区域供冷系统中冷冻水输送管线的优化设计

建立了确定区域供冷系统冷冻水输送管线最优水流速度和保温层最优厚度的优化模型,其目标函数为系统的年度费用,由冷冻水二级泵的年运行费用、冷冻水输送管线冷量损失费用、二级泵功耗导致的冷水温升所产生的费用、冷冻水二级泵的折旧和维修费用以及冷冻水输送管线折旧和维修费用5个部分组成．考虑全年变负荷运行的特点,在部分负荷时假设冷冻水的供回水温差不变,采用变频泵调节流量．通过实例计算,得到以下结论：对于区域供冷系统,存在最优的水流速度和保温层厚度;冷水输送距离对最优水流速度和保温层最优厚度没有影响;最优水流速度随电价升高而降低,随设计冷负荷增大而升高;保温层最优厚度随电价升高而增加,随设计冷负荷的增大而稍有增加．     

双冷源空调机组供冷性能实验分析

常规空调系统一般以冷凝除湿为主,之后需要再热才能满足送风温度要求,即浪费了冷量又消耗了再热的热量。为降低空调系统再热负荷,提出了双冷源空调机组。双冷源空调机组是在组合式空调机组中设置两个或多个表冷器,各表冷器可根据其功能采用低温冷源(如供回水7/12℃)和高温冷源(如供回水14/19℃)。为研究双冷源空调机组性能,试制了一种双冷源组合式空调机组,采用两组表冷器并联的形式组装。实验研究了高温表冷器的供冷能力、全热交换效率和除湿效率等变化规律,并分析了其供冷性能和节能性。结果表明,高温表冷器单独运行时,理想制冷效率显著提高,节能效果明显,送风温差可以满足室内要求,但除湿能力不足。两组表冷器联合运行通过合理设置表冷器的送风占比,完全可以满足空调系统送风要求,节约再热能量,达到节能的效果。在双冷源空调机组运行过程中,高温表冷器承担的负荷部分越大,系统的能效比EER就越大,节能效果越明显。     

多地铁站冰浆集中供冷系统在不同气候区的适用性

根据冰浆在暖通空调领域的最新研究成果,分析了不同气候区多地铁站冰浆及冰蓄冷集中供冷二次管网的年度费用值,拟合了二次管网单位长度年度费用值与供冷负荷的关系式,基于二次管网的年度费用值分析了冰浆集中供冷系统在各主要气候区的适用性,结果显示广州地区采用多地铁站冰浆集中供冷系统能有效降低二次管网的投资且冰浆集中供冷系统的优势随供冷期的增加、集中供冷服务负荷的增大及二次管网长度的增加而增加。     

自然作用压力对分户循环热水供暖系统的影响

通过实际工况下分户循环系统自然作用压力的分析计算得出 :实际运行时的供水温度越高、供回水温差越大 ,越适合选用异程式系统 ;反之 ,越适合选用同程式系统。提出异程式系统可通过在设计时减小比摩阻的方法来减小垂直失调 ;同程式系统可通过适当增大上一层环路局部阻力的方法来减小垂直失调现象的建议     

超音速汽液两相流升压装置用于供暖系统的性能改进研究

根据不同地区供暖系统对供回水温差的要求绘制出了最小供回水温差曲线,发现随着室外计算温度的升高,供回水最小温差由6 37℃逐渐增大至14 13℃;某一确定地区供暖系统供回水温差随着室外温度的升高而降低.当现有超音速汽液两相流升压装置应用于供暖系统时,针对其存在不能满足整个供暖期供回水温差要求的问题,提出了采用两级进水对现有升压装置进行性能改进,根据质量、动量和能量守恒方程建立了其升压、加热性能计算数学模型,计算并分析了其用于供暖系统的性能.研究与计算结果表明:当进汽压力在0 3～0 6MPa之间变化时,两级进水超音速汽液两相流升压装置的供水压力高于0 4MPa,供回水温差在14～25℃之间,满足供暖系统的要求.     

住宅辐射制冷-独立新风空调系统 负荷比的多目标优化

为实现辐射制冷-独立新风空调系统负荷比的多目标优化,引入了BES-CFD耦合仿真方法,以长沙市某应用辐射制冷-独立新风空调系统的住宅房间为研究案例,同时研究了不同的送风温差和不同负荷比下的系统能耗及室内热环境,从节能、热舒适和运行安全性的角度,分析了最佳负荷比范围. 结果表明：考虑系统节能性时,不同送风温差的最佳负荷比范围分别为：46%~85%（4 ℃）、16%~85%（6 ℃）、3%~85%（8 ℃）,且送风温差较大时更节能. 从热舒适角度分析,最佳负荷比范围分别为：20%~72%（4 ℃）、16%~59%（6 ℃）、3%~50%（8 ℃）,较小的送风温差具有更大的负荷比调节区间. 各工况下顶板与地板壁面温度均高于近壁面空气露点温度,无结露风险. 综合考虑节能性、舒适性及安全性的最优负荷比宜取：46%~72%（4 ℃）、16%~59%（6 ℃）、3%~50%（8 ℃）.     

热水供热管网最佳经济比摩阻研究与分析

以供热管网的费用年值最小为优化目标建立了经济比摩阻数学模型,通过优化得到了经济比摩阻、经济管径及经济流速的计算方法.计算了典型供热规模的经济比摩阻及各种因素对经济比摩阻的影响,经济比摩阻与供热规模成反比,实际的经济比摩阻与传统的推荐范围不同.     

风雪流临界起动风速的研究

雪粒的起动以及临界起动风速是研究风雪流的形成过程中需要关注的首要问题.通过对雪粒的受力机制及其起动条件进行分析,建立了雪粒在平稳风场下的起动模型;研究了雪粒的临界起动风速以及临界起动风速与雪粒粒径、积雪时间和雪表温度的关系.结果表明,临界起动摩阻风速随着雪粒粒径的增大而增大;对于稳定的雪表温度,雪粒的起动摩阻风速在1000 s内是随时间而增加的,最终达到一个稳定值.起动摩阻风速随雪表温度的增大而增大,当雪表温度大于263 K时,其对临界起动摩阻风速影响很大;当雪表温度小于263 K时,其对临界起动摩阻风速影响相对较小.     

设定参数对空调系统能耗的影响

 选择位于深圳的一栋小面积办公建筑为例,建立了建筑空调系统的物理和数学模型,基于EES 和Matlab 软件计算模拟,研究了空调系统的室内设定温度、送风温差、冷冻水和冷却水温差参数对空调系统能效比(EER)、制冷系数(COP)、输送效率和功耗等指标的影响。结果表明,室内设定温度每升高1℃,空调冷负荷减少5.6%,COP 和EER 分别升高7.2%和4.75%;送风温度每升高1℃,冷负荷下降4%,COP 和EER 分别降低5.2%和4.64%,以设备总功耗为单一指标,送风温差9.5℃为最佳值;冷冻水温差每升高1℃,冷冻水输送系数升高7.85%;冷却水温差每升高1℃,冷却水输送系数升高8.68%。该结果对空调设计和施工具有指导意义。     

某小区地板采暖供热系统设计及体会

地板采暖系统由于供回水温差小,管道管径相对散热器采暖系统显得大,在系统调试运行时容易平衡。住宅户内采用地板采暖系统,分户计量,各户可以独立调节室内温度,促进行为节能。地板采暖系统的室内设计温度比散热器系统低2℃,这样建筑热负荷可以整体降低8%左右,达到节能的目的。本文主要介绍北京市某二十万平米小区的供热系统,分别从换热站、供热管网、用户以及系统调试运行等方面进行了介绍。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that