强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化合成甘油三乙酸酯的研究

以乙酸、甘油为原料,直接酯化合成甘油三乙酸酯,研究了反应温度、反应时间、原料配比、带水剂、催化剂用量等条件对合成反应的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件。该方法合成甘油三乙酸酯的最佳工艺条件是：反应温度92～98℃;反应时间5h;n(乙酸)：n(甘油)为4．5：1．0;催化剂用量为总物料质量的0．9％;带水剂苯用量为15mL(甘油为0．15mol的情况下)。甘油三乙酸酯的收率达到92．30％。催化剂不经处理可循环使用多次。该催化剂具有价廉易得、催化活性好、不腐蚀设备、无环境污染等优点。     

PbO均相催化反应精馏合成碳酸二苯酯的研究

通过对碳酸二甲酯(DMC)与苯酚(PhOH)酯交换法反应精馏合成碳酸二苯酯(DPC)的研究，筛选合适的催化剂和寻找最佳的工艺条件，为将来DPC的工业化打下基础。实验结果表明：在常压下，温度110～195℃范围内，当原料配比n(PhOH)：n(DMC)=2：1，n(PhOH)：n(催化剂)=1：0．016，反应时间10h，碳酸二甲酯转化率为32．63％(mol)，DPC产率为25．01％(mol)，碳酸苯甲酯(MPC)产率为7．62％(mol)，DPC的选择性为76．65％，且无苯甲醚生成。所选催化剂PbO的催化性能明显优于路易斯酸和二丁基二月桂酸锡。     

钛酸四丁酯催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯

以柠檬酸和正丁醇为原料，钛酸四丁酯为催化剂合成柠檬酸三丁酯，用单因素分析法研究醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间及反应温度对酯化反应的影响。结果表明，酯化反应的最佳条件为：n(醇)：n(酸)：3．6：1.0，催化剂用量为柠檬酸质量的0．40％，反应时间4h，反应温度130～140℃，酯化率达到94．51％，纯度大于99．1％。     

单油酸甘油酯的合成工艺研究

甘油与丙酮反应制得异丙又甘油,减压蒸馏后,对产物进行了IR,^1HNMR表征。异丙叉甘油与油酸反应合成了单油酸甘油酯,并通过正交实验优化了酯化反应条件。结果表明,以3％油酸质量分数的对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,在n（异丙又甘油）：n（油酸）=1：3：1,带水剂甲苯用量为理论产水量的10倍,酯化反应7h的条件下,酯化反应油酸转化率最高达98．5％。     

大孔树脂负载金属离子催化合成尿囊素

以乙二醛和尿素为原料，用FeSO4-H2O2催化氧化合成乙醛酸．将所得乙醛酸溶液在不经分离及大孔树脂负载的Ce(SO4)2固体酸催化剂存在的情况下，与尿素缩合制备尿囊素，实验考察了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、原料配比、催化剂重复使用次数等因素对收率的影响．确定了最佳工艺条件，乙二醛氧化制乙醛酸的最佳工艺条件为反应温度15～20℃，n(乙二醛)：n(H2O2)=1：1．1，乙醛酸收率达82％．缩合反应的最佳工艺条件为Ce(SO。)2／大孔树脂催化剂用量为投料量的2％(质量比)，原料配比n(乙二醛)：n(尿素)=1：2．5，反应温度80℃，反应时间4h，产品尿囊素的收率可达54％，催化剂可重复使用11次以上。     

双液相反应体系中脂肪酶催化拆分缩水甘油酯

利用脂肪酶作为催化剂在双液相反应体系中对外消旋缩水甘油酯进行立体选择性的酯水解反应. 考察了影响该拆分反应的因素， 确定了最适酶源为猪胰脂肪酶； 最适底物为缩水甘油丁酯； 其它最适反应条件： pH为7.6； 温度为27 ℃； 反应时间为4 h. 在最适 条件下， 当酶促拆分反应的转化率为60.6%时， 缩水甘油丁酯的光学纯度可以达到93.3%以 上.     

对羟基扁桃酸的合成研究

研究以苯酚和乙醛酸为原料，在氢氧化钠存在下水溶剂合成对羟基扁桃酸的方法，考察了反应温度、反应时间、反应物摩尔比及后处理阶段pH值等因素对反应收率的影响。结果表明合成对羟基扁桃酸的最佳反应条件为：反应温度50℃，反应时间7h，n(乙醛酸)：n(苯酚)：n(氢氧化钠)=1：1．25：1．5，产品收率可达到66．34％。     

活性炭固载固体酸催化合成对硝基苯甲酸乙酯

研究了用颗粒状活性炭固载对甲苯磺酸作催化剂合成对硝基苯甲酸乙酯。实验结果显示，催化剂用量为0．8g，n(醇)：n(酸)=6：1，反应温度为82～87℃下回流90min时，酯化产率可达98．7％以上。     

活性炭负载杂多酸(PW12/C)催化合成1,4-丁二醇双马来酸AEO2双酯

以1，4-丁二醇，马来酸酐，十二醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO2)为原料，合成了一种结构新型的化合物——1，4-丁二醇双马来酸AEO2双酯，此化合物的合成由两步酯化反应组成，酯化反应Ⅰ采用正交实验，确定最优工艺条件为：n(马来酸酐)：n(1，4-丁二醇)=2．15：1．00，反应时间1h，催化剂用量ω(乙酸钠)=1．0％．酯化反应Ⅱ采用活性炭负载杂多酸(PW12／C)为催化剂，该催化剂的最优制备条件为：m(PW12)：m(C)==4：6，回流时间4h，烘干温度150℃，烘干时间4h．酯化反应Ⅱ采用均匀实验优化工艺条件，最优工艺条件为：n(1，4-丁二醇双马来酸单酯)：n(AEO2)=1．00：2．15，反应温度150℃，反应时间14h，催化剂用量ω(PW12／C)=1．5％，对每步合成的产物结构用IR和1HNMR进行表征。     

四水氯化锰催化合成乙酸正丁酯

用四水氯化锰作冰乙酸和正丁醇的酯化催化剂，成功地合成了乙酸正丁酯，考察了影响反应的各种因素，探讨并找到了较好的反应条件：冰乙酸0．30mol.n(冰乙酸)：n(正丁醇)=1．0：1．5(mol/mol)，催化剂用量为5％(反应物总质量的百分数)，反应时间为2．5h，产品收率可达85．3％．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with