Microstructure and texture of electroformed copper liners of shaped charges

The microstructures of copper liners of shaped charges prepared by electroforming technique were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Meanwhile, the orientations distributing of thegrains in the electroformed copper liners of shaped charges was examined by the electron backscattering Kikuchi pattern (EBSP) technique. TEM observations have revealed that these electroformed copper liners of shaped charges have the grain size of about 1-3μm and the grains have a preferential orientation distribution along the growth direction.EBSP analysis has demonstrated that the as-formed copper liners of shaped charges exhibit a micro-texture, i.e. one type of fiber texture, and the preferred growth direction is normal to the surface of the liners.     

玻璃包覆纯铜微丝的力学性能

以实验室制备的玻璃包覆纯铜微丝为研究对象,对玻璃包覆纯铜微丝及去除包覆层的纯铜芯丝进行了力学性能评价和断口形貌分析.结果表明:外径45μm、包覆层厚度7.5μm和外径27μm、包覆层厚度6.0μm的玻璃包覆纯铜微丝极限拉伸载荷分别为0.268N和0.237N;纯铜芯丝的拉伸应力应变曲线表现出较低的加工硬化率,屈服强度与抗拉强度比值在0.75以上;纯铜芯丝抗拉强度随直径的减小而增大;直径10μm芯丝的平均抗拉强度可达547.9MPa,延伸率约为2.5%;芯丝断裂模式为滑移延伸断裂.     

珍珠母堆垛微结构的力学性能和热稳定性

一直以来,软体动物贝壳内的珍珠母因为其由文石片和片间有机基质薄层堆垛而成的微结构及其卓越的力学行为而广受关注,但对贝壳珍珠母的多级结构,尤其是其中的两级有机基质结构的力学功能研究甚少.本文通过机械载荷和温度载荷组合来研究皱纹盘鲍（Haliotis Discus Hannai）贝壳内的珍珠母的结构和力学特性关联.发现文石片层间的有机基质的热解有效降低了珍珠母堆垛微结构的强度和韧性,并在250℃时使珍珠母的层叠堆垛结构完全崩溃,此时有机基质的热解量约为1.7wt%,仅为有机基质总量的40%.而力学性能试验比较发现,珍珠母堆垛微结构的热稳定远低于其基本组成单元——文石片纳米复合结构.另外,尽管有机基质薄层的黏着作用对珍珠母的力学性能具有积极意义,但珍珠母微结构本身的逐层交错堆垛设计机制是影响其刚度的决定性因素.     

连续退火的无Si TRIP钢的组织和力学性能

在实验室用Gleeble3500热模拟试验机制备了一种无Si TRIP钢.利用拉伸试验机、扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射以及热膨胀仪对其力学性能、微观组织和相变规律进行研究,在此基础上分析了贝氏体相变温度和时间对力学性能和残余奥氏体的影响.无Si TRIP钢呈现出良好的整体力学性能,抗拉强度分布在740～810 MPa,延伸率均在25%以上,最高可达32%以上;贝氏体等温温度为420℃时能获得最佳的综合力学性能,抗拉强度随贝氏体相变时间增加而下降,延伸率随之上升,而屈服强度没有显著变化.无Si TRIP制的铁素体晶粒大小约为3～4μm,比含Si TRIP钢铁素体晶粒细小;残余奥氏体的体积分数在8%～10%,比含Si TRIP钢低约3%;420℃保温300 s后贝氏体相变基本结束,而碳的扩散仍然在进行;无Si TRIP钢贝氏体相变速率比含Si TRIP钢快,贝氏体相变总量也更多.     

Mechanical properties and microstructure of composites produced by recycling metal chips

In this study, the processing and mechanical properties of porous metal matrix composites (MMCs) composed of spheroidal cast iron chips (GGG40) and bronze chips (CuSn10) and formed by hot isostatic pressing were investigated. Bronze chips (CuSn10) were used as a matrix component, and spheroidal cast iron (GGG40) chips were used as a reinforcement component. The MMCs were produced with different CuSn10 contents (90wt%, 80wt%, 70wt%, and 60wt%). The hot isostatic pressing process was performed under three different pressures and temperatures. The produced MMCs were characterized using density tests, Brinell hardness tests, and compression tests. In addition, the consolidation mechanism was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The test results were compared with those for bulk CuSn10 and bulk GGG40. Mechanical tests results revealed that the metallic chips can be recycled by using hot pressing and that the mechanical properties of the produced MMCs were similar to those of bulk CuSn10. XRD and microscopy studies showed that no intermetallic compounds formed between the metallic chips. The results showed that the CuSn10 and GGG40 chips were consolidated by mechanical interlocking.     

Mechanical properties and microstructure of TRIP steels produced using TSCR process

C-Si-Mn TRIP steels were produced using the thin slab casting and rolling (TSCR) process under simulation in laboratory. The results of tensile tests show that the yield strength,tensile strength,and the total elongation of the experimental TRIP steels are 430 MPa,610 MPa,and 28.4%,respectively. Optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy (SEM),and transmission electron micros-copy (TEM) were employed to identify the microstructures of the TRIP steels. The final microstructures consist of ferrite,bainite,and retained austenite. The results of quantitative color metallography show that the fraction of the retained austenite is about 5.8%.     

Dynamic recrystallization of electroformed copper liners of shaped charges in high-strain-rate plastic deformation

The microstructures in the electroformed copper liners of shaped charges after high-strain-rate plastic deformation were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Meanwhile, the orientation distribution of the grains in the recovered slug was examined by the electron backscattering Kikuchi pattern (EBSP) technique. EBSP analysis illustrated that unlike the as-formed electroformed copper linersof shaped charges the grain orientations in the recovered slug are distributed along randomly all the directions after undergoing heavily strain deformation at high-strain rate. Optical microscopy shows a typical recrystallization structure, and TEM examination reveals dislocation cells existed in the thin foil specimen. These results indicate that dynamic recovery and recrystallization occur during this plastic deformation process, and the associated deformation temperature is considered to be higher than 0.6 times the melting point of copper.     

Effect of nitrogen introduction methods on the microstructure and properties of gradient cemented carbides

Gradient cemented carbides with the surface depleted in cubic phases were prepared following normal powder metallurgical procedures. Gradient zone formation and the influence of nitrogen introduction methods on the microstructure and performance of the alloys were investigated. The results show that the simple one-step vacuum sintering technique is doable for producing gradient cemented carbides. Gradient structure formation is attributed to the gradient in nitrogen activity during sintering, but is independent from nitrogen introduced methods. A uniform carbon distribution is found throughout the materials. Moreover, the transverse rupture strength of the cemented carbides can be increased by a gradient layer. Different nitrogen carriers give the alloys distinguishing microstructure and mechanical properties, and a gradient alloy with ultrafine-TiC_0.5N_0.5 is found optimal.     

PVA改性碳黑-水泥砂浆力学性能及微观结构

试验探讨了聚乙烯醇(PVA)及其掺量对纳米碳黑-水泥砂浆力学性能的影响,结果表明:当PVA掺量为0.2%时,改性水泥砂浆的抗压、抗折强度和黏结弯曲强度分别提高了32.1%,12.2%和18.6%.采用扫描电镜、傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射光谱和差示扫描热分析仪观察了PVA改性纳米碳黑-水泥砂浆的物理化学性能,结果表明:当PVA掺量较少时,PVA形成丝状聚合物膜均匀分散于水泥砂浆中,填充孔洞和桥接裂缝,改善了水泥砂浆的微细观结构;但是,当PVA掺量过多时会在水泥浆体内形成大量片状结构,包裹水泥颗粒和水泥水化产物,阻碍水泥的水化速度,导致改性砂浆的力学强度降低.     

等径角挤压对纯铜组织与性能的影响

研究采用BC路径(即试样进入下一道次挤压时按同一方向旋转90°)对纯铜进行等径角挤压后得到的组织与性能.结果表明,通过室温下对纯铜的8道次挤压后,得到均匀、细小的等轴晶组织(晶粒尺寸约1.5μm).抗拉强度从原来的235 MPa提高到420 MPa,硬度从114 HV提高到184.3 HV,延伸率由原来的45%降低到19%.通过对不同挤压道次试样在473 K下60 min的退火处理后,其晶粒进一步细化至1μm,其抗拉强度提高到435 MPa.     

Effects of copper content on microstructure and mechanical properties of open-cell steel foams

The effects of copper content on the microstructural and mechanical properties of steel foams are investigated. Spherical urea granules, used as a water-leachable space holder, were coated with a mixture of iron, ultrafine carbon, and different amounts of copper powders. After the mixture was compacted and the space holder was removed by leaching, a sintering process was performed under an atmosphere of thermally dissociated ammonia. Microstructural evaluations of the cell walls were carried out using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In addition, compression tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of the manufactured steel foams. The results showed that the total porosity decreases from 77.2% to 71.9% with increasing copper content in the steel foams. In the foams' microstructure, copper islands are mostly distributed in pearlite and intergranular carbide phases are formed in the grain boundaries. When the copper content was increased from 0 to 4 wt%, the elastic modulus, plateau stress, fracture stress, and fracture strain of manufactured steel foams improved 4.5, 6, 6.4, and 2.5 times, respectively.     

Microstructure and penetration behavior of electroformed copper liners of shaped charges during explosive detonation deformation

The microstructure in the electroformed copper liners of shaped charges prepared with different electrolytes was studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Electron Backscattering Kikuchi Pattern (EBSP) methods. SEM observations revealed the existence of columnar grains in electroformed copper liners of shaped charges formed by electrolyte without any additive and the average grain size is about 3 μm. When an additive is introduced to the electrolyte, the grains formed in the copper liners become equiaxed and finer. EBSP results show that the columnar grain grown during electroformation has the most preferential growth direction, whereas a micro-texture does not exit in the specimen prepared by electrolyte with the additive. Further, explosive detonation deformation experiments show that penetration depth is dramatically improved when the electroformed copper liners of shaped charges exhibit equiaxed grains.     

Microstructure and properties of pure iron/copper composite cladding layers on carbon steel

In the present study, pure iron/copper composite metal cladding was deposited onto carbon steel by tungsten inert gas welding. The study focused on interfacial morphological, microstructural, and mechanical analyses of the composite cladding layers. Iron liquid–solid-phase zones were formed at copper/steel and iron interfaces because of the melting of the steel substrate and iron. Iron concentrated in the copper cladding layer was observed to exhibit belt, globule, and dendrite morphologies. The appearance of iron-rich globules indicated the occurrence of liquid phase separation (LPS) prior to solidification, and iron-rich dendrites crystallized without the occurrence of LPS. The maximum microhardness of the iron/steel interface was lower than that of the copper/steel interface because of the diffusion of elemental carbon. All samples fractured in the cladding layers. Because of a relatively lower strength of the copper layer, a short plateau region appeared when shear movement was from copper to iron.     

HA/316L不锈钢对称功能梯度生物复合材料的力学性能

采用干粉叠层法和热压工艺制备HA/316L不锈钢对称功能梯度生物复合材料,使用三点弯曲法测定HA/316L不锈钢对称功能梯度生物复合材料试样的抗弯强度和弹性模量,并借助扫描电子显微镜对试样对表面形貌和微观结构进行观察和表征,利用场发射高分辨扫描电子显微镜对试样进行元素线扫描分析.研究结果表明:通过控制HA粉末的含量(体积分数)在20%～40%之间时,所得复合材料的抗弯强度和弹性模量分别与人体骨的强度和模量相匹配,得到生物力学相容性好的复合材料;HA/316L不锈钢复合材料各梯度层之间过渡自然,没有明显的宏观界面、缺陷和裂纹等,梯度层内部和界面处两相分布均匀,且各成分均呈现连续的梯度分布,界面结合紧密.     

一种高氮钢的高温力学性能和组织演变规律

6Cr21Mn10MoVNbN合金是重型发动机用高氮钢.采用Gleeble1500热模拟、金相分析、扫描电镜、XRD和理论分析相结合的方法研究了该合金的高温变形特性.微观结构分析表明,变形温度和应变速率对该合金微观组织的演变有很大的影响.合金在850,950,1050℃经历相同的变形量后,合金晶粒尺寸相差不大.但当温度升至1150℃,变形后合金晶粒尺寸迅速增大,此类变化主要是由于温度升高使合金中铬的碳化物快速溶解和转化所致.     

原始组织对等通道角挤压纯铜组织性能的影响

分别对单晶和多晶原始纯铜进行等通道角挤压(ECAP)实验,研究Bc路径挤压后的组织特征和力学性能.结果表明,单晶和多晶铜在挤压过程中晶粒的细化方式明显不同:单晶铜在位错塞积后形成胞状结构,晶粒在位错塞积区发生断裂是其晶粒细化的主要原因;多晶铜在挤压中发生晶粒转动、晶界移动后造成晶粒被拉长并断裂,这是其晶粒细化的主要原因.力学性能对比发现,挤压中单晶铜的硬度和抗拉强度较多晶铜变化显著,认为挤压后单晶铜亚晶的定向排列是延伸率大幅度提高的主要原因.     

稀土硼共渗层相结构的研究

研究了粉末法在880度下保温2h稀土硼共渗的工业纯铁相结构，通过Moessbauer方法，金相方法和XRD方法获得了稀土元素对渗硼层相结构影的有关信息，渗剂中添入稀土可以明显提高了Fe2B相在渗层中的含量比例，抑制FeB相的形成，稀土添加愈多愈有利于Fe2B相的形成，但稀土添加到一定量时渗层深度随之减小，讨论了稀土对渗硼层相结构的影响及其作用机制。     

Effects of different friction stir welding conditions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of copper plates

Friction stir welding is a new and innovative welding method used to fuse materials. In this welding method, the heat generated by friction and plastic flow causes significant changes in the microstructure of the material, which leads to local changes in the mechanical properties of the weld. In this study, the effects of various welding parameters such as the rotational and traverse speeds of the tool on the microstructural and mechanical properties of copper plates were investigated; additionally, Charpy tests were performed on copper plates for the first time. Also, the effect of the number of welding passes on the aforementioned properties has not been investigated in previous studies. The results indicated that better welds with superior properties are produced when less heat is transferred to the workpiece during the welding process. It was also found that although the properties of the stir zone improved with an increasing number of weld passes, the properties of its weakest zone, the heat-affected zone, deteriorated.     

Ce—Ca、Ce—Mg微合金化钢大线能量焊接热影响粗晶区组织与力学性能研究

研究Ce-Ca、Ce-Mg微合金化低合金钢大线能量焊接热影响粗晶区(CGHAZ)的力学性能、组织结构及夹杂物成分与形态.结果表明,Ce-Ca微合金化钢CGHAZ的力学性能优于Ce-Mg微合金化钢CGHAZ的力学性能; Ce-Ca微合金化钢CGHAZ中Ce、Ca的氧硫复合化合物夹杂物主要呈球状,Ce-Mg微合金化钢CGHAZ中Ce、Mg的氧硫复合化合物夹杂物主要呈扁条状;氧硫化物与奥氏体基体之间弹性模量和热膨胀系数差别大;氧硫化物近旁产生应变场是晶内针状铁素体(IAF)形成的主要控制因素.     

注射成形Ti-6Al-4V合金的显微组织和力学性能

采用金属注射成形方法制备Ti-6Al-4V合金坯体,然后利用溶剂脱脂和热脱脂工艺脱除坯中粘结剂,研究了合金在真空烧结和热等静压烧结条件下的显微组织和力学性能.结果表明:真空烧结Ti-6Al-4V合金具有典型的魏氏体组织,其初始的β晶粒粗大,β晶粒内为次生片状α和薄β相片,空隙较多,合金的强度和塑性较低;合金经热等静压处理后,组织明显细化且均匀,空隙很少或几乎没有,从而强度和塑性都有所提高.