A Hierarchical Methodology for Class Detection Problems with Skewed Priors

We describe a novel extension to the Class-Cover-Catch-Digraph (CCCD) classifier, specifically tuned to detection problems. These are two-class classification problems where the natural priors on the classes are skewed by several orders of magnitude. The emphasis of the proposed techniques is in computationally efficient classification for real-time applications. Our principal contribution consists of two boosted classi- fiers built upon the CCCD structure, one in the form of a sequential decision process and the other in the form of a tree. Both of these classifiers achieve performances comparable to that of the original CCCD classifiers, but at drastically reduced computational expense. An analysis of classification performance and computational cost is performed using data from a face detection application. Comparisons are provided with Support Vector Machines (SVM) and reduced SVMs. These comparisons show that while some SVMs may achieve higher classification performance, their computational burden can be so high as to make them unusable in real-time applications. On the other hand, the proposed classifiers combine high detection performance with extremely fast classification.     

Selection of a Representative Sample

Sometimes a larger dataset needs to be reduced to just a few points, and it is desirable that these points be representative of the whole dataset. If the future uses of these points are not fully specified in advance, standard decision-theoretic approaches will not work. We present here methodology for choosing a small representative sample based on a mixture modeling approach.     

Volunteering and Ethical Meaningfulness

Drawing on Victor Frankl’s observations, this comment illustrates how human beings are prior to any initiative that is pre-directed towards meaning. In pointing to this human condition, it introduces a subtle distinction between striving for happiness and a will for meaning, yet it is in the trans-ethical meaningful acts that a relation can be found with the wit(h)nessing as referred to by Note and Van Daele.     

浅析中医术语英译的若干问题

目前中医术语英译存在许多混乱现象,应逐步加以规范。在归化法和异化法之间,应以归化法为主,适当采用异化法;在音译和意译之间,应以意译为主,没有合适意译方法时,方采取音译;释译法行文冗长,应尽量少用;拉丁语翻译本质上仍是一种注释,应尽量避免。     

论欠发达地区经济发展与生态环境优化整合

在社会经济发展不同阶段,人们对经济效益与生态效益有不同的评价值。由于发展经济的巨大张力和脱贫致富的巨大压力,欠发达地区人们往往牺牲生态效益来换取经济效益。从欠发达地区的历史与现状出发,大力发展生态产业,完善社会保障机制,加强生态文化建设,在造就新的更有利可图的生产方式的同时提升人们保护生态环境的主体精神,是实现欠发达地区经济跨越式发展与生态环境优化整合的现实路径。     

汉语新术语构造方法的优先选择

目前中国出现的新术语很多,构造新术语的方法也不少。汉语新术语应该与原有的汉语词汇系统有最好的相容性和协调性,应该对新词的学习记忆、储存处理花费低成本又能满足需要。按这个要求,文章提出了应该优先选用三种构造新术语的方法,并从标准化基本原理角度进行了实例分析和讨论。     

Is Falsification Falsifiable?

This is a response to a claim by Sven Ove Hansson to the effect that Poppers dictum that falsification lies at the heart of all pursuit of science has once and for all been falsified by his study of articles published in Nature during the year 2000. We claim that this is based on a misunderstanding of Poppers philosophy of science interpreting it too literally, and that alternative readings of those papers are fully compliant with falsification. We scrutinize Hansson’s arguments as well as giving an overview of Poppers falsification theory.     

短视频时代政府辟谣机制创新研究——基于“抖音辟谣”的众包实践分析

短视频已经成为一种重要的信息传播载体。视频类网络谣言以"眼见为实"为主诉特征,相比图文类谣言,对公众更有欺骗性,容易诱发网络热点舆情。"抖音"基于众包模式创建的"抖音辟谣"广泛推动平台用户参与谣言治理过程,形成了谣言共治机制。政府舆情管理部门可以探索构建这种众包辟谣机制,做好流程设计和平台运营管理,以此提升公共政府舆情应对与应急管理能力。     

无边界宇宙模型与复杂性探索

无边界宇宙模型是霍金为解决宇宙奇点问题所提出的一种新宇宙理论。这种宇宙模型很好地解释了我们所观测到的宇宙,充分体现了宇宙的复杂性特征。本文以霍金的无边界宇宙模型为基础,对此种宇宙模型所呈现的宇宙复杂性进行了初步的探析,并由此得出对物理世界进行还原论研究与复杂性探究是互补共存的。     

Materialism: Replies to Comments from Readers

The canonical developmental trajectory (CDT), as represented in this paper is both conservative and emergentist. Emerging modes of existence, as new informational constraints, require the material continuation of prior modes upon which they are launched. Informational constraints are material configurations. The paper is not meant to be a direct critique of existing views within science, but an oblique one presented as an alternative, developmental model.     

俄英医学同义术语的类型划分及英俄、汉俄医学词典编纂启示

同义现象是术语学界长期关注的热点问题,也是当代极具现实意义和有争议的问题。术语的同义现象是建立在表达同一个专业概念的不同术语单位基础上的一种语义关系。通过对医学各领域同义术语(主要是俄语和英语)的分析和描写,划分同义术语的类型,确定现代医学术语的特点,进而发现现代医学双语(主要是英俄、汉俄)词典中暂时还缺乏关于在术语系统功能化条件下使用某一同义术语的相关信息。因此,英俄、汉俄医学词典应对同义术语做相关的信息标注,以帮助使用者选取某一具体医学领域最适合的同义术语。     

略论字母词的定义与定位

文章对字母词界定的不同认识做出综述,进而提出了自己的见解。文章认为,字母词中,有的是汉语词汇系统的临时成员,有的已经成为正式成员。字母词在引入和使用上方便快捷,能够确保不改变原来的语义,因此,在社会生活,尤其科技领域还会得到更充分的发展。     

Bayesian Regularization for Normal Mixture Estimation and Model-Based Clustering

Normal mixture models are widely used for statistical modeling of data, including cluster analysis. However maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) for normal mixtures using the EM algorithm may fail as the result of singularities or degeneracies. To avoid this, we propose replacing the MLE by a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator, also found by the EM algorithm. For choosing the number of components and the model parameterization, we propose a modified version of BIC, where the likelihood is evaluated at the MAP instead of the MLE. We use a highly dispersed proper conjugate prior, containing a small fraction of one observation's worth of information. The resulting method avoids degeneracies and singularities, but when these are not present it gives similar results to the standard method using MLE, EM and BIC.     

西部少数民族宗教的生态观与西部生态环境建设

西部地区是一个多民族居住区,西部地区的生态环境与这些少数民族地区宗教的生态观之关系密切,西部少数民族人民对西部生态环境做出了积极贡献,西部大开发应该充分开发利用少数民族宗教生态观,为西部生态环境建设发挥作用。     

Bayes Discriminant Rules with Ordered Predictors

We propose and discuss improved Bayes rules to discriminate between two populations using ordered predictors. To address the problem we propose an alternative formulation using a latent space that allows to introduce the information about the order in the theoretical rules. The rules are first defined when the marginal densities are fully known and then under normality when the parameters are unknown and training samples are available. Several numerical examples and simulations in the paper illustrate the methodology and show that the new rules handle the information appropriately. We compare the new rules with the classical Bayes and Fisher rules in these examples and we show that the misclassification probability is smaller for the new rules. The method is also applied to data from a diabetes study where we again show that the new rules improve over the usual Fisher rule. Research partially supported by Spanish DGES and by PAPIJCL. The authors thank the editor and an anonymous reviewer for their detailed reading that resulted in this much improved version of the paper.     

Multidimensional Item Response Theory Models with Collateral Information as Poisson Regression Models

Multiple choice items on tests and Likert items on surveys are ubiquitous in educational, social and behavioral science research; however, methods for analyzing of such data can be problematic. Multidimensional item response theory models are proposed that yield structured Poisson regression models for the joint distribution of responses to items. The methodology presented here extends the approach described in Anderson, Verkuilen, and Peyton (2010) that used fully conditionally specified multinomial logistic regression models as item response functions. In this paper, covariates are added as predictors of the latent variables along with covariates as predictors of location parameters. Furthermore, the models presented here incorporate ordinal information of the response options thus allowing an empirical examination of assumptions regarding the ordering and the estimation of optimal scoring of the response options. To illustrate the methodology and flexibility of the models, data from a study on aggression in middle school (Espelage, Holt, and Henkel 2004) is analyzed. The models are fit to data using SAS.     

新词的定名方法

目前中国出现的新词很多,构造的方法也不少。新词的定名和构造应该与原有的汉语词汇系统有最好的相容性和协调性,学习者的学习负担应该最小。按这一要求,提出了新词构造应该优先选用的三种方法。     

政协提案与中国工程院的成立

中国工程院的成立是我国工程技术界的重要事件。文章基于档案资料,论述了政协委员及其提案在中国工程院的成立过程中的重要作用。通过介绍国外工程院组织、提倡对重大工程项目进行事先审查、阐述"科技是第一生产力"等观点,政协委员成功地将国际趋势、意识形态、社会需求与工程院的建立结合起来,并提出了阻力最小、具有可操作性的工程院组织方式。政协委员及其提案在工程院成立的过程中真正起到了参政议政的作用。     

中国首部现代数学词典《算学名词汇编》探析

《算学名词汇编》是中国首部现代数学词典。其中名词历经4次审查,约有80%以上译名与今译名相近或相同。这些名词虽因经费、人员等因素限制,当时未能得到全面推广,但仍产生一定影响,并成为后世数学名词审定与统一工作的重要借鉴对象。《算学名词汇编》的编订过程从侧面映射出科学活动需要政府和社会的支持与参与。