅可以对危机传染问题进行检验,还可以对金融危机传染的发生时刻以及金融危机的缓解时刻进行相应的分析.     

金融风险管理中ES度量的非参数方法的比较及其应用

预期不足(ES)是近几年发展起来的用于测量和控制金融风险的量化工具.在金融时间序列中, 将两步核估计应用于两步ES非参数估计之中,得到了ES模型的两步核光滑估计. 通过计算其期望和方差,比较了两步核光滑ES估计与ES完全经验估计及一步核光滑估计的优劣,得到了有趣的结论: 与VaR模型不同, 两步光滑化并不能减小ES估计的方差,反而会增大其方差, 并通过计算机模拟证实了理论获得的结论.对国内沪深两市中的封闭式基金进行了实证分析,计算了样本基金的ES完全经验估计、一步核光滑估计和两步核光滑估计,并计算了样本基金基于周收益率和ES的两步核光滑估计的风险调整收益(RAROC),以此对样本基金的业绩做出了评价. 实证分析表明: 在不同的置信水平下,基于周收益率和ES计算的风险调整收益排名比基于周收益率和VaR计算的风险调整收益排名要更加稳定.     

用于有虚载波OFDM系统的信道估计算法

提出了一种适用于有虚载波的正交频分复用系统的改进信道估计算法。由于传统的信道估计器无法估计虚载波处的信道传输函数,从而逆离散傅里叶变换导致信道能量泄漏,使得时域滤波方法不能直接应用。为了解决这个问题,利用信道冲激响应的有限性,推导了以最小二乘法(least square, LS)来估计虚载波处的信道传输函数。进一步观察信号子空间和噪声子空间中噪声的相关性,使用最大后验概率准则估计出信号子空间的噪声并消除其带来的估计误差。该算法不仅可在训练模式下应用,也可推广应用于基于判决反馈的跟踪模式。仿真结果表明,改进算法无误符号率平台效应,且其误符号率较传统LS算法有2 dB的信噪比增益。     

Heckman-Tobit模型的半参数估计

Heckman-Tobit模型可以同时处理样本选择问题和删失数据问题,是一个重要的微观计量模型.本文根据结果变量的条件生存函数所满足的性质,提出Heckman-Tobit模型的一种半参数估计方法.这种方法通过积分的形式,有效地利用了结果变量整个条件分布的信息.在一些正则性条件下,本文证明了所提出的半参数估计量的相合性和渐近正态性.其渐近性质的成立不依赖于扰动项的具体分布.数值模拟实验的结果表明,本文的半参数估计量具有优越的有限样本性质,且当扰动项服从非正态分布时优于最大似然估计量.     

Heteroscedasticity Detection and Estimation with Quantile Difference Method

When dealing with regression analysis, heteroscedasticity is a problem that the authors have to face with. Especially if little information can be got in advance, detection of heteroscedasticity as well as estimation of statistical models could be even more difficult. To this end, this paper proposes a quantile difference method (QDM) that can effectively estimate the heteroscedastic function. This method, being completely free from the estimation of mean regression function, is simple, robust and easy to implement. Moreover, the QDM method enables the detection of heteroscedasticity without any restrictions on error terms, consequently being widely applied. What is worth mentioning is that based on the proposed approach estimators of both mean regression function and heteroscedastic function can be obtained. In the end, the authors conduct some simulations to examine the performance of the proposed methods and use a real data to make an illustration.     

Feature Screening for High-Dimensional Survival Data via Censored Quantile Correlation

This paper proposes a new sure independence screening procedure for high-dimensional survival data based on censored quantile correlation (CQC). This framework has two distinctive features: 1) Via incorporating a weighting scheme, our metric is a natural extension of quantile correlation (QC), considered by Li (2015), to handle high-dimensional survival data; 2) The proposed method not only is robust against outliers, but also can discover the nonlinear relationship between independent variables and censored dependent variable. Additionally, the proposed method enjoys the sure screening property under certain technical conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method performs competitively on survival datasets of high-dimensional predictors.

     

Improved anovae of the covariance matrix in general linear mixed models

In this paper, the problem of estimating the covariance matrix in general linear mixed models is considered. A new class of estimators is proposed. It is shown that this new estimator dominates the analysis of variance estimate under two squared loss functions. Finally, some simulation results to compare the performance of the proposed estimator with that of the analysis of variance estimate are reported. The simulation results indicate that this new estimator provides a substantial improvement in risk under most situations.     

基于AAVS-CAViaR模型的股市风险测量研究

考虑金融资产收益与正负收益对分位数冲击的不对称性,建立含有不对称绝对值和斜率设定的AAVS-CAViaR模型,采用混合最优化方法估计模型的参数并进行显著性检验.对1996-2008年期间沪深港股票指数的实证研究表明:沪深港股票市场均存在正负收益消息对市场风险冲击的不对称现象,且在不同VaR置信水平下存在差异;通过Granger因果检验发现沪深港股市的风险变化存在显著的互动传导关系;提出了VaR预测模型的评估准则,对所选样本数据而言AAVS-CAViaR模型比间接GARCH模型更好地描述了市场风险的演化模式.     

Linear Bayes estimators applied to the inverse Gaussian lifetime model

For the two-parameter inverse Gaussian distribution denoted by I G(μ,λ),the authors employ a linear Bayes procedure to estimate the parameters μ and λ.The superiority of the proposed linear Bayes estimator(LBE) over both the classical UMVUE and the maximum likelihood estimator(MLE) is established in terms of the mean squared error matrix(MSEM) criterion.Compared with the usual Bayes estimator,which is obtained by an MCMC method,the proposed LBE is simple and easy to use.Some numerical results are presented to verify that the LBE performs well.     

失效信息已知时r/n(G)表决系统的剩余寿命预测

剩余寿命预测在可靠性工程中十分重要。而r/n(G)表决系统由于结构复杂, 对于其剩余寿命研究相对较少。本文假定部件寿命服从指数-威布尔分布, 在部件失效信息已知的情况下, 推导得到了表决系统剩余寿命期望的解析式, 也分别给出了失效信息未知和部件寿命服从威布尔分布这两种特殊情况下的解析式。仿真实验证明了所提方法的准确性和有效性, 也表明忽略部件失效信息对系统的剩余寿命进行预测, 所得结果偏差很大。     

The adaptive LASSO spline estimation of single-index model

In this paper, based on spline approximation, the authors propose a unified variable selection approach for single-index model via adaptive L ₁ penalty. The calculation methods of the proposed estimators are given on the basis of the known lars algorithm. Under some regular conditions, the authors demonstrate the asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators and the oracle properties of adaptive LASSO (aLASSO) variable selection. Simulations are used to investigate the performances of the proposed estimator and illustrate that it is effective for simultaneous variable selection as well as estimation of the single-index models.     

人民币汇率的半参数预测模型

利用从2006年1月4日到2008年7月18日人民币对美元汇率中间价的日均数据, 同时运用非参数函数系数模型和GARCH模型来分析人民币对美元汇率收益率与波动率的非线性时间序列特征. 实证结果表明, 半参数组合模型具有较好的拟合以及预测效果, 而且汇率管制政策变动的虚拟变量的估计 系数显著不为0. 跨度为50天的样本外预测显示: 96%的收益率真实值都落在2.5%以及97.5%的非参数分位 数回归预测线区间之内; 参数GARCH(1,1)模型拟合的波动率所显示出的汇率震荡与实际情况一致.     

基于比例差分型迭代学习的故障诊断算法

因为微分运算会给系统带来不良影响,所以为了避免在迭代学习算法中使用微分运算,同时又可以取得比单纯比例型迭代学习算法较快的收敛速度,将比例差分型迭代学习策略应用到故障诊断中,提出了一种新的故障诊断算法。该算法利用残差以及相邻两次残差的差分信号对引入的虚拟故障信号进行逐次修正,使虚拟故障逼近系统中实际发生的故障,从而达到对系统故障诊断的目的,并通过压缩映射方法,对故障跟踪估计器的收敛性进行了严格证明。该方法不仅可以有效地检测出系统不同类型的故障,还可以精确估计出各种故障信号。最后仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。