EuTiO_3纳米线的电熵特性研究

运用Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire理论与热力学理论,研究了量子顺电EuTiO_3纳米线的电致熵变特性。研究表明在高温铁电-顺磁区域,当ΔE=100 k V/cm,R=0.8 nm时,可获得较大的绝热温度差ΔT=7.4 K;在低温区0~30 K,在一定的表面径向应力、一定的半径尺寸下,EuTiO_3纳米线可以实现铁电-铁磁性,在磁相变温度附近,绝热温度差可以达到一个较大的峰值,且峰值随着纳米线半径的增大和表面张量系数的减小而略有增大。当μ=10 N/m,R=1.0 nm时,可获得较大的绝热温度差ΔT=2.2 K。     

铁电性和偶极子转向对电卡效应的影响

在外加电场作用下铁电体中各个方向的偶极子能级发生变化,其取向概率随之变化,对应于偶极子转向到电场方向.同向排列的偶极子发生耦合产生了铁电性,引起了可逆变化的铁电畴,导致极化强度呈电滞回线.本文用铁电体理论研究了电场作用下偶极子转向和耦合对电卡效应的影响.结果表明:电卡效应表现出温变的放热峰,主要由偶极子转向导致的熵变引起,随电场的增大移向高温,并从铁电相越过居里温度到顺电相.耦合铁电畴效应会产生放热,它随温度的升高而降低.数值模拟的研究结论能够说明相关的实验结果.     

面向零碳制冷与热泵的电卡复合材料及柔性制冷器件

电卡效应是一种新型凝聚态制冷效应,其来源于极性材料的电致相变导致的偶极有序度的可逆调控.由于使用电容型场效应（无载流子输运）,电卡制冷循环能量可逆性好、介电损耗低,在单次极化-退极化循环中材料能量回复效率接近85%.因此,电卡制冷器件具有理论能效高、制冷功率密度大、器件集成度高、易维护、噪音低和尺寸缩放可控等优点.同时,由于其直接使用电能作为驱动,无需压缩机、永磁体等触发二次能量转换,能更方便地与民用、商用环境结合.综合各项指标,电卡效应具有的潜在技术优势不容忽视,被国际上多个组织认为有望成为一种大规模应用的替代制冷方式.然而,目前电卡制冷系统所使用的各类单相材料各自存在难以突破的缺陷.为了结合不同体系材料的优势,设计并制备复合材料是领域内重要的研究方向.综述电卡制冷复合材料的发展与其在柔性制冷/热泵系统中的应用,并展望电卡固态热管理技术在一揽子零碳技术中的未来发展方向与潜力.     

电凉垫

在炎夏的晚上,人们常被热浪折腾得难以入睡,一些人只好求助于空调机。但是,并不是人人都用得起这种昂贵而又耗能的高档设备的;况且,夜里睡觉时实在也没有必要使整个房间都降温。为此,美国一个机械工程师研制出一种电凉垫。这种电凉垫由致冷/压缩机、通气管和膨胀型塑料垫组成,其中致冷/压缩机的体     

浅析10kV用电工程施工用电安全管理及控制措施

电力工业是我国国民经济中重要的基础支柱产业,也是公共事业不可或缺的一部分。10k V用电工程施工用电安全管理及控制,关系到国民经济发展和人民生命财产安全。本文旨在研究10k V用电工程施工用电安全管理问题进行分析,并在此基础上提出一些有效的应对措施,以供参考。     

电-Fenton和电类-Fenton法去除染料的研究

分析电-Fenton法和电类-Fenton法对活性染料普施安红和分散染料分散蓝的去除情况.在对普施安红的脱色和矿化上,电类-Fenton法显示出更优于电-Fenton法的性能,电解1 h(电类-Fenton)或2 h(电-Fenton),0.1 mmol/L的普施安红溶液脱色率>85%,电解5 h,矿化率约为20%(电-Fenton)或50%(电类-Fen-ton).分散蓝无法通过电化学氧化进行有效的脱色和矿化,只能在pH值>3.5和[Fe3+]>0.5 mmol/L的条件下由混凝去除.本试验确定电类-Fenton法的电流密度上限值为5.3 A/m2,pH值应取2.5～3.5,投加的[Fe3+]以0.25 mmol/L左右为佳.     

铁电材料Pb(Zr1-xTix)O3的电热效应

通过Landau-Devonshire的热动力学模型,研究了PbZr1-xTixO3(x=0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9)的结构转变与电热效应。发现50MV/m的强电场可使一级结构相变转变为二级连续相变。此外,零场下当x=0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9,一级结构转变温度分别为T0=665K、691K、713K、729K、740K。在强电场作用下,一级结构转变逐渐转变为二级相变,而转变温度逐渐升高,导致最大电熵变增强,比热也随之降低。PbZr1-xTixO3(x=0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9)的最大电热温变出现居里温度以上,即出现在居里温度以上200K附近。     

碳纤维电热线发热规律实验与建模分析

为深入了解碳纤维电热线发热特性,本文针对12k和24k内芯线径的碳纤维电热线进行了电热性能测试,得到不同长度的碳纤维电热线发热规律.研究发现,通断电后,碳纤维电热线表面温度升降速度极快,最高升温速率可达82. 9℃/min,最高降温速率可达80℃/min,保持通电期间,表面温度趋于稳定,且该稳定温度随长度增加而降低.长度从7m增加到12 m后,12k和24k线径碳纤维稳定温度分别从122℃和166℃降至53℃和71℃,且波动值均在±3℃以内.使用COMSOL Multiphysics软件对碳纤维电热线进行模拟分析,模拟的发热规律与实验结果吻合较好,误差在7%以内.研究表明,通电后温度快速升高然后保持恒定是碳纤维电热线的两大特点.碳纤维电热线采暖系统是一种安全稳定的电采暖形式,在煤改电及其他恒温用热中有很广阔的应用前景.     

单氯代苯酚在惰性和催化电极上的 电还原脱氯机理研究

选取邻氯苯酚、间氯苯酚和对氯苯酚为目标污染物,采用循环伏安法(CV)考察其在惰性(玻碳,GC)及催化(Ag和Pd)电极上的电还原脱氯活性及机理,探讨污染物的分子结构对电化学还原脱氯过程的影响.结果显示,三种单氯代苯酚在GC电极上的电子转移系数(k值)均大于0.5,表明单氯代苯酚在GC电极上的C-Cl键断裂过程遵循分步离解电子转移机理.而在Ag和Pd电极上,单氯代苯酚的还原峰电位出现显著正移,显示出其对单氯代苯酚具有极强的电催化脱氯活性.同时,催化(Ag和Pd)电极上的k值远远小于0.5,表明C-Cl键的还原裂解遵循同步离解电子转移机理.研究进一步显示,三种单氯代苯酚的电催化脱氯活性遵循对氯苯酚>间氯苯酚>邻氯苯酚的顺序,这主要归因于空间位阻效应,致使处于邻位的氯原子最难与电极表面结合;三种单氯代苯酚的最低未占分子轨道能(ELUMO)的大小为:邻氯苯酚>间氯苯酚>对氯苯酚,表明其还原脱氯的难易程度遵循相反的顺序.最后,基于单氯代苯酚的分子结构特性,选取ELUMO作为结构参数,成功建立了其与电还原脱氯活性间的良好线性自由能关系(LFERs).     

喷雾干燥法制备LiMn 1.5Ni 0.5O4及其电化学性能

采用喷雾干燥方法合成了高电压锂离子电池正极材料LiMn 1.5Ni 0.5O4,并研究了其电化学性能.研究发现,室温条件下,在3.20～4.95 V的充放电电压范围,LiMn 1.5Ni 0.5O4的首次可逆容量为132 mAh/g, 并显示出良好的循环性能,在3.20～4.50 V 和4.50～4.95 V两个电压区间内,首次可逆容量分别为25和100 mAh/g.而在高温下,该电极材料的电化学性能发生了明显的改变.     

流体平移式电卡制冷系统模拟及性能分析

为了改善电卡制冷的性能，以三元聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）为电卡材料，构建了流体平移主动式电卡蓄冷器（AER），并基于COMSOL Multiphysics多物理场仿真平台建立了该AER系统的二维模型，进行性能仿真。通过特定工况及变参数分析，讨论了电卡制冷的影响因素，发现材料导热性能是制约电卡效应发挥的重要因素，导热性能不佳不但导致施加电场时材料热量无法有效传递给流体，而且会发生温度交叉，导致去电场时未有效降温的材料中心与流体抢夺电卡效应冷量的现象。     

超声震荡与电场对冰升华法制备NaNO2纳米粒子的影响

将常规冰升华产物NaNO₂纳米粒子在乙醇分散剂中超声震荡, 使小晶粒重新组合, 形成更稳定的方形聚集体, 并在冰升华过程中, 施加一个0.5 kV/cm的垂直电场. 结果表明, 电场导致一部分NaNO₂纳米晶超过6 nm, 表现为相互分离的状态. 这是由于电场使NaNO₂纳米晶粒沿电场方向被极化, 而同向极化使相邻晶粒间存在一个斥力, 从而导致离散的NaNO₂纳米晶粒形成.      

Out-of-plane and In-plane piezoelectric behaviors of [Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3]–0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3TiO3) thin films

The piezoelectric properties of [Ba(Zr_(0.2)Ti_(0.8))O_3]–0.5(Ba_(0.7)Ca_(0.3)TiO_3)(abbreviated as BZT-0.5BCT) thin films deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO_2/Si substrates are reported in the present investigation. The effect of the distances between the target and substrate(d) on the morphology and out-of-plane piezoelectric properties was investigated.The experimental results showed that the ferroelectric domains size was dependent on the distance between the substrate and target and the ferroelectric domain growth was constrained by the grains. The samples exhibited well-defined out-of-plane butterfly loops and hysteresis loops and the one with d of 6.5 cm possessed the optimal ferroelectric properties and it exhibited good in-plane piezoelectric properties.     

First-principle study on NiSn0.5Ti0.5 phase as electrode materials for lithium ion battery

The electronic structure and electrochemical parameters of ternary NiSn_0.5Ti_0.5 phase are investigated by plane-wave pseudopotential method of the first-principle. The interstitial sites are firstly filled with lithium atoms, and then the substitution for Ni sites occurs. The results show that the Fermi level of lithium-intercalated phase goes up with the increasing lithium concentration. These interactions of M-M covalent bonds (M=Ni, Sn, Ti) become weak, while Li-M bonds are found to increase. NiSn_0.5Ti_0.5 phase is characterized with high theoretical capacity and low voltage of lithium-intercalation. The obvious volume effect from 77.15% to 189.94% would lead to the failure of the electrode material, and therefore the NiSn_0.5Ti_0.5 compound should be limited as low as possible in multi-element Sn-based alloy.     

Study on delayed cracking of conductive notch under electric field in PZT-5H ferroelectric ceramics

Internal electrodes have widely been adopted in electronic and electromechanical devices made of ferroelectric ceramics. There embedded electrodes naturally function as a pre-conductive notch, which lead to the failure of the devices under electric and/or…     

CeO2掺杂(Bi0.5Na0.5)0.94Ba0.06TiO3压电陶瓷的电子性能与微观结构

采用传统陶瓷工艺制备了CeO2掺杂(Bi0.5Na0.5)0.94Ba0.06TiO3(缩写为 BNBT6)无铅压电陶瓷.研究了CeO2掺杂量(0～1.0wt%)对BNBT6陶瓷的密度、相结构、微观结构及介电与压电性能的影响.XRD表明,CeO2掺杂量在0～1.0%wt之间变化,没有改变BNBT6陶瓷纯的钙钛矿结构.SEM表明,少量的CeO2掺杂,改变了陶瓷的微观结构.介电温谱表明,随着CeO2掺杂量的增加,铁电相向反铁电相转变温度(Td)降低. 室温下,CeO2掺杂量为0.4wt%时,BNBT6陶瓷样品有很好的性能:密度为5.836g/cm3,压电常数为136pC/N,平面机电藕合系数为30.3%, 相对介电常数为891, 介电损耗为0.0185.     

Synthesis of antiferroelectric (Bi0.534Na0.5)0.94Ba0.06TiO3 ceramics with high phase transition temperature and broad temperature range by a solid-state reaction method

Antiferroelectric 0.94(Bi 0.534 Na 0.5 )TiO 3 -0.06BaTiO 3 ceramics were prepared using a solid-state reaction method, involving the addition of excessive amounts of Bi2O3 . The resulting ceramics featured a very high phase transition temperature (Tm～330°C), from the antiferroelectric to the paraelectric phase, and a low depolarization temperature (Td<25°C). The broad temperature range, within which antiferroelectric properties are retained, of the prepared materials indicates their higher potential over lead-based antiferroelectric ceramics such as PZT-based materials that exhibit a lower T m ≤170°C. The lower Td and higher T m obtained val- ues, relative to those reported in the literature, are believed to be due to the formation of A-site vacancies originating from the incorporation of excess Bi into the perovskite structure of the studied sample. In addition, the synthesized sample shows a high dielectric constant of ～1460, in a temperature range of 50-150°C at 1 kHz, and a high energy storage density of 0.71 J/cm 3 , which is an asset in energy storage capacitor applications.     

Improvement in the piezoelectric temperature stability of （K0.5Na0.5）NbO3 ceramics

Through an analysis of the temperature stability of(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3(KNN)based ceramics and KNN solid solutions,we propose a method to enhance the temperature stability of KNN materials.These materials are valuable for their piezoelectric properties.To verify the feasibility of this method,0.9(K1-xNax)NbO3-0.06LiNbO3-0.04CaTiO3(KNLN-CaTiO3)ceramics were designed,and their structure and properties were studied.The results show that KNLN-CaTiO3(x=0.54)ceramics have a good temperature stability over a wide temperature range(25-320°C).Also,they have good piezoelectric properties(d33=152 pC/N in x=0.54).This result confirms the feasibility of our proposed solution for improving the piezoelectric properties of KNN-based ceramics that have poor temperature stability.     

Catalytic effect of a novel MgC_(0.5)Co_3 compound on the dehydrogenation of MgH_2

The application of magnesium hydride(MgH₂) is limited due to the high reaction temperature and slow kinetics during dehydrogenation. In order to ameliorate the dehydrogenation property of MgH₂, MgC_0.5Co₃ compound with induction and catalytic effects was introduced into the Mg/MgH₂ system via ball-milling and hydriding combustion methods in present study. Compared to the pure MgH₂,the initial hydrogen desorption temperature of MgH<...     

Ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of novel relaxor ferroelectric single crystals PMNT

Relaxor ferroelectric single crystals PMNT with the size of 40 mm×80 mm have been grown by a modified Bridgman method and their ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties have been characterized.The properties varied with the compositions and cut types.On the (001) cut,PMNT76/24 single crystals exhibited a dielectric constant of about 3 400,a dielectric loss of tan＜0.7%,a piezoelectric constant d33 of 980 pC/N,an electromechanical coupling factor kt of 0.55 and Tc of about 110℃.Whereas the properties of PMNT67/33 single crystals on (001) cut were better: ε of about 5 300,tanδ＜0.6%,d33 up to 3 000 pC/N,kt 0.64,k33 0.93 and Tc of about 150℃.The piezoelectric properties on other cuts such as (110) and (111) were much lower than those on the (001) cut.The rhombohedral PMNT crystals grown by this method showed more excellent piezoelectric properties than those grown by high temperature solution method and higher value of kt than the rhombohedral PZNT single crystals.It has also been found that the fluctuation in ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties was related to such factors as composition uniformity and poling degree.