基于模拟退火算法的垂直轴风机翼型优化设计

为了实现智能优化垂直轴风机翼型的气动特性,提高垂直轴风机的功率系数,通过模拟退火算法作为寻优方法,用气动性能计算工具XFOIL与MATLAB程序下的失速修正模型相结合用来计算翼型优化前后的气动特性;通过CST(class/shape function transformation)翼型建模法构建控制翼型曲线的翼型数学模型,选取翼型的控制参数为设计变量,翼型最大相对厚度以及最大相对厚度所处位置为约束条件,以翼型的最大升阻比为目标函数,建立翼型智能优化算法,并完成了对NACA0018翼型的优化设计.结果表明:优化后翼型的气动性能得到提高;最大升力系数提高了2％,升阻比的峰值提高了5.22％,最大切向力系数提高了6.77％.可见优化后翼型的失速性能得到了有效改善.     

基于遗传算法的潮流能水轮机翼型优化设计

为了获得满足潮流能水轮机设计要求的专用翼型,基于遗传算法建立了水轮机翼型优化设计模型,该模型综合考虑了升力系数、阻力系数、升阻比和压力系数等因素,采用XFOIL评估翼型的水动力性能,对几种典型设计要求情况下的水轮机翼型进行了优化设计.数值结果表明,该模型能够根据不同的设计要求获得相对应的水轮机翼型,不仅可以改善翼型的水动力系数,还能够避免翼型空化现象的产生.在最小化压力系数情况下,最大厚度位置更靠近翼型后缘,而最大化升力系数情况下则更靠近翼型前缘.为了达到指定的设计目标,需要考虑多个攻角下的升力系数或压力系数.     

基于自适应NSGA-Ⅱ算法的变截面涡旋盘优化

针对目前对涡旋压缩机涡旋盘的优化设计多以几何性能最佳为优化目标,其力学性能较差这一缺点,提出了基于自适应第二代非支配遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)、综合考虑力学性能和几何性能的变截面涡旋盘多目标优化设计方法.针对由基圆渐开线和高次曲线组成的变截面涡旋盘,确立了以涡旋型线特征参数表示的动涡旋轴向气体力及内容积比数学模型,以轴向力最小和内容积比最大为设计目标进行多目标优化设计,引入了根据种群的进化状态来进行自我调节的交叉算子和变异算子,以提高NSGA-Ⅱ算法的效率和最优解的分布均匀度,并得到了Pareto最优解集.在最优解集中挑选三种优化型涡旋盘与传统型涡旋盘进行对比分析,其最大轴向气体力分别减少了3.20%,1.08%和1.90%,内容积比分别提高了5.37%,6.64%和3.35%,表明提出的优化方法可以得到综合性能较优的变截面涡旋盘.     

基于熵产方法的跨音速翼型减阻优化设计

将熵产方法引入跨音速翼型气动优化设计中,采用涡黏性模型对翼型流场熵产进行计算,进而阐述熵产对翼型阻力的影响.通过类别形状函数(CST)方法和径向基函数(RBFs)网格变形方法完成翼型参数化建模与网格变形,并将改进的NSGA2多目标遗传算法与CFD计算耦合起来实现了翼型自动优化设计,用此方法进行了跨音速翼型的气动优化设计,目标函数为来流马赫数为0.73、攻角为2.54°时升阻比最大,熵产最小.设计结果表明:优化方法在小种群下有很好的全局收敛性,得到的非支配解集分布均匀,质量较高.与参考翼型相比,优化翼型通过降低流场熵产,有效地减少了翼型阻力,大幅度提高了翼型升阻比,消除或减弱了翼型上表面激波,有效提高了翼型的气动性能.     

多参数变弯度翼型气动优化设计方法

为了获得机翼最优的气动外形,提出了一种多偏转参数与非均匀B样条结合的翼型前后缘连续偏转变形规律。以NACA3412翼型为研究实例,对翼型曲线进行参数化重构。以翼型前、后缘偏转位置和偏转角度为变化参数,模拟分析了不同变形状态对翼型气动特性的影响规律。以翼型升力系数和升阻比为优化目标,以前、后缘的偏转角度、偏转位置以及过渡段长度等六个偏转参数为设计变量,采用多目标遗传算法和ANSYS软件进行优化设计。结果表明,与基础翼型相比,优化后的变弯度翼型的升阻比提升约19.26%,升力提升约44.43%,明显改善了翼型的气动性能。     

改进的粒子群算法在翼型优化设计中的应用

建立了多目标风力机翼型型线优化模型,并采用改进的粒子群优化算法对多目标风力机翼型型线进行优化,设计出4种不同厚度的性能较好的风力机翼型。对CQUA18和CQUA21两种新翼型的气动特性与相同厚度典型的风力机翼型进行对比分析,结果表明,该翼型具有良好的气动特性,对翼型的前缘粗糙度不敏感,在主要攻角范围内,光滑和粗糙条件下,新翼型的升力系数和升阻比都要高,其气动特性具有显著的提高。     

基于多岛遗传算法的垂直轴风机翼型优化设计

为了解决垂直轴风力机的风能利用率在实际应用中低于水平轴风力机的问题,通过以多岛遗传算法为核心与翼型参数化、ICEM网格生成以及计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)流场计算相结合,并以翼型的升阻比为优化目标,建立优化模型,进而开发自动优化评估流程,完成翼型的优化设计与气动性能分析。结果表明：相比初始翼型,优化翼型是非对称翼型,其最大相对厚度降低1%,升阻比提高17.78%,升力系数提高16.7%,为0.11c(c为翼型的弦长);其最大相对厚度对应在弦上的位置向翼型的前缘移动了0.036c。且翼型弯度明显增加,中弧线偏移量最大值为0.017 4c。优化翼型的前缘半径变化不大,但翼型尾缘夹角明显变小,翼型上翼面轮廓线相对平缓。     

长叶片透平级多学科多目标优化设计

针对长叶片透平级优化问题,结合自适应多目标差分进化算法、基于3次非均匀B样条曲线的曲面造型技术及透平级气动和强度性能分析评价方法,建立了长叶片透平级多学科多目标优化设计系统,其中气动性能评估采用数值求解三维RANS方程完成,长叶片强度分析采用有限元方法完成。长叶片透平级的优化设计目标是比功率最大和最大等效应力最小,设计变量是透平级静叶和动叶型线的三维参数化控制参数。采用所建优化设计系统获得了长叶片透平级的7个多学科优化非受控解(Pareto解)。3个典型的Pareto解与参考叶型进行比较分析显示,优化后Pareto解下的气动和强度性能均优于参考叶型设计方案,从而验证了所建优化设计系统的实用性。     

基于改进PSO的H型垂直轴风力机风轮优化设计

气动模型以双向多流管理论为基础,考虑风场的风速概率密度分布函数,以风力机发电机组的年平均输出功率最大为设计目标,采用改进的粒子群优化算法进行全局寻优搜索.利用开发的Matlab优化设计程序,在额定功率和额定风速一定时,针对特定风场优化设计H型垂直轴风力机风轮,得出风力机风轮的最佳匹配参数.与初步设计的风力机相比,优化后年平均输出功率增加了11.8%,且优化设计结果在气动性能方面有明显的优越性,说明该优化模型的实用性和有效性.     

某轮式自行火炮弹道-火炮一体化优化设计

为提高某轮式自行火炮的综合性能,避免在设计过程中提高射击精度的同时使得射程与弹丸杀伤面积下降,建立了涉及内弹道、外弹道、终点效应和自行火炮总体布局与发射动力学的自行火炮一体化优化设计流程和优化设计模型.该模型采用集成优化思想,以炮口跳动垂直扰动最小、射程最远和杀伤面积最大为目标进行多目标一体化优化设计,得到了Pareto最优解集.根据工程经验选取的一组优化解与优化前相比.结果明显优于以炮口垂直扰动最小为目标的单目标优化设计结果.研究表明,综合考虑全弹道模型和自行火炮总体布局与发射动力学模型的某轮式自行火炮弹道-火炮一体化优化设计模型能够有效提高自行火炮的综合性能,避免了单个目标优化时其他目标严重劣化的现象,验证了该方法的有效性.      

Functional design of wind turbine airfoils based on roughness sensitivity characteristics

To improve aerodynamic performance of wind turbine airfoils,the shape profile characteristic of the airfoil is investigated.Application of conformal transformation,one functional and integrated expression of wind turbine airfoils is presented.Using the boundary layer theory,the aerodynamic model with roughness of wind turbine airfoils is introduced by studying flow separation around the airfoil.Based on the shape expression and aerodynamic performance of airfoils,the function design of wind turbine airfoils is carried out that the maximum lift-drag ratio and low roughness sensitivity are designed objects.Three wind turbines airfoils with different thickness are gained which are used at tip part of blades.As an example,the aerodynamic performance of one designed airfoil with relative thickness of 15% is simulated in different conditions of clean surface,rough surface,laminar flow and turbulent flow.The comparison of aerodynamic performance between the designed airfoil and one popular NACA airfoil is completed which can verify the better performance of the designed airfoil and reliability of the designed method.     

风力机翼型非定常气动力分析(英文)

基于状态空间描述的Beddoes-Leishman动态失速模型,对风力机翼型进行非定常气动力分析.考虑到风力机翼型工作时的实际情况,在模型中忽略了可压缩性效应和起始于翼型前缘的流动分离.模型考虑了气流的近尾流效应和在失速区域的后缘分离效应.模型用4个气动状态来描述非定常气动力系数动力学,其中两个用于描述近尾流效应中的时间迟滞,另两个用于描述后缘分离效应.采用模型对做简谐变桨运动的FFA-W3-241风力机专用翼型进行了非定常气动力分析.数值计算结果与实验值吻合良好,说明模型能较好地描述风力机翼型的非定常气动特性.将动态失速数值计算模块与已有的风力机气动与结构分析软件集成,利用软件对一台1.5MW变速变桨距风力机的发电工况进行了仿真.仿真结果表明,翼型的非定常气动特性对动态载荷计算结果影响很大,因此在风力机的设计过程中应该予以充分考虑.     

风力机设计及其空气动力学问题

针风力机设计中的复杂多变量、多目标和多约束优化问题,提出一种基于Pareto理论的风力机多目标设计框架,并以1．5Mw大型风力机叶片设计为例,讨论了风力机多目标一体化设计的基本特点．然后由此引出风力机设计中至关重要的气动计算方法和非定常气动力建模面临的挑战,概述了风力机空气动力学的复杂性,介绍了在风力机空气动力学计算方法和气动建模方面取得的进展和存在的问题．     

Parametric geometry representations for wind turbine blade shapes

Based on the Joukowsky transformation and Theodorsen method,a novel parametric function (shape function) for wind turbine airfoils has been developed.The airfoil design space and shape control equations also have been studied.Results of the analysis of a typical wind turbine airfoil are shown to illustrate the evaluation process and to demonstrate the rate of convergence of the geometric characteristics.The coordinates and aerodynamic performance of approximate airfoils is rapidly close to the baseline airfoil corresponding to increasing orders of polynomial.Comparison of the RFOIL prediction and experimental results for the baseline airfoil generally show good agreement.A universal method for three-dimensional blade integration-“ Shape function/Distribution function” is presented.By changing the parameters of shape function and distribution functions,a three dimensional blade can be designed and then transformed into the physical space in which the actual geometry is defined.Application of this method to a wind turbine blade is presented and the differences of power performance between the represented blade and original one are less than 0.5％.This method is particularly simple and convenient for bodies of streamline forms.     

大型风电长叶片气动外形的高效低载三维设计

海上风力机等大型风电设备叶片较长，所承受气动载荷较大，易产生变形，影响气动性能和运行稳定性。针对这一问题，以美国NREL实验室的5 MW大型风电叶片为例，对其进行以各截面翼型形线、安装角及额定功率下桨距角为设计变量的高效低载三维优化。优化基于动量叶素理论和多岛遗传算法，以叶根弯矩最低和风能利用率最大为优化目标，并将优化叶片与原始叶片于变桨、变风况下的气动性能进行对比。结果表明：在设计工况下，相较于原始叶片，优化叶片在保证高气动效率的同时叶根弯矩降低了5%；变风况条件下，变桨前优化叶片的风能利用率平均提升了1%，叶根弯矩平均降低了5.8%，变桨后优化叶片的叶根弯矩平均降低了4%。     

Large-scale wind turbine blade design and aerodynamic analysis

Incorporating controlled elitism and dynamic distance crowding strategies, a modified NSGA-II algorithm based on a fast and genetic non-dominated sorting algorithm is developed with the aim of obtaining a novel multi-objective optimization design algorithm for wind turbine blades. As an example, a high-performance 1.5 MW wind turbine blade, taking maximum annual energy production and minimum blade mass as the optimization objectives, was designed. A 1/16-scale model of this blade was tested in a 12 m × 16 m wind tunnel and the experimental results validated the high performance. Moreover, both the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method and a free-vortex method (FVM) were applied to calculating the aerodynamic performance, which was consistent with the experimental data. For completeness, the CFD and FVM were used to analyze the wake structure, and good and consistent results were obtained between them.     

Aerodynamic Characteristics and Noise Collaborative Optimization of an Airfoil

Aerodynamic noise is the main problem restricting its development nowadays in green energy, ocean engineering and aerospace engineering. In order to limit the aerodynamic noise of an airfoil structure, a method is proposed in this paper by designing low noise airfoils. This method optimized the aerodynamic noise of two-dimensional airfoil, and considered the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil at the same time. Based on Joukowski conformal transformation, airfoil geometry is parameterized firstly. Then, the optimization model taking the lift-to-drag ratio and airfoil self-noise as the design objective, is established to modify the airfoil by active set algorithm until the airfoil can satisfy the design condition. Finally, the noise of the optimized airfoil is verified according to the prediction theory of airfoil noise. Moreover, the relationship between airfoil geometry and noise is analyzed. The results show that the lift-to-drag ratio of the optimized airfoil increased, and the noise also decreased. Thus, the optimization method can be used to address special design of low-noise airfoil. Besides, the optimization method in this paper can provide reference for improving lift-to-drag ratio and reducing noise of the airfoil in aircraft and submarine rudder system.     

考虑气动-结构耦合的机翼三维结构拓扑优化方法

针对机翼三维结构拓扑优化方法在工程实际应用中的气动-结构耦合问题,开发了一种在机翼翼型表面直接加载气动载荷的三维拓扑优化方法。用更接近真实工程的约束和载荷条件进行结构拓扑优化,便于考虑不同翼型之间气动载荷的差异,并兼顾拓扑优化方法的载荷敏感性;利用MATLAB编写自动网格划分、施加约束和载荷、求解优化的结构分析程序,实现气动-结构分析统一模型;最后通过实例验证了方法的可行性及有效性。结果表明该方法为载荷敏感的拓扑优化方法更精确得到符合实际工况的优化结果提供了一种实用的方案;并对于气动-结构耦合三维拓扑优化方法进行了原理性的探索研究。