非时齐库存系统的最优存储/定价问题研究

存储和定价是企业的重要决策问题.以连续时间确定性非时齐库存系统为研究对象,建立存储/定价联合决策模型,分析最优策略下相邻订货周期之间的关系,将最优存储策略简化为第一次订购时间,并求得其上下界.在此基础上提出求解最优存储策略和最优价格的方法,并运用遗传算法进行数值计算和分析.     

Coordinating Pricing,Ordering and Advertising for Perishable Products Over an Infinite Horizon

Numerous empirical studies show that advertising effort can stimulate demand in both current and future periods, and there is an interaction between pricing, advertising and ordering decisions. How do these decisions interact with each other and what is the effect of advertising on pricing and ordering decisions? To understand this interaction, we consider a newsvendor-type firm that sells a perishable product in a stable market and dynamically determines the joint ordering, pricing and advertising strategies. The problem is modeled as an infinite horizon newsvendor problem with an advertising carryover effect and price-sensitive demand. We characterize the optimal pricing, advertising and inventory strategies and their comparative statics, and consider how this policy differs from the traditional approach without the advertising effect. We show that the optimal effective advertising level is monotonically increasing with the effective advertising level in the previous period, and hence the optimal strategies (advertising, pricing, inventory level) globally converge to the steady states in the long run. We numerically show that the optimal policy can reap significant profit, which underscores the importance of the advertising-driven ordering and pricing strategies.     

Optimal pricing and inventory policy with order cancelations under the cash-on-delivery payment scheme

Considering a periodic review system where the online seller allows the customers to pay when the products are delivered to them（referred as cash-on-delivery payment scheme in this paper）,the authors investigate the seller＇s joint pricing and inventory control policy with a finite planning horizon.In particular,the authors incorporate the customers＇ possible order cancellation behavior with the cash-on-delivery scheme.It can be proven that the base-stock list price policy is optimal under mild conditions.The authors also analyze the impact of the customers＇ forward looking behavior on the optimal policy.     

存在投机商和策略型消费者的零售商定价研究

随着市场需求的快速变化,越来越多的热销产品在短期内会受到库存和产量的限制,导致这些热销品出现投机买卖的机会.另外,策略型消费者的延迟购买行为会对零售商的定价决策和收益产生重大影响.本文研究一个拥有固定库存数量的垄断零售商在投机商出现时,怎么做产品定价决策.通过运用经典的Stackelberg博弈模型,分析了投机商和策略消费者的行为,并得出了在两者的共同作用下,零售商的定价策略.并分析了策略型消费者所占比例、消费者保留价格变动系数、消费者周期2买到产品的概率等一系列因素对产品价格和零售商定价和收益产生的影响,结论表明,在特定情况下,投机商的存在对零售商是有益的.     

考虑库存能力约束的批量问题与定价的联合决策

针对多周期离散时间情形,研究了库存能力约束下如何有效地协调定价决策与批量决策,使得企业利润最大化。建立了非线性混合整数规划模型。分析了最优解的特征,详细讨论了子问题的求解方法。提出了基于动态规划的精确算法,可以在多项式时间内求解出联合决策问题的最优定价与最优生产计划。实验结果分析了库存能力与最优利润、最优生产计划之间的关系。     

渠道努力下互补型闭环供应链定价与服务决策

本文基于线上销售-线下服务的互补型双渠道闭环供应链模式,分别考虑了线上直销商主导定价和服务决策(M型),以及单一线上直销商-单一线下服务商(M-S型)基于收益共享机制的两种模型定价和服务决策,研究其产品定价,回收定价,库存决策,渠道服务努力以及最优回收量等问题.通过比较分析研究发现:渠道服务水平与服务敏感系数正相关,但回收价格较逆向渠道服务水平受服务敏感系数的影响程度在M型情景下更明显.继而我们又探讨了逐期回收情境下的定价与服务决策,发现再制造节约的成本增大,且市场需求受渠道服务更加敏感时,M型情景下的决策会提高服务水平或降低产品价格以求维持市场份额:并且当正向服务渠道收益等于逆向渠道损失时,服务商(零售商)做决策时将不再考虑直销商(制造商)的产品定价决策。最后,我们通过数值分析观察了不同的转移支付系数对正逆向服务水平比例的影响以及对决策变量的影响。     

Optimal pricing,production, and sales policies for new product under supply constraint

This paper considers a firm that sells a durable product with a given market potential. The purpose of the firm is to maximize its profit by determining how much capacity to install before the sales horizon, how many products to produce in accordance with the capacity, and how many products to sell by pricing. Appealing to Pontryagin maximum principle in control theory, the authors obtain the closed-forms of all optimal decisions the firm should make. Furthermore, the optimal production rate and optimal sales rate are both equal to the demand rate, which is caused by the optimal pricing policy during the whole horizon, and the optimal pricing path is increasing with the cost of installing a unit of capacity. Furthermore, numerical analysis reveals the visual impression of the relationship of the parameters.     

部分信息下联合鲁棒定价、订货决策的报童模型

信息完全下的经典报童模型是单周期库存管理的核心控制方法，联合定价、订货决策是提高报童模型运作效率的主要手段. Scarf创造性地构建了部分信息下的鲁棒报童模型，但鲁棒联合定价、订货问题由于其困难程度，长期困扰着运作管理学者. 本论文在“做和型”随机价格需求函数条件下部分地解决了该问题. 在报童仅获知不确定需求的均值与方差的假设下，我们建立了Worst-case型的鲁棒联合定价、订货模型，并在适当的条件下给出了联合决策的闭环最优解. 数值实验证实了联合的鲁棒定价与订货决策较大幅度地改善了Scarf鲁棒订货模型的运作效率. 该模型能较好地适应于新产品供应链等信息缺失下的企业运作管理.     

网络预售环境下价格敏感品的库存与定价模型

通过构建两生产阶段模型,探讨和验证了使制造商利润最大化的最优产品定价、产品库存以及销售期期长的存在性和唯一性,并用MATLAB软件对相关参数灵敏度进行了讨论分析.研究结果表明:两阶段的市场需求受到不同因素的影响;销售阶段潜在市场需求对商家总利润的影响程度大于预售阶段潜在市场需求对商家总利润的影响;制造商前期的利润值增长...     

Capacity commitment and pricing for substitutable products under competition

Capacity acquisition and pricing decisions are a company’s long-term strategic decisions.However, demand uncertainty and substitutability of multiple products cause the difficulty to solve capacity and pricing decision problems.In this paper,we address a multiple product pricing and multiple resource capacity acquisition problem with demand uncertainties and competition.The company needs to determine capacity commitment for each resource and product prices before demands are realized so that the total profit is maximized.If the demand exceeds the committed capacity,extra amounts can be purchased from the spot market.Variable unit production costs,capacity acquisition and maintenance costs are considered.We first analyze a single company basic problem and find the optimal solutions on prices and capacity.Based on the single company model,we address the two-product,two-firm capacity commitment and pricing problem considering across product and across company price competition factors.The existence and uniqueness of equilibrium on price and capacity commitment are proved,and then we extended the results to the multiple product,multiple company case.     

Disposing the leftovers under the consignment contract with revenue sharing: Retailer vs supplier

This paper studies the consignment contract with revenue sharing where the retailer offers two revenue share schemes between himself and his supplier from the viewpoint of inventory ownership: One is that the retailer takes charge of the unsold items,the other one is that the retailer returns the unsold items to the supplier at the end of the selling period,and the supplier disposes those overstockings.In each contract,the retailer deducts a percentage from the selling price for each sold item and transfers the balance to the supplier.The supplier solves a two-stage problem:She first chooses contract,then decides retail price and delivery quantity according to the terms of the contract chosen.With an iso-price-elastic demand model,the authors derive the retailer and suppliers’ optimal decisions for both schemes.In addition,the authors characterize how they are affected by disposing cost.The authors compare the decisions between the two schemes for disposing cost turn out to be holding cost or salvage value,respectively.The authors use numerical examples to show the supplier’s first-stage optimal decision depends critically on demand price elasticity,the disposing cost and the retailer’s share for channel cost.     

库存/定价系统下的最优拍卖与订购

考虑一个允许订购的网上序贯拍卖问题,证明这个问题的联合最优拍卖与订购策略是很简单的,即每阶段的订购规则是（j＊,J＊）策略,最优拍卖数量由每阶段初的商品库存量来确定.     

带分段仓储能力决策的动态批量优化问题研究

本文考虑一个单一产品仓储能力决策和库存决策的动态批量集成优化问题.在这个模型中,长度为T个周期的计划期被划分成连续的若干段,每段初需制定该段的仓储能力决策,同一段中各期的期末库存水平均受限于该段仓储能力.假设每段仓储能力费用为仓储能力的非减函数,各期的产品订货费用为固定费用,库存保管费用是一个期末库存量的线性函数.利用分解技术和几何技术,本文开发一个计算复杂度为O(T~3)的动态规划算法.计算测试显示,该算法与求解混合整数规划(MIP)的商业软件相比,在计算时间上具有明显的优势.     

基于运营视角的产品族规模

产品族规模一直是两难问题。通过讨论产品族规模效用和产品族成本,分析了产品族整体利润最大化的决策条件,得到产品族规模与价格的最优决策路径。研究表明:产品族规模与价格并不直接相互影响;产品族规模效用、消费者分布和产品族产品项目变动成本分布是影响产品族规模与价格决策的重要因素。     

易逝品随机生产库存模型动态定价、服务水平和生产控制策略

本文研究需求受价格和服务水平双重影响下的易逝品随机生产库存模型,探讨考虑外部随机扰动对库存变动影响下易逝品企业的最优联合动态定价、服务和生产策略,并基于随机最优控制理论,运用Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman(HJB)方程对最优策略进行了求解.研究表明:最优动态价格、服务水平和生产速率是库存水平的线性反馈形式;外部随机扰动的大小对易逝品生产企业所获得的折现利润总期望会产生不同影响,在整个经营周期内外界不确定因素越大,易逝品生产企业所获得的折现利润总期望越小;价格敏感系数和服务敏感系数会影响易逝品企业生产、服务、价格策略.     

定时信用支付条件下的多时段EOQ问题

经典的经济订购批量（EOQ）问题有两个基本假设：时域无限和模型的费用参数不变。对基于供应商提供定时信用支付条件下的有限时域中各时段货价发生变动的EOQ问题进行了研究，并得到了最优订购策略。这为进一步研究买卖方的协作机制提供了新的思路。     

延期支付期限与订货量相关情形下的EOQ模型

在产品的年需求量依赖于零售商售价的条件下,根据零售商的订货量,供应商给予零售商延期支付的优惠,建立了零售商库存决策模型.从零售商的角度出发,探讨如何制定最优订货周期和最优售价,以实现年总费用最小,并给出寻求模型最优解的算法.最后,通过具体算例,结合灵敏度分析方法,分析了模型中参数变化对最优订货策略的影响.     

Quality improvement and pricing with reference quality effect

This article studies a problem of joint pricing and dynamic product quality investment with consumers’ reference quality effect under the existence of quality inflation. Optimal control models are constructed to maximize the total profit with a limited quality investment capacity, where the demand is sensitive to historical product quality level. The optimal quality investment strategies for finite and infinite planning horizon are given respectively by solving these optimal control models on the basis of Pontryagin’s maximum principle, which enables the exact trajectory of the optimal quality investment with the reference quality effect over time to be depicted. In addition, an effective algorithm is designed to generate the optimal joint pricing and dynamic quality investment policy for the system. The main difference between the strategy of finite planning horizon and that of infinite planning horizon is that the latter is a constant. Our study indicates that it is never optimal for firm to increase quality investment all the way throughout the planning horizon. The level of quality investment is higher when taking into account the impact of reference quality. Moreover, numerical example is given to illustrate the validness of the theoretical results. Also, sensitivity analysis is carried out to show how system parameters affect the optimal policies, and some managerial suggestions are presented.     

Optimal Dual-Channel Dynamic Pricing of Perishable Items under Different Attenuation Coefficients of Demands

This paper discusses optimal dual-channel dynamic pricing of a retailer who sells perishable products in a finite horizon.The type of product which is equipped with different attenuation coefficients of demands on different sales channels is considered.Novel demand functions for the two channels are proposed according to attenuation coefficients of demands,and then a decision model is constructed,which can be handled stage-by-stage.It is shown that the sales price and the sales quantity of the channel which possesses more market shares are both higher than the ones of the other channel at each sales stage.More importantly,by analyzing the reasonability of the obtained solution,a necessary and sufficient condition is proposed to guarantee that both of the two channels will not stop selling through the entire period.We also propose an approach by the elimination method to deal with cases in which some channel stops selling.Further,we demonstrate that the channel which possesses more market shares is the optimal option when only one channel runs.Finally,numerical examples are presented to investigate the change of sales prices of the two channels under different market potential demands.     

存在库存管理成本的寡头集团转移定价研究

现有关于转移定价决策方法的研究文献中,大多忽略了中间产品流转过程中的库存管理成本问题.针对这种不足,在充分考虑中间产品流转过程中产生的库存持有成本、订货成本、订单处理成本和启动成本的基础上,研究了企业集团的转移定价决策问题.针对寡头竞争的企业集团转移定价决策问题进行分析,得出寡头竞争的企业集团最优转移价格为集团中间产品的边际成本与最终产品的利润加成,加成比例取决于最终产品市场的竞争强度.