农杆菌介导的AtPCS1基因转化陇东苜蓿的初步研究

利用植物表达载体pBI121-AtPCS1转化农杆菌LBA4404,经菌落PCR鉴定获得阳性菌,利用叶盘法以重组的农杆菌侵染陇东苜蓿的子叶.采用GUS组织化学染色和对部分转基因再生植株进行PCR鉴定,初步结果表明AtPCS1基因已成功整合到苜蓿基因组.     

农杆菌介导的大豆遗传转化

大豆遗传转化的方法很多，其中最常用的是农杆菌介导法。对近年来利用农杆菌法进行大豆遗传转化的外源基因种类、研究进展和存在问题做了全面阐述。     

农杆菌介导法的植物遗传转化

农杆菌介导的基因转化是一种使外源DNA转移到目的植株的天然系统,通过植物表达载体上DNA的加工与转移将外源DNA转运到植物细胞中。因其具有易操作、低费用、高效率、插入片段确定性好和转基因拷贝数低等独特优点,已经成为转基因策略中的首选方法,在植物的遗传转化中得到广泛应用。     

小麦遗传转化技术研究进展

综述了基因枪法、花粉管通道法、离子束介导法、农杆菌介导法在小麦遗传转化上的应用及发展,展望各种转化技术的应用前景.     

苜蓿花叶病毒RNA_23′端cDNA转基因烟草及其抗病性研究

将本室克隆的编码复制酶基因3′端约1/2序列及其3′端非编码区的苜蓿花叶病毒中国分离株(AlMV-Ch)RNA23′端cDNA,重组到植物表达载体pROKII中,通过致瘤农杆菌(A-grobacteriumtumefaciens)介导,以叶圆片为转化材料,转化普通烟草,并获得了转基因植株.经卡那霉素抗性选择、PCR检测目的基因证明AlMVRNA23′端基因已整合到转基因烟草的基因组DNA中.转基因植物的攻毒试验表明转基因植株对苜蓿花叶病毒产生高水平的抗性.     

转基因技术及其在水稻育种中的研究进展

以载体介导、基因直接导入和种质系统3类基因转化体系分别介绍了常用的几种转基因技术—农杆菌转化法、基因枪法、PEG介导法、电击法、花粉管通道法和浸泡转化法的原理及其在水稻育种上的最新研究进展,比较了各种技术的特点。最后对转基因技术在水稻育种上的前景作了展望。     

花生子叶节外植体遗传转化体系的建立

目的： 为了建立花生的高效遗传转化体系。方法：利用花生子叶节高效再生体系,以农杆菌介导法,用含有表达质粒pBOG3VP7的根癌农杆菌进行外源基因转化,优化花生的遗传转化体系。结果：通过对影响农杆菌介导的花生遗传转化的诸多因素进行的优化,试验表明：侵染菌液添加100祄ol/L AS,结合负压处理,农杆菌侵染10min,共培养3d,延后选择2w。对抗性植株进行PCR和PCR－Southern检测,11株中有6株PCR反应呈阳性,其中有3株Southern杂交有特异性目标带出现。结论：结果表明,外源基因已经整合到了花生基因组上。     

三种水稻转基因技术体系的比较研究

研究比较了外源基因导入水稻的三种技术体系,即ＰＥＧ介导法,基因枪法和农杆菌介导法．综合考虑转化频率、转化周期、转化难度和转化成本等因素,认为在水稻转基因研究中,最经济、有效和易行的技术体系是农杆菌介导法．     

转基因作物是怎样培育出来的?能否繁殖后代?

<正>A:转基因作物是指利用基因工程方法把外源基因导入到农作物中,使之表达并稳定遗传,赋予作物新的性状。转基因植物的培育方法有很多种,最经典的是农杆菌介导法。使用这种方法,就可以通过质粒把目的基因转入植物细胞。目的基因就是要被转入的基因,它来源于其他物种,能编     

苜蓿花叶病毒RNA2 3''''端cDNA转基因烟草及其抗病性研究

将本室克隆的编码复制酶基因3′端约1／2序列及其3′端非编码区的苜蓿花叶病毒中国分离株(AIMV-Ch)RNA：3′端cDNA，重组到植物表达载体pROKⅡ中，通过致瘤农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导，以叶圆片为转化材料，转化普通烟草，并获得了转基因植株．经卡那霉素抗性选择、PCR检测目的基因证明．AIMV RNA：3′端基因已整合到转基因烟草的基因组DNA中．转基因植物的攻毒试验表明转基因植株对苜蓿花叶病毒产生高水平的抗性．     

转基因植物标记基因的研究进展

随着商业化植物转基因品种的不断出现,人们对转基因植物的安全问题谈论得越来越多,其中争论的焦点之一即筛选标记基因的安全性。科学工作者尝试培育具安全选择标记基因或无选择标记的转基因植物,目的是提高转基因植物安全性,使之更易为广大消费者所接受。本文就这方面的研究进展作一综述。     

甘蔗杂交亲本的盆栽技术

简要阐述了甘蔗杂交亲本的盆栽技术,并指出盆栽过程中育出具有足够株龄的健壮植株应注意的四个关键环节     

小麦遗传转化方法研究进展

目前小麦遗传转化尽管有多种方法,但转化效率仍然很低,一个重要原因是遗传转化方法尚不成熟,因此建立合适的转化方法是小麦遗传转化成功的关键.本文综述了小麦基因枪转化、农杆菌介导的遗传转化和花粉管通道法等几种重要遗传转化方法研究的最新进展,分析了各种方法的基本原理、优缺点及其影响因素.最后对小麦遗传转化研究中存在的主要问题进行了总结,并展望今后的研究重点与发展趋势.     

Widespread horizontal transfer of mitochondrial genes in flowering plants

Horizontal gene transfer--the exchange of genes across mating barriers--is recognized as a major force in bacterial evolution. However, in eukaryotes it is prevalent only in certain phagotrophic protists and limited largely to the ancient acquisition of bacterial genes. Although the human genome was initially reported to contain over 100 genes acquired during vertebrate evolution from bacteria, this claim was immediately and repeatedly rebutted. Moreover, horizontal transfer is unknown within the evolution of animals, plants and fungi except in the special context of mobile genetic elements. Here we show, however, that standard mitochondrial genes, encoding ribosomal and respiratory proteins, are subject to evolutionarily frequent horizontal transfer between distantly related flowering plants. These transfers have created a variety of genomic outcomes, including gene duplication, recapture of genes lost through transfer to the nucleus, and chimaeric, half-monocot, half-dicot genes. These results imply the existence of mechanisms for the delivery of DNA between unrelated plants, indicate that horizontal transfer is also a force in plant nuclear genomes, and are discussed in the contexts of plant molecular phylogeny and genetically modified plants.     

Plant genetics: gene transfer from parasitic to host plants

Plant mitochondrial genes are transmitted horizontally across mating barriers with surprising frequency, but the mechanism of transfer is unclear. Here we describe two new cases of horizontal gene transfer, from parasitic flowering plants to their host flowering plants, and present phylogenetic and biogeographic evidence that this occurred as a result of direct physical contact between the two. Our findings complement the discovery that genes can be transferred in the opposite direction, from host to parasite plant.     

Repeated, recent and diverse transfers of a mitochondrial gene to the nucleus in flowering plants

A central component of the endosymbiotic theory for the bacterial origin of the mitochondrion is that many of its genes were transferred to the nucleus. Most of this transfer occurred early in mitochondrial evolution; functional transfer of mitochondrial genes has ceased in animals. Although mitochondrial gene transfer continues to occur in plants, no comprehensive study of the frequency and timing of transfers during plant evolution has been conducted. Here we report frequent loss (26 times) and transfer to the nucleus of the mitochondrial gene rps10 among 277 diverse angiosperms. Characterization of nuclear rps10 genes from 16 out of 26 loss lineages implies that many independent, RNA-mediated rps10 transfers occurred during recent angiosperm evolution; each of the genes may represent a separate functional gene transfer. Thus, rps10 has been transferred to the nucleus at a surprisingly high rate during angiosperm evolution. The structures of several nuclear rps10 genes reveal diverse mechanisms by which transferred genes become activated, including parasitism of pre-existing nuclear genes for mitochondrial or cytoplasmic proteins, and activation without gain of a mitochondrial targeting sequence.     

Light-regulated and organ-specific expression of a wheat Cab gene in transgenic tobacco

Many of our most important crop plants are monocotyledons, including wheat, corn, rice and barley. No routine transformation system for monocotyledons has been reported, such as the Ti-mediated gene transfer system for dicotyledons facilitated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Indirect evidence suggests that Ti-plasmid DNA is transferred into and expressed in A. tumefaciens-infected wound tissues of plants from Liliaceae and Amaryllidaceae, but these observations have not been extended to monocotyledons of greatest agricultural importance. Regeneration of monocotyledons is usually blocked at the callus-stage, further complicating the possibility of exploring the regulated expression of their genes, and thus preventing identification of the regulatory domains of monocotyledonous genes in a homologous nuclear background. To circumvent these difficulties, we investigated whether monocotyledonous genes can be expressed and correctly regulated in dicotyledons. We have introduced a wheat gene (whAB1.6) encoding the major chlorophyll a/b binding protein (Cab) of the light-harvesting complex into the genomes of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum SR1) and petunia (Petunia hybrida) via a Ti-DNA-mediated gene transfer system which allows the transformed cells to regenerate into whole plants. Here we report for the first time the light-regulated and organ-specific expression of a monocotyledonous gene in transgenic dicotyledonous plants.     

Sequence modification of merB gene and high organo-mercurial resistance of transgenic tobacco plants

Mercury pollution has caused severe damage to environment and great attention has been paid to its control. Phytoremediation may become one of the most efficient measures to recover the polluted soil since it is economical, highly efficient and friendly to environment. In this report, plant genetic engineering methods were employed to modify the DNA sequence of merB genes that catalyze the conversion of organomercurals into ionic mercury. The modified merBhe genes were introduced into tobacco by Agrobacterium, and the resultant transgenic plants were verified by Southern and Northern hybridization. High level of organomercurial resistance was detected on progenies of transgenic plants, some of which were resistant to PMA (phenyl mercury acetate) of 2.5 ?mol/L whereas 0.1 ?mol/L PMA killed the seedlings of wild-type tobacco in soiless culrure. With the increase of PMA concentration, the inhibition of the seedling growth became apparent. This result makes it possible to breed mercury-resistant tobacco for phytoremediation of mercury-polluted soil.     

Female transfer and inbreeding avoidance in social mammals

In most social mammals, males leave their natal group to breed in other groups whereas females commonly remain in the same group throughout their lives. In a few species however, females usually transfer between groups during adolescence. The functional significance of sex differences in dispersal and their connection, if any, to the avoidance of inbreeding is disputed. Here I show that in polygynous mammals where females commonly remain to breed in their natal group, their average age at first conception typically exceeds the average period of residence of adult males in breeding groups. In contrast, where females usually transfer to breed in other groups, the average residence of breeding males or of resident male kin groups typically exceeds the average age of females at first conception. These results support the suggestion that female mammals commonly transfer to avoid inbreeding with their father or other close relatives, although female dispersal may also occur for other reasons.     

Direct measurement of the transfer rate of chloroplast DNA into the nucleus

Gene transfer from the chloroplast to the nucleus has occurred over evolutionary time. Functional gene establishment in the nucleus is rare, but DNA transfer without functionality is presumably more frequent. Here, we measured directly the transfer rate of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) into the nucleus of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum). To visualize this process, a nucleus-specific neomycin phosphotransferase gene (neoSTLS2) was integrated into the chloroplast genome, and the transfer of cpDNA to the nucleus was detected by screening for kanamycin-resistant seedlings in progeny. A screen for kanamycin-resistant seedlings was conducted with about 250,000 progeny produced by fertilization of wild-type females with pollen from plants containing cp-neoSTLS2. Sixteen plants of independent origin were identified and their progenies showed stable inheritance of neoSTLS2, characteristic of nuclear genes. Thus, we provide a quantitative estimate of one transposition event in about 16,000 pollen grains for the frequency of transfer of cpDNA to the nucleus. In addition to its evident role in organellar evolution, transposition of cpDNA to the nucleus in tobacco occurs at a rate that must have significant consequences for existing nuclear genes.