Optimal nitrogen-to-phosphorus stoichiometry of phytoplankton

Redfield noted the similarity between the average nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio in plankton (N:P = 16 by atoms) and in deep oceanic waters (N:P = 15; refs 1, 2). He argued that this was neither a coincidence, nor the result of the plankton adapting to the oceanic stoichiometry, but rather that phytoplankton adjust the N:P stoichiometry of the ocean to meet their requirements through nitrogen fixation, an idea supported by recent modelling studies. But what determines the N:P requirements of phytoplankton? Here we use a stoichiometrically explicit model of phytoplankton physiology and resource competition to derive from first principles the optimal phytoplankton stoichiometry under diverse ecological scenarios. Competitive equilibrium favours greater allocation to P-poor resource-acquisition machinery and therefore a higher N:P ratio; exponential growth favours greater allocation to P-rich assembly machinery and therefore a lower N:P ratio. P-limited environments favour slightly less allocation to assembly than N-limited or light-limited environments. The model predicts that optimal N:P ratios will vary from 8.2 to 45.0, depending on the ecological conditions. Our results show that the canonical Redfield N:P ratio of 16 is not a universal biochemical optimum, but instead represents an average of species-specific N:P ratios.     

The evolutionary inheritance of elemental stoichiometry in marine phytoplankton

Phytoplankton is a nineteenth century ecological construct for a biologically diverse group of pelagic photoautotrophs that share common metabolic functions but not evolutionary histories. In contrast to terrestrial plants, a major schism occurred in the evolution of the eukaryotic phytoplankton that gave rise to two major plastid superfamilies. The green superfamily appropriated chlorophyll b, whereas the red superfamily uses chlorophyll c as an accessory photosynthetic pigment. Fossil evidence suggests that the green superfamily dominated Palaeozoic oceans. However, after the end-Permian extinction, members of the red superfamily rose to ecological prominence. The processes responsible for this shift are obscure. Here we present an analysis of major nutrients and trace elements in 15 species of marine phytoplankton from the two superfamilies. Our results indicate that there are systematic phylogenetic differences in the two plastid types where macronutrient (carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus) stoichiometries primarily reflect ancestral pre-symbiotic host cell phenotypes, but trace element composition reflects differences in the acquired plastids. The compositional differences between the two plastid superfamilies suggest that changes in ocean redox state strongly influenced the evolution and selection of eukaryotic phytoplankton since the Proterozoic era.     

芦苇与土壤间氮磷化学计量的灰色关联分析

多数水生植物对于湿地土壤中氮磷元素的固持起着至关重要的作用。为了明晰芦苇与土壤间氮磷元素的关系,笔者利用灰色关联分析方法,对溱湖湿地芦苇各器官氮磷含量、季节动态及其与各土层氮磷含量之间的关联度进行了研究。结果表明:①芦苇各器官氮磷元素含量规律基本相同,即总氮含量叶>穗>根>茎,总磷含量叶>根>穗>茎; ②由于芦苇根系的垂直分布特征,溱湖湿地芦苇与土壤氮磷元素交互关联主要集中在0～30 cm土层,说明土壤-植被系统固持水体营养元素过程主要集中在表层土壤中; ③植物生长相对旺盛的春、夏季,土壤-植被系统氮磷元素交互作用主要出现在土壤表层,同时由于地下水位上升,≥45～60 cm土层也会对芦苇氮磷含量产生重要影响。     

黄河泥沙含量对磷迁移过程的影响研究

磷是我国河流主要污染物质之一,泥沙含量对磷的迁移过程具有重要影响,但针对磷在沉积物-水界面的迁移机制理解尚不完全．黄河作为典型的高含沙量和高磷负荷河流,对于磷在河流介质的迁移过程具有重要研究意义．在2019 年10 月份选取黄河沿程18 个水样采集点位和2 个沉积柱采集点位,对水样含沙量、总磷含量（TP）和沉积物样磷形态含量（Ca-P、Fe/Al-P、OP）进行测量,结合2000—2019 年黄河主要水文站实测输沙量、含沙量、泥沙粒径数据进行分析．从时空尺度上,尽管中游河段输沙量近20 年呈显著下降趋势,但下游输沙量仍保持稳定,下游前段水体含沙量呈上升趋势．将水体含沙量与TP 含量进行协同分析,下游河段水体含沙量同TP 含量呈相反变化规律．对泥沙粒径进行分析,冲刷作用导致较大粒径沉积物再悬浮,这一过程对磷的迁移具有重要影响．对沉积物磷形态进行分析,IP 为黄河流域沉积物磷主要赋存形态,Ca-P 是IP 的主要赋存形态．研究认为,当流速慢时,水体泥沙含量低,沉积物再悬浮作用弱,Fe/Al-P 在沉积物-水界面迁移. 当流速快时,水体泥沙含量高,沉积物再悬浮作用强,下游地区沉积物和悬浮颗粒物成为磷汇．      

浮游植物光合色素的提取方法

光合色素是评价浮游植物生物量和生产力的重要指标,是海洋调查中必不可少的生化参数,而进行色素分析的首要步骤就是将色素从浮游植物中提取出来。色素提取的效率决定于溶剂的渗透力和溶解能力,而不能单单依赖机械破碎。文章综述了浮游植物光合色素的三种主要提取技术:直接浸泡提取法、浸泡研磨提取法和超声波破碎浸泡法,并从提取能力、保真性、广泛适用性、准确性、简单和安全六个方面进行评价。得到将DMF萃取液再超声破碎是最佳的提取方法,所有色素的提取率几乎达到100%。     

我国典型湖泊磷浓度对水体指标及蓝藻水华爆发趋势的潜在影响——基于Meta分析

水体富营养化可引发蓝藻水华,对水生态环境和饮用水的安全产生严重危害,揭示蓝藻水华的发生机理和变化规律是防治的基础。基于1989—2019年公开发表的相关研究,提取583对有效数据,利用Meta分析了我国典型湖泊中磷浓度对水体指标及蓝藻水华爆发趋势的影响。结果表明：磷浓度对水体透明度（SD）产生负效应,对溶解氧（DO）含量、高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）和叶绿素a （Chla）含量产生正效应。随着磷浓度的增加,上述4种指标呈现不同的变化趋势：磷浓度对DO含量的正效应逐渐转变为负效应,在磷的质量浓度为0.2~0.3 mg/L时负效应最大（亚热带季风气候）;对SD的负效应随磷浓度的增加先增大后略有减小,在磷的质量浓度为0.1~0.2 mg/L时负效应最大;COD_Mn和Chla含量对磷浓度的响应趋势基本相似,在亚热带季风气候条件下,磷的质量浓度分别为0.2~0.3 mg/L和>0.3 mg/L时二者的正效应最大。此外,与温带季风气候地区相比,在磷的质量浓度为0~0.1 mg/L时亚热带季风气候地区的湖泊水质更容易受磷浓度的影响,蓝藻水华爆发的风险相对较高。     

废水除磷技术的发展趋势

研究表明,多数富营养化水体中的控制因素为磷,文章介绍了近些年来废水除磷的方法、机理及优缺点,并进一步介绍了废水除磷的现状、发展与动向.     

瓯江大溪的浮游藻类与水体污染

根据 1 999年 5月至 2 0 0 0年 4月对瓯江大溪的统计调查 ,发现有浮游藻类 85种 .藻类的总数和类型与水体污染有关 .在重污染水体中 ,数量最多的是裸藻门、硅藻门和蓝藻门 .     

百花湖表层沉积物磷的化学形态及pH值对磷释放的影响

对百花湖沉积物的总磷、磷形态进行了分析,模拟研究了不同pH值对水体中总溶解性磷和溶解性活性磷含量的影响。结果表明,百花湖沉积物样品总磷含量在503～2351mg／kg,属于中富营养化到富营养化水平。沉积物的磷主要由无机磷组成,其中主要是钙磷。pH值是影响磷释放的重要因素,强酸性及碱性条件下皆利于磷的释放,中性条件磷的释...     

甘南亚高寒草甸金露梅叶片氮磷化学计量学动态

通过甘南地区金露梅的研究,以营养元素的不同水平供给为外部驱动因素,有无繁殖过程为内部因素,比较分析了金露梅叶片氮磷化学计量学的变化特征.研究结果表明:施肥显著影响了叶片的w(N)和w(P),施肥后叶片的w(N)依次为17.8,18.9,20.1,22.6 mg/g,w(P)依次为1.92,2.05,2.19,2.58 mg/g,但施肥对w(N):w(P)的影响不显著.繁殖显著降低了叶片的w(N)和w(N):w(P),而对w(P)影响不显著.外部和内部因素对金露梅叶片的化学计量学的影响不相同.不同的施肥水平显著影响金露梅叶片的w(N)和w(P),而对w(N):w(P)影响不显著.证明繁殖过程导致了氮的大量消耗和w(N):w(P)的显著降低.金露梅在内外因素的影响下分别表现了w(N):w(P)的趋同和分异.     

河流内源磷释放环境影响因子研究进展

平原地区河流的富营养化已日益受到重视,当外源营养物质的输入得到控制时,河流内源污染物的释放规律研究是防治、修复和治理河流富营养化的重要决策工具.笔者分析了内源磷的赋存形态,总结了影响内源磷释放的环境因子,如pH、温度、溶解氧、微生物的活动、氧化还原电位、周期性的水淹、水生植物、硝酸盐以及河流水动力条件等,指出了当前研究的不足,并提出了相应的解决方法.针对浅水河滨带有水生植物分布的特点,认为不同水动力条件和水生植物对内源磷释放及吸收的影响更具有意义.     

生物除磷的碳源影响

文章从理论上系统地分析了不同生物除磷工艺的碳源要求 ,以及影响其除磷效果的关键因素。并理论结合实践 ,分析碳源分配对生物脱氮除磷的工艺选择和运行的重要性 ,建议从碳源的角度进行污水除磷设施的优化设计 ,以此开发新的工艺来解决进水碳源成为限制因素的污水处理问题     

计算机测试形式对语言测试的影响

总结了计算机语言测试的发展现状及其优势，从测试的信度、与传统纸笔测试的对等性和实用性三个主要方面分析计算机测试所面临的挑战，并对计算机语言测试的发展前景做了初步的展望。     

The impact of microRNAs on protein output

MicroRNAs are endogenous approximately 23-nucleotide RNAs that can pair to sites in the messenger RNAs of protein-coding genes to downregulate the expression from these messages. MicroRNAs are known to influence the evolution and stability of many mRNAs, but their global impact on protein output had not been examined. Here we use quantitative mass spectrometry to measure the response of thousands of proteins after introducing microRNAs into cultured cells and after deleting mir-223 in mouse neutrophils. The identities of the responsive proteins indicate that targeting is primarily through seed-matched sites located within favourable predicted contexts in 3' untranslated regions. Hundreds of genes were directly repressed, albeit each to a modest degree, by individual microRNAs. Although some targets were repressed without detectable changes in mRNA levels, those translationally repressed by more than a third also displayed detectable mRNA destabilization, and, for the more highly repressed targets, mRNA destabilization usually comprised the major component of repression. The impact of microRNAs on the proteome indicated that for most interactions microRNAs act as rheostats to make fine-scale adjustments to protein output.     

The decline and fate of an iron-induced subarctic phytoplankton bloom

Iron supply has a key role in stimulating phytoplankton blooms in high-nitrate low-chlorophyll oceanic waters. However, the fate of the carbon fixed by these blooms, and how efficiently it is exported into the ocean's interior, remains largely unknown. Here we report on the decline and fate of an iron-stimulated diatom bloom in the Gulf of Alaska. The bloom terminated on day 18, following the depletion of iron and then silicic acid, after which mixed-layer particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations declined over six days. Increased particulate silica export via sinking diatoms was recorded in sediment traps at depths between 50 and 125 m from day 21, yet increased POC export was not evident until day 24. Only a small proportion of the mixed-layer POC was intercepted by the traps, with more than half of the mixed-layer POC deficit attributable to bacterial remineralization and mesozooplankton grazing. The depletion of silicic acid and the inefficient transfer of iron-increased POC below the permanent thermocline have major implications both for the biogeochemical interpretation of times of greater iron supply in the geological past, and also for proposed geo-engineering schemes to increase oceanic carbon sequestration.     

SBR工艺除磷研究进展

介绍了国内外SBR除磷工艺的研究进展,对SBR在控制参数、检测方法、基质的影响、工艺的改进、硝酸盐的影响、共同脱氮除磷,以及与其他工艺相结合等方面的研究情况进行了详细介绍,并展望了SBR除磷技术的发展前景。     

化学磷回收促进生物除磷效果的试验研究

污水中碳源不足严重影响生物脱氮除磷效果,利用化学除磷宏量效果显著,生物除磷微量作用明显的特点,本试验对少量上清液进行磷沉淀可以相对提高m(C)/m(P)、m(C)/m(N),以达到磷回收和改善处理水质的目的;试验结果表明,在m(COD)/m(P)≤25时,抽取10%进水量的厌氧上清液并调节pH=9,利用进水中业已存在的钙、镁等离子沉淀磷,在m(COD)/m(P)≥20时,出水磷体积质量可恢复至0.5~1 m g/L;通过计算表明,化学除磷后约增加了30%的碳源,同时又可回收20%的磷。     

磷浓度对厌氧生物除磷效果及其微生物群落结构

通过厌氧培养基试验,考察了不同起始磷浓度对厌氧生物除磷的影响,并用16S rDNA分子生物学技术PCR-DGGE方法对稳定时期的各种泥样品中微生物群落结构进行跟踪研究.试验结果表明:随着磷浓度的升高,总磷的去除量增加,当总磷含量高于50 mg·L-1时,总磷去除量不随初始磷浓度的升高而升高.稳定培养状态下微生物多样性丰富,不同起始磷浓度污泥样品相似性不高,其中初始磷浓度为20 mg·L-1和60 mg·L-1的厌氧污泥样品相似性最低为67.4％,磷浓度条件可改善微生物群落结构.