Deformation and Development Tendency of Shiliushubao Landslide by Numerical Modeling

On the basis of analysing basic features of Shiliushubao landslide, the landslide＇s deformation and development tendency are quantitatively studied by using FLA^3D program. The results accord with monitoring results. The results are indicated that resevoir impounding accelerates the landslide＇s deformation, and the variation of reservoir water level is key factor of affecting the deformation; The landslide has the characters of pull-behind move ment according to the displacement of the landslide body gradually reducing from leading edge to trailing edge; Excavating and deloading slow down the landslide＇s deformation in the certain degree. On the basis, the deformation developmental tendency of Shiliushubao landslide is predicted by the established simulating model.     

GIS-Based Mapping and Zonation of Landslide Hazards in Xiaojiang Valley of Southwestern China

Through the field survey, previous researches and interpretation of aerial photos, a landslide information database of Xiaojiang Valley, Yurman Province was set up based on the remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) technologies. In the paper, a quantitative model for the landslide hazard assessment and zoning was presented,in which the potential energy could be obtained on basis of thorough analysis of the potential sliding volume, distance and direction of the landslide body. Taking landslide potential energy as the index of the hazard severity zonation, the study area was divided into severe, heavy, medium and light hazard zones.     

GIS-Based Spatial Analysis and Modeling for Landslide Hazard Assessment： A Case Study in Upper Minjiang River Basin

By analyzing the topographic features of past landslides since 1980s and the main land-cover types （including change information） in landslide-prone area, modeled spatial distribution of landslide hazard in upper Minjiang River Basin was studied based on spatial analysis of GIS in this paper. Results of GIS analysis showed that landslide occurrence in this region closely related to topographic feature. Most areas with high hazard probability were deep-sheared gorge. Most of them in investigation occurred assembly in areas with elevation lower than 3 000 m, due to fragile topographic conditions and intensive human disturbances. Land-cover type, including its change information, was likely an important environmental factor to trigger landslide. Destroy of vegetation driven by increase of population and its demands augmented the probability of landslide in steep slope.     

Remote Sense and GIS.Based Division of Landslide Hazard Degree in Wanzhou District of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

An evaluation model divided landslide hazard degrees in Wanzhou District of Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The model was established by GIS techniques and took land use/cover, stratum characters, slope aspect, slope gradient, elevation difference and slope shape as evaluation factors. The data of land use/cover were obtained by remote sensing, and the weights of the factors mentioned above were established by the analytic hierarchy process （AHP）. The results indicate, low danger areas in the studied area account for 66.51%, and high danger areas and very high danger areas occupy 1/3 of the total area. The regions of high and very high danger are mainly located around the urban area of Wanzhou District and on the banks of the Yangtze River with a relatively large area, where collapse and landslide directly threats densely populated areas and Three Gorges Reservoir. Slope destabilization, if occurs, will bring huge loss to social economy. All research results are consistent with the actual conditions; therefore, they can be regarded as a useful basis for planning and constructing of the reservoir area.     

Jane Eyre——The mirror of Charlotte Bronte’s own experiences

Jane Eyre is set during the Victorian period, at a time where a women’s role in society was restrictive and repressive and class differences distinct. A Charlotte Bronte as a governess was one of the only few respectable positions available to the educated but impoverished single women. Not only is Jane Eyre a novel about one woman’s through lie, but also Bronte conveys to the reader the social injustices of the period, such as poverty, lack of universal education and sexual inequality. Jane’s plight and he...     

Application of EEG multipole model in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease

In order to find the electroencephalogram (EEG) characteristic parameters typical of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and explore an effective diagnostic method, a new mobile current multipole model was proposed to simulate the AD patient’s cortical dipole source activities. The indicators of goodness of fit (GOF) and DtononD (DD) were calculated from EEG samples to evaluate the performance of this model. Relevant results showed that this multipole model with higher GOF values and larger DD change well fitted the pathological electrical activities of cortical neurons aroused by AD’s extended sulcus and gyrus in the cerebral cortex. Meanwhile, the products of DD mean & standard variance were found in a clear linear correlation with the diagnostic data of mini-mental state examination (MMSE) used in AD clinics. Furthermore, by tracing this multipole model’s indicators in typical patients and contrasting with the functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI) as AD progressed, we suggested that the DD index may be suitable for monitoring the AD developments as a new diagnostic parameter.     

Application of EEG multipole model in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease

In order to find the electroencephalogram (EEG) characteristic parameters typical of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and explore an effective diagnostic method, a new mobile current multipole model was proposed to simulate the AD patient’s cortical dipole source activities. The indicators of goodness of fit (GOF) and DtononD (DD) were calculated from EEG samples to evaluate the performance of this model. Relevant results showed that this multipole model with higher GOF values and larger DD change well fitted the pathological electrical activities of cortical neurons aroused by AD’s extended sulcus and gyrus in the cerebral cortex. Meanwhile, the products of DD mean & standard variance were found in a clear linear correlation with the diagnostic data of mini-mental state examination (MMSE) used in AD clinics. Furthermore, by tracing this multipole model’s indicators in typical patients and contrasting with the functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI) as AD progressed, we suggested that the DD index may be suitable for monitoring the AD developments as a new diagnostic parameter.     

The Great Gatsby and the Collapse of American Dream

Gatsby’s dream is a typical American Dream.His failure signified the decay of the American post-war spirit.His death belled the alarm for the other disillusioned people from fantasy dreams and set them to reconsider the social reality.This thesis would discuss the collapse of the Gatsby’s dream and that of American dream based on the book plot and the background of 1920s.     

The spatial distribution pattern of landslides triggered by the 20 April 2013 Lushan earthquake of China and its implication to identification of the seismogenic fault

After the 20 April 2013 Lushan MS6.6 earthquake occurred,investigation and identification of the seismogenic fault for this event have become a focused and debatable issue.This work prepared an initial landslide inventory map related to the Lushan earthquake based on field investigations and visual interpretation of high-resolution aerial photographs and provided evidence for solving the issue aforementioned.The analysis of three landslide-density profiles perpendicular to strike direction of the probable seismogenic fault shows that many landslides occurred on the footwall of the Shuangshi–Dachuan fault(SDF),without sudden change of landslide density near the fault.Very few landslides were detected near the Dayi fault(DF)and also no change of landslide density there.While obvious sudden change of landslide density appeared about 1–2 km from the northwest to the western Shangli fault(WSF),and the landslide density on the hanging wall of the fault is obviously higher than that of on the footwall.Therefore,we infer that the seismogenic fault for the Lushan earthquake is neither the SDF nor the DF,rather probably the WSF located between these two faults,which is an evident linear trace on the earth surface.Meanwhile,the coseismic slip did not propagate upward to the ground,implying the Lushan earthquake was spawned by a blind-thrust-fault beneath the WSF.     

The Tragedy of Tess

The beautiful and warm-hearted girl,Tess of the D’urbervilles was Thomas Hardy’s masterpiece.In this novel,Hardy described a beautiful and warm hearted girl’s experience.As we take pity on her,we can’t restrain ourselves from wondering what caused her tragedy.The capitalist moral bias and hypocritical martial system were the main reasons.Of course,there were also other related factors,which worked together:this pure girl became the sacrifice of that society.     

汶川地震驱动的隆升、剥蚀作用与龙门山地貌生长——以映秀红椿沟为例

汶川(Ms 8.0)地震驱动的构造抬升作用和滑坡、泥石流剥蚀作用如何影响龙门山的地貌生长是目前争论的焦点。作者以位于汶川地震震中位置的映秀红椿沟泥石流为例,利用野外实测资料、航片和数字高程资料,开展了红椿沟流域汶川地震驱动的构造抬升与滑坡、泥石流的表面侵蚀过程及其对龙门山地貌生长约束方面的定量研究,获得以下初步认识:(1)红椿沟位于汶川地震震中区的高山峡谷,发震断裂——北川断裂从该沟切过。(2)汶川地震触发的同震滑坡体积达3.800 1×106 m3,是震前滑坡量的3倍。(3)2010-08-13和2010-08-18强降雨形成的震后泥石流体积为0.705×106 m3,表明震后强降雨使同震滑坡量的20%转化为泥石流。(4)红椿沟泥石流将0.485×106 m3固体物质输入岷江河道(主河),导致河道变窄、河床升高、河床比降增大。(5)冲入河道量与同震滑坡量之间的转化率约为13%,冲入河道量与泥石流量之间的转化率为70%。(6)在红椿沟流域同震的滑坡体积(3.800 1×106 m3)小于同震的构造抬升体积(6.67×106 m3),仅有约57%的构造抬升量转化为滑坡量,表明以逆冲-走滑作用为特征的汶川地震所导致的构造抬升量大于滑坡量,将使龙门山地貌产生新的抬升和生长。     

中兆沟泥石流特征及危害性分析

中兆沟为一泥石流频发地区,曾于1989年和2008年雨季发生较大规模的泥石流,其中1989年泥石流灾情较为严重.本研究在现场踏勘的基础之上,在分析中兆沟泥石流流域分区特征的基础上分别从地形、水源、物源3方面着手,计算泥石流的流体重度、流量、流速、整体冲压力.计算结果显示,中兆沟泥石流为易发性暴雨沟谷泥石流,存在较大危害性.     

Observation and Research on Gravitational Erosion Process of Bank Slopes in Headstream Area of Jiangjia Ravine, Yunnan, China

To reveal the gravitational erosion process in the headstream area of Jiangjia Ravine, continuous observation was conducted duing the rainy season. The observation and research show that the change of water content of the bank slope lags the precipitation process, the infiltration water con centrates mainly in the shallow layer of the bank slope, also the bank slope was unsaturated, the floods and debris flows in the gully down cut the gully bed, and scour the foot of the bank slope. These results in many collapses, which is the main type of gravitational erosion process, and it provides large amounts of loose solid materials for the eruption of debris flows.     

雅砻江纤维沟泥石流特征及工程影响评价

纤维沟为雅砻江中游左岸发育的一级支沟,处于深切高山峡谷区,地形坡度陡,沟内岩体风化卸荷严重,崩滑物源沿沟堆积,加之较为丰富的暴雨,使该沟具备泥石流暴发的条件.若纤维沟暴发泥石流,将对沟口扇地卡杨二级公路以及拟建水电站大坝砂石混凝土加工场地产生直接影响.在阐述纤维沟泥石流发育历史的基础上,详细分析其汇水—物源区、流通区和堆积区的特征,对泥石流静动力学参数进行计算,并对其工程影响做出相应评价.     

“5.12”地震后阿坝州茂县上门沟泥石流特征及防治措施

汶川大地震引发了大量的崩滑地质灾害,为泥石流提供了丰富的物质来源,高强度降水将引发大规模的泥石流灾害。上门沟泥石流为一条老的泥石流沟,震后其爆发频率显著增加,仅震后3个月内,就发生了2次泥石流,造成房屋、田地被毁。通过对上门沟泥石流的调查,详细分析了其形成条件、基本特征,并对其发展趋势做出了预测。提出了"3道拦砂坝+原有谷坊坝+公路涵洞清淤+防护堤"的综合治理方案,达到了预期治理目的。     

Onset of submarine debris flow deposition far from original giant landslide

Submarine landslides can generate sediment-laden flows whose scale is impressive. Individual flow deposits have been mapped that extend for 1,500 km offshore from northwest Africa. These are the longest run-out sediment density flow deposits yet documented on Earth. This contribution analyses one of these deposits, which contains ten times the mass of sediment transported annually by all of the world's rivers. Understanding how this type of submarine flow evolves is a significant problem, because they are extremely difficult to monitor directly. Previous work has shown how progressive disintegration of landslide blocks can generate debris flow, the deposit of which extends downslope from the original landslide. We provide evidence that submarine flows can produce giant debris flow deposits that start several hundred kilometres from the original landslide, encased within deposits of a more dilute flow type called turbidity current. Very little sediment was deposited across the intervening large expanse of sea floor, where the flow was locally very erosive. Sediment deposition was finally triggered by a remarkably small but abrupt decrease in sea-floor gradient from 0.05 degrees to 0.01 degrees. This debris flow was probably generated by flow transformation from the decelerating turbidity current. The alternative is that non-channelized debris flow left almost no trace of its passage across one hundred kilometres of flat (0.2 degrees to 0.05 degrees) sea floor. Our work shows that initially well-mixed and highly erosive submarine flows can produce extensive debris flow deposits beyond subtle slope breaks located far out in the deep ocean.     

帕隆藏布流域低频泥石流的成因机制分析--以倾多镇抄布隆巴泥石流为例

2017年8月3日西藏波密县倾多镇抄布隆巴暴发泥石流,此前70余年未暴发过泥石流,作为帕隆藏布流域典型的低频泥石流,对其成因进行分析,为大量的冰川融水使位于沟源处的大量冰水堆积体处于饱和状态,使土体内部摩擦系数大大降低,黏聚力急剧减小,超过土体稳定性临界点突然发生溃决及大规模崩滑,致使沟道内堆积的大量冰水堆积物进入沟道形成泥石流。并采用形态实测法和称重法等方法计算其流量、流速及重度。通过分析抄布隆巴泥石流的成因,对帕隆藏布流域低频泥石流的成因进行了探讨,并得出了帕隆藏布流域低频泥石流大部分以冰川型泥石流为主,且预测区域内泥石流沟将进入新一轮活跃期,具多频次、多成因、规模不等的暴发趋势。     

枇杷沟泥石流基本特征分析与评价

以枇杷沟地区地质环境为基础,综合多因素分析阐明：枇杷沟泥石流的发生除受地形地貌等因素的影响外,地震过程中受损岩土体为泥石流的发生提供了大量物源,但主控因素为降雨量及降雨强度。在进行大量野外地质工作的基础上,运用数学手段对枇杷沟泥石流特征值进行计算和确定并最终分析表明：地震地质作用与外动力地质作用所形成的崩滑物在粒度和分选上有所区别,对泥石流的容重和流量有所影响;震后灾区泥石流对泥石流沟道有着明显的拓宽效应和“刮铲效应”,使泥石流过水断面面积和泥石流平均流速发生显著变化,所以在确定新的参数并得到新的流量值后有必要使用行之有效的计算方法对计算结果进行验证。     

丹巴县“6·17”阿娘寨村滑坡体特征及成因初步分析

2020年6月17日凌晨3点20分左右四川甘孜州丹巴县半扇门镇梅龙沟发生泥石流,阻断小金川河,形成堰塞湖,造成S303烂水湾段道路中断和阿娘寨村山体滑坡。通过现场勘查、无人机航拍和模型计算等方法,基于该区域地质环境和气象条件分析,揭示了阿娘寨滑坡体变形特征和成因,在此基础上预测滑坡发展趋势。研究结果表明:阿娘寨滑坡为土质滑坡,老滑坡体的复活与演变是内外动力综合作用的结果。频繁的地质构造活动破坏了岩土体稳定性,降雨和渗流降低了土体强度,泥石流冲刷淘蚀坡脚直接导致滑坡体启动。根据滑坡体变形特征,推测无重大地质构造活动和降水条件下,滑坡体会逐渐变形后渐趋于平衡。故汛期时应持续监测,及时预警,加强该地区防灾减灾措施。     

基于树木年代学的冰川型泥石流灾害历史重建方法-以西藏天摩沟为例

藏东南帕隆藏布流域冰川型泥石流规模大、数量多。天摩沟是帕隆藏布左岸一级支流,最近20年多次爆发冰川型泥石流,重复堵江并形成长1.5 km左右的堰塞湖。冰川型泥石流事件爆发时间和规模的确定对山区泥石流防灾减灾意义重大。本文基于树木年代学方法,通过分析树木年轮损伤组织、生长抑制和释放动态,重建天摩沟60年来的泥石流事件的时空分布;从树木生长扰动强度等方面探讨泥石流的流动范围和沟道溯源侵蚀过程;并通过Wit指数进一步分析泥石流发生时间和日降雨及气温之间的关系。结果表明天摩沟在1965、1970、1976、2007、2010和2018年爆发过泥石流,与2007年以来的有记录的泥石流事件吻合,印证了通过年轮损伤组织、生长抑制和释放等参数重建泥石流事件的可行性;Wit指数的变化表明树木年轮的生长释放和抑制滞后于泥石流事件1-3年,并与泥石流规模成正相关。