增压富氧燃煤锅炉省煤器管束磨损研究

针对常压空气燃烧和增压富氧燃烧两种工况,利用CFD软件、应用k-ε双方程模型模拟锅炉省煤器管束间烟气的流动,用拉格朗日方法研究管束间颗粒的运动,并利用颗粒与管壁的碰撞和反弹模型考虑颗粒与壁面碰撞后的运动.通过对比3种磨损模型,得出Oka模型考虑的因素相对更全面,与实验数据也比较吻合.利用该模型可得壁面磨损量随流速呈指数规律变化,随着入射角度的增大磨损量先增加后减小,壁面材料硬度越大,磨损量越小,并且随着颗粒粒径增大磨损量略有增加.增压富氧燃烧下,最大磨损速率比常压下小很多,且最大磨损位置也发生了变化,各管排的颗粒撞击和平均磨损速率分布较均匀,除了第1排管外,单管最大磨损区域位于管壁迎风阶两侧60°附近.这对省煤器实际运行及增压富氧燃烧下省煤器的设计有重要意义.     

不同粒径飞灰对顺列管束磨损的非线性特性研究

基于计算流体力学理论对直径为45~100μm飞灰颗粒冲刷顺列管束进行了数值研究。运用了颗粒-壁面反弹模型来准确预测颗粒轨迹,采用磨损模型定量计算了各排管子的磨损量。计算结果表明,管排受到的颗粒撞击率随着粒径的增大而增加,第一排管子的磨损量随粒径增大而增加;但自第二排管起,随着颗粒直径的增大,管子受到的磨损量呈现先增大后减小的趋势,即存在一个特定的飞灰粒径,使得管排的磨损恶化。为锅炉尾部顺列管束防磨提供理论依据。     

烟气横掠螺旋槽管束磨损特性的数值模拟

为探究烟气中固体颗粒对螺旋槽管束的磨损行为,应用离散相模型对烟气横掠顺列螺旋槽管束进行气固两相流动的数值模拟,并通过用户自定义函数引入新的磨损计算模型.分析了飞灰颗粒对光管和螺旋槽管磨损的差异以及烟气流速、粒径、横向/纵向管距和螺距、槽深等因素对螺旋槽管磨损的影响.结果表明:相同工况下,螺旋槽管管束磨损率比光管管束小10%左右;磨损率随烟气流速、颗粒直径、纵向管距的增大而增大;小粒径颗粒(dp=25μm)最大磨损位置发生在圆心角30°左右,较大粒径颗粒最大磨损位置发生在圆心角40°左右;磨损率随横向管距、螺距、槽深的增大而减小;槽深对螺旋槽管磨损率的影响远低于螺距的影响.     

600MW机组锅炉管排偏斜引起的磨损模拟分析

以商用软件Fluent为平台,运用用户自定义函数(UDF)模拟分析600 MW机组锅炉低温再热器管排发生偏斜对气固两相流场分布、飞灰运动轨迹、碰撞速度等的影响,进一步研究飞灰碰撞造成的管束磨损分布.研究结果表明:当管排偏斜角从1.6°增加到6.5°,管排通道内最大气流速度由16 m/s增至20 m/s,最大飞灰质量浓度由5.8 g/m3增至6.8 g/m3.同时颗粒平均碰撞速度增大,较多颗粒平均碰撞角集中于最大磨损发生角附近,造成偏斜管束年磨损量有较大增加.     

600MW机组锅炉省煤器出口后包覆管磨损分析

采用三维模型对600 MW锅炉内部气固两相流场进行模拟,研究锅炉烟道烟气流场分布、飞灰运动和浓度分布等因素对烟道尾部锅炉管束的磨损的影响.根据模拟分析的结果,提出相应的防磨优化措施.研究结果表明,受附壁效应的影响,后包覆管处靠近后墙和侧墙的烟气中飞灰浓度较大,同时,由于烟道尾部气流通道变窄,气流速度增大,使颗粒在后包覆管上碰撞速度增大,管束上方气流速度最大值达到15 m/s,而颗粒在管束上碰撞最大速度也超过10 m/s,因此,引起后包覆管处磨损速率较大,第1层管束较大面积内磨损速率达到1 mm/a,最大值达到3 mm/a.     

超音速吹灰压力与偏转角对锅炉管束磨损的影响

采用CFD数值模拟方法和经典磨损模型对超音速吹灰过程气固两相流分布及其引起的锅炉管束磨损进行模拟分析,研究吹灰器喷口轴线与管排壁面相切时吹灰压力及喷管偏转角度的影响。采用文献试验结果对CFD模型进行验证。结果表明:当压力从0.6 MPa增至1.6 MPa时,射流出口速度、飞灰颗粒与管壁面的平均碰撞速度和频率均有不同程度增大,管壁最大磨损率增大1.88倍。而当吹灰角度从0°增至60°时,射流出口速度、飞灰颗粒与管壁面的平均碰撞速度和频率均有所减小,锅炉管壁面的最大磨损率减小近57倍,磨损范围变大。     

卧式双轴搅拌槽的液固两相流数值分析

采用液固两相流的数值模拟方法,针对卧式双轴搅拌器的均质混合,运用FLUENT软件结合非结构化网格划分、Eulefian多相流模型、RNG k-ε湍流模型及离散相模型,在非稳态条件下数值模拟卧式双轴搅拌槽的速度分布、压力分布、湍流强度及颗粒轨迹线的规律,分析不同工况对均质混合效果的影响,并获得搅拌轴扭矩及流场冲刷磨损率.在此基础上,分析搅拌功率、搅拌效率和叶片冲刷磨损率的变化规律.研究结果表明:搅拌功率随粒径增大而减小,随体积分数的增大而增大,与转速近似线性关系;当转速高时,搅拌效率高,且粒径和颗粒体积分数对搅拌效率影响小;当颗粒体积分数大时,磨损量大;当粒径增大时,磨损率先增大后趋于平稳.     

烟气横掠螺旋槽管束灰粒沉积特性的数值模拟

为研究烟气中飞灰颗粒在螺旋槽管束壁面上的沉积特性,颗粒相采用离散相模型,气相采用k-ε湍流模型构建烟气横掠螺旋槽管束的气固两相流动模型,结合用户自定义函数(灰粒沉积模型)开展数值模拟研究.比较和分析飞灰颗粒在螺旋槽管束和光管管束壁面上的沉积特性和差异,并讨论两相流动参数、管束结构参数对灰粒沉积速率的影响.结果表明:烟气流速为7~10 m·s-1时,螺旋槽管束壁面上的灰粒沉积速率比光管减小5%左右;流速大于10 m·s-1时灰粒在螺旋槽管壁上的灰粒沉积速率与光管无明显差异;较大粒径的灰粒易沉积,灰粒质量浓度越高,灰粒沉积速率越大;灰粒沉积速率与管束的纵向节距成正比,与横向节距、螺距以及槽深成反比,横向节距和螺距对沉积速率的影响相对明显.     

边界对颗粒介质上小球运动的影响

为了认识物体在颗粒介质表面上运动的规律,搭建了宽度可调的颗粒介质倾斜槽,并用高速摄像机观测小球在颗粒介质上的运动行为。在不同密度小球和不同颗粒介质尺寸两种情况下分析了运动距离与槽宽球径比的关系,得出如下结论:运动距离随槽宽球径比增大而减小;槽宽球径比对小球运动距离的影响呈指数式减小;小球密度对小球运动距离的影响存在着3个区域;有效摩擦系数与颗粒槽边界存在一定关系。     

不同煤料对中部槽摩擦特性影响的实验研究

为了研究刮板输送机刮板与中部槽在不同煤料介质下的摩擦机理,选用褐煤、焦煤、无烟煤三种煤料作为三体磨料,研究了加入不同煤料介质时,刮板与中部槽的摩擦系数、磨损量和正压力的关系。探讨了不同煤料粒度对中部槽磨损量的影响。研究结果表明:加入无烟煤介质时材料磨损量最大,焦煤次之,褐煤最小。磨损量均是随着压力增大而增大;物料粒度越大磨损量越大,但粒度达到0.4 mm(40目)左右时,继续增大物料粒度对磨损量影响较小。     

基于DEM的埋管鼓泡流化床内颗粒运动特性模拟

该文采用离散单元法(DEM)对水平埋管的鼓泡流化床内颗粒流化过程进行了数值模拟研究。DEM方法通过求解Newton方程来模拟颗粒的运动过程,气相仍采用连续流方法模拟。因此,DEM方法能够获得颗粒尺度量级的详细结果。通过模拟不同埋管布置方式下流化床内密相区颗粒流化过程,研究了埋管布置方式对于鼓泡流化床内的颗粒运动的影响。结果表明:埋管布置方式会改变床层有效流通面积和埋管对颗粒的阻碍作用等,从而影响流化床内的颗粒群和气泡形态。埋管数量越多,颗粒与埋管由于相互作用而消耗的能量越大,平均颗粒速度和颗粒温度值越低。不同的埋管布置方式会导致颗粒混合速率的差异,增加埋管数量会降低颗粒混合程度。     

Large eddy simulation of the gas-particle turbulent wake flow

To find out the detailed characteristics of the coherent structures and associated particle dispersion in free shear flow, large eddy simulation method was adopted to investigate a two-dimensional particleladen wake flow. The well-known Sub-grid Scale mode introduced by Smagorinsky was employed to simulate the gas flow field and Lagrangian approach was used to trace the particles. The results showed that the typical large-scale vortex structures exhibit a stable counter rotating arrangement of opposite sign, and alternately form from the near wall region, shed and move towards the downstream positions of the wake with the development of the flow. For particle dispersion, the Stokes number of particles is a key parameter. At the Stokes numbers of 1.4 and 3.8 the particles concentrate highly in the outer boundary regions. While the particles congregate densely in the vortex core regions at the Stokes number of 0. 15, and the particles at Stokes number of 15 assemble in the vortex braid regions and the rib regions between the adjoining vortex structures.     

Large eddy simulation of a particle—laden turbulent plane jet

Gas-solid two-phase turbulent plane jet is applied to many natural situations and in engineering systems.To predict the particle dispersion in the gas jet is of great importance in industrial applications and in the designing of engineering systems.A large eddy simulation of the two-phase plane jet eas conducted to in-vestigate the particle dispersion patterns.The particles with Stokes numbers equal to 0.0028,0.3,2.5,28(corresponding to particle diamster 1μm,10μm,30μm,100μm,respectively)in Re=11300 gas flow were strudied.The simulation results of gas phase motion agreed well with previous experimental results.And the simulation results of the solid particles motion showed that particles with different Stokes number have dif-ferent spatial dispersion;and that particles with intermediate Stokes number have the largest dispersion ratio.     

纵向涡发生器在翅片管束中的位置优化

采用经过验证的层流模型,对带纵向涡发生器的单排翅片管束的流动换热进行建模分析,就距离圆心4种距离、5种角度的纵向涡发生器对翅片管束性能的影响机理展开分析,发现涡发生器对翅片管束的作用表现在翅片上弱换热区大小的改变和沿流动方向涡量强度的改变两个方面.涡发生器能够推迟圆柱绕流的分离点进而减小管后弱换热区,同时能够利用较大涡量的主涡使局部核心区的流体混合,提高流体的温度梯度.对比结果表明,在雷诺数范围为600～2 600,对单排圆管翅片管束而言,涡发生器相对翅片管束圆管中心为130°同时离圆心相对距离为1.36时效果最好,综合性能指标提高7%～30%;对于两排翅片圆管管束,顺排和叉排都在第二排涡发生器角度为120°时效果最好,综合性能指标提高分别可达15%和28%.     

Direct numerical simulation of a particle-laden weak-shearing plane jet

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) has been utilized to solve numerically a two-dimensional compressible weak-shearing plane jet, in which the jet exit velocity and the co-flow velocity are in the same magnitude (2∶1 in this paper). We also use the one-way coupling method to simulate the dispersion behaviors of solid particles in various representative sizes, i.e. St=0.01, 1, 10, 100, where St is the Stokes number. We get a vorticity field with fully varicose (symmetrical) modes and the entire precise processes of the rolling-up of one spanwise vortex, the pairing of two vortexes and the mixing of three vortexes. The mean longitudinal velocity (U) profile compares well against the experimental results. The Reynolds stress profile looks special due to the symmetrical vorticity field. The particles whose St=0.01 reproduce the vortex structures in detail, and the ones of St=1 exhibit interesting self-organized behaviors and possess the most non-uniform concentration field. They disperse uniformly around the single and pairing vortex kernels, while a few of them are arranged almost in a straight line in the center region of the paring vortexes, which is caused by the contribution of the border of two vortexes in the pairing process. St=10 and 100 can be treated as large particles, on which the flow field has few impacts.     

Transitional phenomenon of particle dispersion in gas-solid two-phase flows

Without using any turbulent model, direct numerical simulation of a three-dimensional gas-solid two-phase turbulent jet was performed by finite volume method. The effects on dispersion of particles with different Stokes numbers by the transitional behavior of turbulent structures were investigated. To produce high-resolution results and reduce the computation and storage, the fractional-step projection algorithm was used to solve the governing equations of gas phase fluid. The low-storage, three-order Runge-Kutta scheme was used for time integration. The governing equations of particles were solved in the Lagrangian framework. These numerical schemes were validated by the good agreement be-tween the statistical results of flow field and the related experimental data. In the study of particle dis-persion, it was found that the effects on particle dispersion by the spanwise vortex structures were prominent. The new behaviors of particle dispersion were also observed during the evolution of the flow field, i.e. the transitional phenomenon of particle dispersion occurs for the particles with small and intermediate Stokes numbers.     

低质量流速垂直和倾斜并联内螺纹管两相流不稳定性研究

在200~450 kg/(m2.s)的低质量流速下,采用31.8 mm×6 mm的6头内螺纹管,在高压试验台上进行了垂直和倾斜并联内螺纹管两相流不稳定性对比试验研究.研究表明:对压力降脉动和密度波脉动,随着进口压力和质量流速的增加,发生脉动的界限热负荷增加,垂直并联管的界限热负荷总是大于倾斜并联管,说明垂直并联内螺纹管的稳定性更好;过冷度对脉动发生的界限热负荷和脉动周期的影响出现不同的趋势.通过对试验数据进行回归处理,给出了两种条件下发生不稳定性脉动的起始点无因次准则方程.     

顺列光管式省煤器管束间飞灰颗粒撞击率的模拟研究

以顺列光管式省煤器为研究对象,针对不同横向管距和纵向管距的顺列光管管束以及不同速度、粒径的飞灰颗粒,利用CFD软件平台对省煤器管束烟气流场进行气固两相流数值模拟研究。通过数值计算,得出了烟气颗粒横掠顺列光管管束的运动规律。研究结果可为锅炉尾部顺列布置的卧式省煤器减轻磨损提供参考。     

双排平直翅片管换热器换热和流动性能的三维稳态模拟

利用三维稳态模拟研究了叉排和顺排布置形式、几何尺寸和雷诺数ReD对双排平直翅片管换热器换热和流动特性的影响。研究结果表明:尾流区面积是影响换热量的主要因素,其原因是尾流区的风速很小,部分空气无法被主流带走,造成了空气和翅片间的温差很小,努塞尔数NuD接近零;顺排管换热器前排管的尾流区较宽,并与后排管的连接形成宽度为D的尾流通道,形成了比叉排管换热器大的尾流区面积,因而前者的换热效果比后者差。在几何参数中,翅片间距对换热量的影响最为显著,因为翅片间距较大时,管前和管侧会产生向下游移动的马蹄形漩涡,显著强化了换热;流动方向或垂直于流动方向的管间距的减小,会增大前排管尾流区对后排管的影响,从而恶化传热。