基于时变可靠度的梁桥性能退化研究

通过分析混凝土结构耐久性退化原理,得到钢筋和混凝土材料性能的时变过程,进一步建立抗力与荷载的随机过程.通过将设计基准期等分成N段,求得每段内的可靠度,根据可靠度的概率意义得到时变可靠指标.比较了JC法与蒙特卡罗抽样法的计算精度,结果表明可以用JC法代替蒙特卡罗法计算时变可靠度指标.研究了混凝土保护层厚度和荷载变化对时变可靠指标的影响.     

时变扩散系数对混凝土结构服役寿命的影响

基于氯离子二维扩散模型考虑混凝土氯离子扩散衰减系数及其随机性,计算了氯盐侵蚀下混凝土结构的可靠度及服役寿命。为克服传统可靠度敏感系数的缺陷,分析氯离子扩散衰减系数及其随机性对混凝土结构耐久性的影响,根据全微分公式导出了可靠度对随机变量均值和变异性的无量纲敏感系数。计算结果表明,忽略氯离子扩散系数时变性会导致显著地低估结构服役寿命,而不考虑衰减系数的随机性又会明显地高估结构耐久性能。敏感性分析结果表明,混凝土氯离子扩散衰减系数与混凝土保护层厚度对氯盐侵蚀下混凝土结构耐久性的影响占主导地位,并随着服役时间的增加,衰减系数的影响会超过混凝土保护层厚度。     

既有预应力混凝土桥梁结构承载能力时变可靠度研究

文章在研究了既有预应力混凝土桥梁抗力和荷载时变特性的基础上,建立了现有预应力混凝土桥梁抗弯承载能力的时变可靠度计算模型,讨论了结构时变可靠度的计算方法,编制了可靠度计算实用分析程序,计算了时变可靠度指标,以我国高速公路桥梁中广泛应用的多座预应力混凝土T梁桥为例,在考虑其抗力时变特性的理论基础上,研究承载能力可靠度的衰减规律。     

气候变化对RC结构碳化侵蚀可靠度的影响

气候变化引起的全球大气中CO2浓度的升高,加速了钢筋混凝土(RC)结构的劣化.针对《混凝土耐久性设计规范》中规定的碳化环境(Ⅰ类环境),评估了未来气候变化对中国RC结构在正常使用极限状态下时变可靠度的影响.研究显示:未来气候变化使中国RC结构的平均碳化深度增大20％～40％,降低了RC结构的碳化侵蚀可靠度.到2100年,混凝土结构耐久性设计规范中Ⅰ类环境下Ⅰ-A、Ⅰ-B环境作用等级的耐久性规定不能够适应气候变化对中国钢筋混凝土结构的耐久性影响.     

高层钢结构施工过程时变模型理论与跟踪监测

针对混凝土的时变变形对钢管混凝土组合结构施工过程中结构受力的影响,基于CEB-FIP中的混凝土时变模型,提出了对钢管混凝土组合高层框架结构进行施工过程计算的时变模型,以考虑结构的施工顺序和诸如混凝土的收缩、徐变等时变效应的影响以反映此类结构的真实特性.通过某21层钢混组合高层框架结构的数值模拟与现场监测结果的对比表明:提出的分析模型能够真实反映结构复杂的施工过程及材料时变特征和结构几何非线性对结构性能的影响,数值模拟结果表明混凝土收缩和徐变引起的结构变形在高层结构设计中不容忽视.     

基于响应面法的混凝土桥梁时变可靠度分析

为了求解劣化环境作用时混凝土桥梁的时变可靠度,建立了基于改进响应面法和确定性的混凝土桥梁退化过程分析方法相结合的混凝土桥梁时变可靠度分析方法.利用FORTRAN95分别编写了混凝土桥梁耐久性分析程序CBDAS和可靠度分析程序PIRSM.以一座预应力混凝土简支梁为对象,分析了不同极限状态下结构力学性能指标的可靠度随时间的...     

退化结构时变可靠度分析

退化结构的检修问题都涉及时变结构可靠度的计算.对退化结构的时变可靠度,抗力必须表为随机过程.该文考虑退化结构功能函数随机过程,并考虑活载为连续随机过程、 Poisson过程以及Bernoulli过程,由之导出一个时段内的时变可靠度公式.以混凝土碳化引起的主筋锈蚀的公路桥T型梁为例,计算了这3种活载过程下的时变可靠度.算例表明,对相同的初始抗力,退化结构在设计使用年限的时变可靠度明显低于目标时不变可靠度.用作用和抗力的均值和方差在t时刻的瞬时值代入Cornell可靠度指标而计算的"时变可靠度指标"不反映可靠度.     

基于响应面和重要抽样法的隧道衬砌结构时变可靠度

由于隧道衬砌结构极限状态方程高度非线性,直接采用一般的可靠度计算方法得到的是几何可靠度,存在较大误差,需进行改进.结合响应面法和重要抽样两种方法,利用响应面法得到的验算点作为重要抽样法的抽样中心,进而求解结构的可靠度指标.在该理论的基础上,考虑结构抗力随时间衰减的因素,利用Matlab软件编制了隧道在服务寿命期限内的时变可靠度指标的计算程序,并通过回归分析,得到了时变可靠度指标随着时间呈指数递减的规律.通过耐久性系数与时变可靠度指标的对应关系,可得到衬砌结构任意时刻的耐久性系数,该系数则是衬砌结构耐久性设计的关键.该方法对功能函数高度非线性的工程较适用,并且为结构耐久性设计提供了基础.     

钢梁腐蚀相关性对钢-混组合梁桥体系可靠度的影响

服役环境中钢主梁的腐蚀本质上是一个随机过程,腐蚀深度随机变量既有时变性亦有空间性。现有测量方法只能获得单根钢梁腐蚀深度数据,尚不能明确结构体系腐蚀深度变量的联合分布模式,可能导致腐蚀结构体系可靠度计算模型失真。本文以某钢-混凝土组合梁桥为研究对象,首先建立了钢主梁腐蚀深度增长Gamma随机过程模型,并利用钢梁腐蚀深度实测数据对模型进行了验证;然后采用Kendall秩相关系数量化表征主梁腐蚀深度相关性,推导了腐蚀钢梁的时变抗力计算公式;最后基于Copula函数提出了考虑主梁腐蚀相关性的梁桥体系失效概率计算方法,对比研究了钢梁腐蚀相关性对钢-混组合简支梁桥体系可靠度的影响。研究结果表明：桥梁运营前期腐蚀相关性对梁桥受力性能影响较小,在运营中后期,中高程度的腐蚀相关性将会对梁桥体系的可靠度影响较大。研究提出了钢梁腐蚀空间相关性量化方法,获得了更精确的钢-混组合梁桥体系可靠度计算方法,可为组合梁桥体系的时变可靠度评定提供参考。     

高性能复合砂浆钢筋网加固RC梁的时变可靠度分析

研究高性能复合砂浆钢筋网加固RC梁新老材料强度随时间衰减的可靠度指标.利用时变可靠度理论,采用蒙特卡罗法模拟,给出了高性能复合砂浆钢筋网加固混凝土构件时变失效概率的计算方法.复合砂浆钢筋网加固RC梁的时变可靠度先高于设计规范规定的目标可靠度 ,然后逐渐减小,接近设计使用年限时,接近目标可靠度,这一趋势为合理地评估结构性能提供了有效工具;结合非线性回归和时变可靠性指标,提出了加固RC构件使用寿命预测方法,为在役结构的维修与加固提供合理的经济决策依据.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of