MAP激酶介导ABA诱导的H_2O_2产生调节水稻幼根生长

本文利用蛋白激酶抑制剂PD98059和H2O2荧光探针H2DCF-DA,探索MAP类蛋白激酶和H2O2在调节ABA抑制水稻幼根生长中扮演的角色及其可能的作用关系.结果显示,ABA以浓度依赖性抑制水稻幼根生长,明显诱导H2O2在伸长区积累.外源H2O2处理可有效模拟ABA抑制水稻幼根生长,该结果暗示,H2O2可能位于ABA下游,参与调节水稻幼根生长.蛋白激酶抑制剂PD98059处理,明显缓解ABA诱导的H2O2产生和对水稻幼根生长的抑制;并逆转ABA诱导的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力上升.这些结果表明MAP类蛋白激酶通过调节根中H2O2的产生介导ABA调节的水稻幼根生长.     

NO,H2O2介导根系渗透胁迫和脱落酸诱导的气孔关闭

运用表皮实验和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜技术对NO和H2O2在根系渗透胁迫和外源脱落酸（ABA）处理诱导蚕豆气孔关闭中的作用及其相互关系进行了研究．结果表明，渗透胁迫及外源ABA处理既促进保卫细胞内源NO和H2O2形成，也诱导气孔关闭；外源H2O2和SNP可促进气孔关闭，也分别诱导保卫细胞NO和H2O2产生．还对根系渗透胁迫诱导蚕豆气孔关闭中ABA、NO和H2O2的关系进行了讨论，认为渗透胁迫可能通过ABA诱导NO和H2O2产生，促进气孔关闭且NO和H2O2之间存在相互作用．     

ABA和H2 O2在NaCl诱导的气孔关闭中的作用

以拟南芥野生型（wt）和ABA合成缺失突变体（aba3）为材料，采用表皮生物分析法研究了NaCl胁迫条件下，ABA和H2O2在气孔关闭中的作用。结果表明：100mmol/L的NaCl可有效诱导wt气孔关闭，而对aba3的气孔运动无明显影响；10^-2mmol/L的H2O2处理或100mmol/L的NaCl与10^-2mmol/L ABA共处理可有效诱导wt与aba3的气孔关闭，且幅度类似；H2O2的性清除剂CAT可部分逆转NaCl处理及NaCl与ABA共处理引起的气孔关闭，因此推测，NaCl胁迫条件下，植物保卫细胞内ABA浓度升高，诱导H2O2的产生，进而诱导了气孔关闭。     

油菜素内酯诱导蚕豆气孔关闭与过氧化氢和一氧化氮的关系

研究了油菜素内酯(BR)对蚕豆气孔运动的效应及其与过氧化氢和一氧化氮的关系。结果表明,BR能显著诱导气孔关闭,其最适处理浓度和时间分别为5μmol/L和3h。H2O2清除剂抗坏血酸和过氧化氢酶、NO清除剂c-PTIO和血红蛋白、过氧化氢产生酶NADPH氧化酶抑制剂二苯基碘和NO产生酶一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制剂L-NAME均显著抑制BR诱导的气孔关闭,显示NADPH氧化酶催化产生的H2O2和NOS催化产生的NO参与BR诱导气孔关闭。BR有显著抑制ABA诱导气孔关闭的效应。     

铜胺氧化酶在乙烯诱导蚕豆气孔关闭中的作用

研究了铜胺氧化酶(CuAO)及其催化产物过氧化氢(H2O2)在乙烯利诱导蚕豆气孔关闭中的作用.乙烯释放化合物2-氯乙基磷酸(乙烯利)激活了非质体CuAO活性、提高了保卫细胞H2O2产生并诱导气孔关闭,乙烯利的上述效应被CuAO的两种不可逆抑制剂氨基胍(AG)和2-溴乙胺(BEA)抑制.在几种CuAO催化产物中,只有H2O2能阻止AG或BEA抑制乙烯利诱导气孔关闭.CuAO的主要底物腐胺(Put)也不抑制乙烯利诱导气孔关闭.研究结果表明,CuAO催化产生的H2O2参与了乙烯诱导的蚕豆气孔关闭.     

气孔运动调控中过氧化氢和一氧化氮信号途径的交叉作用

用NO荧光指示剂DAF-2DA测定了H 2 O 2 对蚕豆和鸭跖草气孔保卫细胞NO的影响;以蚕豆幼苗为材料研究了H 2 O 2 和NO在调控气孔运动中的相互关系.结果表明,H 2 O 2 能够诱导保卫细胞胞质NO的形成,其诱导作用可以被2-苯-4,4,5,5-四甲基咪唑-1-氧-3-氧化物(PTIO)所清除和N G -氮-L-精氨酸-甲酯(L-NAME)所阻断.推测保卫细胞中可能存在一氧化氮合酶(NOS)类似物.H 2 O 2 主要是通过NOS途径诱导产生NO.在10～100μmol/L范围内,NO的供体硝普钠(SNP)和H 2 O 2 都可诱导气孔关闭,并具明显的浓度效应.H 2 O 2 清除剂过氧化氢酶(CAT)能够完全抵消NO的诱导气孔关闭作用;H 2 O 2 合成抑制剂二苯基碘(DPI)可部分减弱NO诱导的气孔关闭.NO合酶抑制剂L-NAME和NO的清除剂与H 2 O 2 共处理时,H 2 O 2 诱导气孔关闭的作用被大大减弱.结果说明,在调控气孔运动中H 2 O 2 和NO具有相互依赖性,H 2 O 2 和NO信号分子具有信号自身放大功能,共同参与了对气孔运动的调控.     

H2O2介导的NO合成参与乙烯诱导的拟南芥叶片气孔关闭

利用药理学实验、激光共聚焦显微技术结合遗传学手段,证明光下乙烯利可诱导拟南芥叶片气孔关闭,且具有时间和剂量效应. 乙烯利能够明显增加气孔保卫细胞和叶片的H2O2和NO水平,且H2O2和NO清除剂均明显抑制乙烯利诱导的拟南芥叶片气孔关闭.硝酸还原酶(NR)、NADPH氧化酶和细胞壁过氧化物酶的抑制剂可不同程度抑制乙烯利的作用. 乙烯利亦可明显诱导Atnoal突变体叶片气孔关闭及NO的积累,但对nial,nia2突变体没有明显影响.清除H2O2可减弱乙烯利对NO含量和NR活性的诱导效应,说明H2O2和NO均参与乙烯诱导的拟南芥叶片气孔关闭,且NO(主要由NR途径合成)可能位于H2O2下游参与调控这一信号通路.     

壳梭孢素促进蚕豆气孔开放与保卫细胞H2O2的关系

研究了壳梭孢素(FC)诱导蚕豆气孔开放与保卫细胞过氧化氢(H2O2)水平的关系.结果证明,FC、H2O2清除剂抗坏血酸(ASA)和H2O2合成抑制剂二苯基碘(DPI)均能于暗中诱导气孔开放.另外,FC和ASA不仅阻止外源H2O2诱导气孔关闭,而且促进暗诱导已关闭气孔重新开放,但DPI无此效应.将上述结果联系起来考虑,表明FC通过清除降低保卫细胞内源H2O2水平进而促进气孔开放.     

H2O2介导的NO合成参与乙烯诱导的拟南芥叶片气孔关闭

利用药理学实验、激光共聚焦显微技术结合遗传学手段,证明光下乙烯利可诱导拟南芥叶片气孔关闭,且具有时间和剂量效应．乙烯利能够明显增加气孔保卫细胞和叶片的H2O2和NO水平,且H2O2和NO清除剂均明显抑制乙烯利诱导的拟南芥叶片气孔关闭．硝酸还原酶（NR）、NADPH氧化酶和细胞壁过氧化物酶的抑制剂可不同程度抑制乙烯利的作用．乙烯利亦可明显诱导Atnoal突变体叶片气孔关闭及NO的积累,但对nial,nia2突变体没有明显影响．清除H2O2可减弱乙烯利对NO含量和NR活性的诱导效应,说明H2O2和NO均参与乙烯诱导的拟南芥叶片气孔关闭,且NO（主要由NR途径合成）可能位于H2O2下游参与调控这一信号通路．     

eATP通过H2O2参与H2S对拟南芥气孔运动和保卫细胞K+流的调节（英文）

硫化氢(H2S)和通过ABC转运体转运至胞外形成的胞外ATP(eA TP)均参与对气孔运动的调控,但尚不清楚eA TP在H2S诱导气孔关闭中的作用机制.本研究显示,ABC转运体抑制剂和质膜嘌呤受体抑制剂能够抑制H2S诱导的气孔关闭和所引起的保卫细胞中H2O2水平的升高;但H2S不能引起Atmrp4、Atmrp5以及Atmrp4/5中eA TP的积累和保卫细胞中H2O2水平的升高;H2S亦不能引起Atmrp4/5保卫细胞原生质体K+外流.据此推论:H2S可通过eA TP调控H2O2,进而调节气孔保卫细胞钾离子通道诱导气孔关闭.     

MAP kinase specifically mediates the ABA-induced H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> generation in guard cells of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia faba</Emphasis> L.

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is involved in regulating adverse physiological processes, including stomatal closure, seed development and germination, and mediating many environmental stress responses, such as drought, salinity and extreme temperatures[1,2]. In re-sponse to various stress stimuli, ABA synthesis is in-creased in plant cells, which triggers a series of physio-logical responses to adapt the stress conditions[1—3]. For example, under water deficit, ABA acts directly on…     

Protein tyrosine phosphatases involved in signaling of the ABA-induced H2O2 generation in guard cells of Vicia faba L.

Although protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) play an important role in signal transduction in animal cells, little is known about the function of PTPases in higher plants. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are the critical components of ABA signaling pathway in guard cells. PTPase is an important regulator of MAPK, which is believed to mediate ABA-induced H2O2 generation in guard cells of Vicia faba L. Here, we investigate the possible role of PTPases in stomatal movement process. Phenylarsine oxide (PAO), a specific inhibitor of PTPases, could prevent ABA or H2O2-induced stomatal closure of Vicia faba L; furthermore, it could promote opening of the stomata closed by ABA or H2O2. The activity of PTPases can be effectively inhibited by PAO and H2O2. DTT had no effect on the PAO-induced inhibition of PTPases activity, but it could relieve the inhibition of H2O2 on PTPases activity. PAO could also inhibit the ABA-induced H2O2 generation in guard cells of V‘wia faba L. These results suggested that PTPases is a critical signaling component in ABA-induced stomatal closure, and serve as targets for H2O2 lying on the signaling pathways downstream of ABA induced H2O2 generation.     

Calcium channels activated by hydrogen peroxide mediate abscisic acid signalling in guard cells

Drought is a major threat to agricultural production. Plants synthesize the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) in response to drought, triggering a signalling cascade in guard cells that results in stomatal closure, thus reducing water loss. ABA triggers an increase in cytosolic calcium in guard cells ([Ca2+]cyt) that has been proposed to include Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane. However, direct recordings of Ca2+ currents have been limited and the upstream activation mechanisms of plasma membrane Ca2+ channels remain unknown. Here we report activation of Ca2+-permeable channels in the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis guard cells by hydrogen peroxide. The H2O2-activated Ca2+ channels mediate both influx of Ca2+ in protoplasts and increases in [Ca2+]cyt in intact guard cells. ABA induces the production of H2O2 in guard cells. If H2O2 production is blocked, ABA-induced closure of stomata is inhibited. Moreover, activation of Ca2+ channels by H2O2 and ABA- and H2O2-induced stomatal closing are disrupted in the recessive ABA-insensitive mutant gca2. These data indicate that ABA-induced H2O2 production and the H2O2-activated Ca2+ channels are important mechanisms for ABA-induced stomatal closing.     

Involvement of carbon monoxide produced by heme oxygenase in ABA-induced stomatal closure in Vicia faba and its proposed signal transduction pathway

Carbon monoxide (CO) has recently proven to be an important bioactive or signaling molecule in mammalian cells. Its effects are mainly mediated by nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic GMP (cGMP). In Vicia faba leaves, CO production and heme oxygenase (HO) activity, an important CO synthetic enzyme, are first reported to increase in response to ABA treatment, which could result in stomatal closure. Inter- estingly, ABA-induced stomatal closure in V. faba guard cells is partially blocked when the synthetic CO inhibitor ZnPP, or the CO/NO scavenger Hb is added. Furthermore, we show that, exogenously applied CO donor, hematin, and CO aqueous solution not only result in the enhancement of CO release, but also time-dependently induce stomatal closure, and the latter is mimicked by the application of an NO donor SNP. The above-mentioned stomatal closure effects are differentially reversed by the addition of tungstate, a potent inhibitor of NO synthetic enzyme nitrate reductase (NR), the specific NO scavenger cPTIO, ZnPP, or Hb. During treatment for 4 h, SNP, 0.01% CO aqueous solution or hematin significantly triggers NO synthesis, whereas cPTIO, or tungstate approximately fully inhibits NO fluorescence. Ad- ditionally, application of the GC inhibitor ODQ blocks CO-induced stomatal closure. This inhibition could be reversed when 8-Br-cGMP is added. Thus, the above results suggest that CO produced by HO is involved in ABA-induced stomatal closure, and NO and cGMP may function as downstream interme- diates in the CO signaling responsible for stomatal closure.     

ATHK1 acts downstream of hydrogen peroxide to mediate ABA signaling through regulation of calcium channel activity in Arabidopsis guard cells

Plants gradually develop their ability to tolerate environmental water deficit as part of the evolutionary process.Abscisic acid(ABA) plays a critical role during drought and osmotic stress.Several histidine protein kinases are regarded as osmotic sensors or regulators in the adaptive response of plants to water deficit.In this study,we report that ATHK1,which was previously shown to function as an osmotic regulator,is involved in ABA-induced stomatal signaling in Arabidopsis.Mutants null for ATHK1 expression were unable to transmit normal ABA responses in guard cells,including inducing stomatal closure,producing hydrogen peroxide and activating calcium influx.Moreover,patch clamp and confocal analysis demonstrated that ATHK1 may function downstream of hydrogen peroxide in ABA-induced stomatal closure,by regulating calcium channel activity and calcium oscillation in Arabidopsis guard cells.     

Effect of nerve regeneration factor on differentiation of PC12 cells and its signaling pathway

The effects of nerve regeneration factor (NRF) on neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells and its signaling pathway are investigated by morphological observation and immunofluorescent cytochemical method, and the activity of ERK1/2 in NRF-treated PC12 cells in absence of serum is also studied by immuno-coprecipitation and Western blot analysis. The MEK1/2-specific inhibitor U0126, the broad-spectrum protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor G?6983 and tyrosine protein kinase (TPK) inhibitor genistein were used to determine the roles of the activation of ERK1/2 by NRF and the involvement of certain kinds of PKC or TPK receptor in this activation process. The results show that U0126 and G?6983 inhibit the activation of ERK1/2 by NRF to different extents, while genistein has no effect on it, demonstrating that NRF remarkably induces neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells through activating ERK1/2 in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner.     

紫外分光光度技术测定植物细胞中H2O2的含量

利用H2O2在24Onm处有吸收光谱的特性，建立了快速测定植物活细胞产生H2O2的方法．同时利用该技术进一步定量检测了ABA诱导蚕豆气孔保卫细胞H2O2的产生．     

湿氧化改性多孔炭对低浓度苯和丁酮蒸汽的吸附

空气中挥发性有机化合物 (VOC)严重危害人体的身体健康 ,因而研究 VOC的去除具有重要意义。该文研究了椰壳活性炭 (AC)和粘胶基活性炭纤维 (ACF)湿氧化处理后对低浓度 VOC苯和丁酮的吸附。 AC和 ACF分别用质量分数为 30 %和 5 0 %的 H2 O2 、浓 HNO3进行湿氧化处理。采用 X射线光电子能谱 (XPS)和氮气容量法研究了 ACF,采用扫描电镜 (SEM)研究了 AC处理前后性质的变化。并利用热重分析仪 (TGA)研究了对挥发性有机化合物丁酮和苯的吸附。实验结果表明 :ACF经 H2 O2 处理后具有活化作用 ,比表面积和微孔容积都增加了 ,特别是用质量分数为 30 %的 H2 O2 处理后更有利于低浓度苯和丁酮的吸附 ;AC经湿氧化处理后 ,扫描电镜下呈现不同的微观形貌特征 ,质量分数为 30 %的 H2 O2 处理后 ,增强了对苯的吸附 ,减弱了对丁酮的吸附。     

Chk1 prevents abnormal mitosis of S-phase HeLa cells containing DNA damage

To explore effects of DNA damage on cell-cycle progression in p53-deficient tumor cells, synchronized HeLa cells at G1, S and G2/M phases were treated with methyl methanesulfnate （MMS）. The results showed that the MMS treatment resulted in the cell-cycle arrest or delay in all 3 phases, while the S-phase cells were the most sensitive to MMS. Further studies demonstrated that ATM-Chk2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways were activated in all 3 phases when the cells were treated with MMS; whereas Chk1 was activated only in S phase under the drug treatment, indicating that Chk1 specifically participated in S-phase checkpoints. To analyze the role of Chk1 in S-phase checkpoints, we administered a specific Chk1 inhibitor, UCN-01, to the S-phase cells. The results showed that the S-phase cells treated with MMS＋UCN-01 could enter aberrant mitosis without finishing DNA replication, indicating that Chk1 mainly functions in the DNA damage checkpoint rather than in the replication checkpoint. In addition, MMS treatment alone inhibited the accumulation of cyclin B1, a key component of M-phase CDK-cyclin complex, in the S-phase cells, whereas the inhibition of Chk1 activation resulted in the accumulation of cyclin B1 in the MMS-treated S-phase cells. This observation further supports the view that DNA-damaged S-phase cells enter abnormal mitosis when Chk1 activation is inhibited. Our results demonstrate that Chk1 is a specific kinase that plays an important role in the MMS-induced S-phase DNA damage checkpoint. As p53 is not involved in this process, Chk1 may be a potential target for p53-deficient tumor therapy.