Reverse hydrophobic effects relieved by amino-acid substitutions at a protein surface

It is rare for amino-acid substitutions on the surface of proteins to have large stabilizing or destabilizing effects. Nevertheless, one substitution of this type, the Tyr 26----Cys mutation in lambda Cro, increases the melting temperature of the protein by 11 degrees C and the stability by 2.2 kcal mol-1. Here we show that the stability of Cro can be increased by many different amino-acid substitutions at position 26, with increasing stability showing a good correlation with decreasing side-chain hydrophobicity. As Tyr 26 is hyper-exposed to solvent in the Cro crystal structure, we suggest that wild-type and variant proteins with other hydrophobic side chains at position 26 are destabilized as a result of a reverse hydrophobic effect caused by the side chain being more exposed to solvent in the native than in the denatured state.     

毕赤酵母表达硒代重组人血清白蛋白的研究

本试验将能够成功表达重组人血清白蛋白(rHSA)的巴斯德毕赤酵母培养至诱导期后，流加亚硒酸钠，同时设空白对照发酵液(不加入亚硒酸钠)，通过对比相同菌株在两组培养基中表达的rHSA的含硒量，判断硒能否以硒代氨基酸的形式存在于重组蛋白质中。发酵液经热处理、超滤、离子交换和丙酮沉淀等步骤后，进行Tricine-SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳、X射线能量色散谱(EDX)和原子吸收分析。结果表明，加硒发酵液样品中硒元素的质量分数比对照多23.2%，硒与蛋白质的质量比为0.0069，高于对照发酵液近35倍，初步证明无机硒可以被毕赤酵母同化，转化为硒代氨基酸，并形成硒代重组蛋白质。     

加入WTO所面临的跨国并购

结合我国现状 ,指出跨国公司在中国并购存在着有利因素和障碍 ,提出了相应的对策来确保跨国并购的正面效应 ,遏制负面效应 ,以便将跨国并购纳入我国经济发展的正常轨道 ,达到吸引外资和保护国内有效竞争的双重目的     

Study the effects of metallic ions on the combination of DNA and histones with molecular combing technique

The effects of monovalent (Na^ , K^ ) and divalent (Mg^2 , Ca^2 , Mn^2 ) ions on the interaction between DNA and histone are studied using the molecular combing technique. λ-DNA molecules and DNA-histone complexes incubated with metal cations (Na^ , K^ , Mg^2 , Ca^2 , Mn^2 ) are stretched on hydrophobic surfaces, and directly observed by fluorescence microscopy. The results indicate that when these cations are added into the DNA solution, the fluorescence intensities of the stained DNA are reduced differently. The monovalent cations (Na^ , K^ ) inhibit binding of histone to DNA. The divalent cations (Mg^2 , Ca^2 , Mn^2 ) enhance significantly the binding of histone to DNA and the binding of the DNA-histone complex to the hydrophobic surface. Mn^2 also induces condensation and aggregation of the DNA- histone complex.     

Study the effects of divalent metallic ions on the combination of DNA and histones with fluorescence anisotropy assays

The effects of divalent ions(Mn2 ,Mg2 ,Ca2 ) on the interaction between DNA and histone are studied using a fluorescence anisotropy assay. Fluorescence anisotropies of DNA and DNA-histone in the presence of divalent ions(Mn2 ,Mg2 ,Ca2 ) are measured. The results indicate that histone reduces the fluorescence anisotropy of lambda DNA while the divalent ions(Mn2 ,Mg2 ,Ca2 ) significantly enhance the fluorescence anisotropy. Compared to the case of DNA incubated with histone alone,there are more histones binding to DNA when divalent ion,histone and DNA are incubated together. We also find that Mn2 makes the DNA-histone complexes more condensed than the other ions do.