武夷山自然保护区螟蛾亚科昆虫的物种多样性

在武夷山自然保护区按不同海拔高度、不同植被类型设立5个样点,采用高压黑光灯灯诱方法收集螟蛾亚科（Pyralinae）昆虫标本,调查螟蛾亚科昆虫属、种类的组成以及个体数。采用Margalef丰富度指数（DMA）、Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数（H′）、Pielou均匀度指数（JSW）,研究了螟蛾亚科昆虫的物种丰富度、多样性以及均匀度。研究结果表明,不同样点、不同月份、不同海拔高度,螟蛾亚科昆虫群落的物种数（S）、丰富度指数（DMA）、物种多样性指数（H′）、均匀度指数（JSW）均有明显差异。     

浊漳河流域南源湿地植物生物多样性研究

基于长治市浊漳河南源湿地植物群落的野外调查,运用TWINSPAN和生境分类法对样方进行分类,并运用Patrick丰富度指数(R)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、Simpson多样性指数(D)和Shannon均匀度指数(J′)进行多样性研究。结果表明:(1)Patrick丰富度指数(R)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、Simpson多样性指数(D)和Shannon均匀度指数(J′)能很好地反映各群丛和不同生境下群落的多样性变化规律。(2)TWINSPAN分类和生境分类得到的群落多样性变化趋势是一致的,即湿生植物群落沼生植物群落=中生植物群落水生植物群落。(3)生境异质性和物种的生态学特性对植物群落的分布、物种组成及其群落多样性和均匀度具有显著的影响。     

梅花山自然保护区昆虫多样性的初步研究

对梅花山自然保护区的5个不同生境进行了昆虫多样性调查.采集昆虫标本5281号,共有14个目82个科193个种.分别用多样性指数、均匀度和丰富度对不同的群落进行了统计分析,在不同生境中多样性指数、均匀度、丰富度皆不相同,其中针阔混交林昆虫的多样性(5.741426)、均匀度(0.918933)最高,常绿阔叶林的丰富度(83)最高,毛竹林多样性(4.906891)、均匀度(0.690726)、丰富度(30)最低.表明昆虫的多样性与其生境的植物种类、丰富程度密切相关.     

山西太行山森林群落物种多样性研究

采用物种丰富度指数R、Simpson指数λ、Shannon-Weiner指数H’和Pielou均匀度指数Jsw分析了山西太行山森林群落物种组成、群落不同层次物种多样性,以及多样性的环境解释。结果表明:1)40个样地的201种植物隶属于58科151属,群落垂直结构明显;2)多样性指数在群落各层中的变化情况总体上表现为R在草本层中变幅较大,而λ和H’在乔木层和灌木层变化幅度较大,均匀度指数在草本层变化不明显,意味着草本分布较均匀;3)影响物种多样性的生态因子主要是坡向和坡度。     

不同经营措施对桉树人工林植物多样性的影响

【目的】探讨不同经营措施对桉树(Eucalyptus)人工林植物多样性的影响,为桉树人工林的科学经营提供理论依据。【方法】通过4种不同经营措施试验(即,处理A:人工清理林地、人工除草抚育、施基肥;处理B:火烧清理林地、化学除草抚育、施基肥和追肥;处理C:人工清理林地、人工除草抚育、施基肥和追肥;对照(CK):桉树采伐迹地形成的灌草坡),比较研究不同经营措施对桉树人工林下植物多样性的影响。【结果】除处理B外,其它处理林地的木本植物丰富度及其优势物种组成和多样性指数与造林前相比没有发生明显的变化(P0.05),其草本植物的优势物种组成和多样性指数也没有发生明显的变化(P0.05),但种类丰富度则呈逐年下降趋势;处理B的木本植物香农威纳(Shannon-Wiener)指数(H′)和均匀度指数(Jsw)显著低于处理A、C和CK,而生态优势度指数(C)则相反(P0.05);处理A、C的草本香农威纳指数(H′)和均匀度指数(Jsw)显著高于CK和B处理,而生态优势度指数(C)则显著低于CK和B处理(P0.05),A与C处理之间和B与CK之间均无显著差异(P0.05)。【结论】人工清理林地、人工除草抚育、施基肥对植物多样性的影响较小,而火烧清理林地、化学除草抚育和频繁施肥等经营活动将显著降低桉树人工林下的植物多样性。     

茂兰保护区板寨河头原生林与小七孔卧龙坝次生林物种多样性比较

研究了茂兰保护区板寨河头原生林与小七孔卧龙坝次生林的物种多样性,分别利用物种丰富度指数(R1)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)作了比较。结果表明原生林的物种丰富度为12.3209,Shannon-Wiener指数为6.2311,均匀度为0.8804;人为干扰后的卧龙坝次生林的各项物种多样性指数值比原生林高,分别为15.3087、6.6161、0.8966,其中乔木层与灌木层起的作用较大。利用群落优势度(λ)衡量了两个群落的稳定性,结果表明板寨原生林的群落优势度高于卧龙坝次生林。而卧龙坝次生林群落,由于阳性树种的入侵,已经占据群落顶层,一些阴性乔木待恢复,在演替过程中,群落物种多样性的增加是生态系统对外界轻度干扰的一种适应,是恢复生态系统稳定的一种对策。     

夏秋季浙江岱衢洋虾蟹类群落多样性分析

根据2010年夏季(8月)与秋季(11月)对浙江岱衢洋进行的共2个航次的底拖网渔业资源调查资料,对该海域虾蟹类的多样性进行了分析。结果表明:共捕获虾蟹类15种,它们隶属于1目9科12属;秋季虾蟹类的生物量、尾数密度均明显高于夏季;所有优势种均为广温广盐种,且夏秋两季优势种的生物量与尾数密度占各自总量的比例均超过83%;Mar-galef丰富度指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)和Pielou均匀度指数(J′)夏季均高于秋季,这表明夏季虾蟹类群落的丰富度、多样性与均匀性都较秋季高。另外,夏秋两季的多样性指数(H′)较低,表明人类的活动已对岱衢产生了明显的不利影响。     

九段沙湿地国家自然保护区不同生境中昼行性昆虫群落研究

用扫网、植物收割法和凋落物取回法收集昆虫,研究九段沙湿地国家自然保护区海三棱草群落、芦苇群落、互花米草群落和光滩四种生境中昆虫群落的结构和季节性变化规律,探讨湿地植被同昆虫群落的关系.结果表明昆虫群落组成和结构与所处生境中的植被密切相关:①四种生境中的昆虫群落结构组成明显不同,优势类群也不尽相同;②从整体上比较,昆虫群落多度以在芦苇群落中的最高,多样性指数(H′)和均匀度(E)在互花米草群落中最高,优势度指数(C)以在互花米草群落中最低;③各生境的昆虫群落个体数量均在夏季最高,冬季最低;④芦苇群落的凋落物生物量同其中的昆虫个体数量显著相关(相关系数0.891,p<0.01),互花米草群落中看不出二者存在相关关系,海三棱草的凋落物和从中采集到的昆虫个体数都极少,无从判断.     

元谋干热河谷不同森林群落蝽类多样性

采用样地调查法对云南元谋干热河谷7种森林群落的蝽类昆虫进行研究,共采获蝽类昆虫标本928号,计45种.云南松人工林和印楝人工林的蝽类物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数及Pielou均匀度指数最高.Simpson优势度最低;而牛筋条-黄荆林物种丰富度低、Shannon-Wiener多样性及Pieiou均匀度指数最低,Simpson优势度最高.Jaecard指数显示7种森林群落蝽类之间为不相似水平,体现了各群落的蝽类多样性,是维护元谋干热河谷生物多样性的资源.     

北京白河湿地夏季昆虫群落的多样性及空间分布格局

对北京白河湿地14个样地夏季昆虫群落的结构特征进行了比较分析,得到如下主要结果:(1)利用网捕法共捕获昆虫标本15目149科,其中各样地分别捕到44～75科.(2)Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)与Pielou均匀度指数(E)显著正相关(r=0.942 9,P<0.001)而与丰富度(S)相关不明显(r=0.237 9,P>0.05);H’在物理环境和植被比较复杂的浅水带样地和紧邻水库的样地较高,而在较干燥的草地和植被稀疏的河边卵石滩样地较低.群落复杂性指数(Cj)的变化与H’大致类似但与丰富度的相关性(r=0.541 9,P<0.05)明显高于均匀度(r=0.336 3,P>0.05).(3)寄生性功能群的丰富度与植食性功能群及中性功能群显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.816 1(P<0.001)和0.771 0(P<0.01),显示出对于宿主昆虫分布特征的高度依赖性.(4)聚类和主成分分析结果表明,不同样地昆虫群落的组成呈现明显分异,反映出湿地昆虫对于栖息地特定小环境的比较明显的选择性.重视湿地多样化生境的保持,对于湿地昆虫多样性的维持具有重要意义.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that