PDC钻头的岩石研磨性试验研究

利用微型钻头模拟PDC钻头的切削破岩过程,对PDC钻头的岩石研磨性进行了试验研究.根据有关磨损理论,提出以PDC切削刃在单位正压力下经过单位摩擦路程的体积磨损量作为岩石的研磨性系数,建立了根据研磨性系数预测PDC切削齿磨损寿命的理论模型.用试验方法测定了泥板岩、砂质泥岩、泥质砂岩、砂岩、石灰岩、花岗岩等不同岩样的研磨性系数,其数值范围为10-6～10-3 mm3/(kN*m).采用公比为10的等比级数分级方法,将我国石油钻井地层的研磨性分成四级.对直径216 mm的PDC钻头的磨损分析表明,在研磨性系数小于5×10-5 mm3/(kN*m)的低研磨性地层中,切削齿的磨损寿命可达350 h左右;而在研磨性系数大于5×10-4 mm3/(kN*m)的高研磨性地层中,切削齿磨损寿命在10 h以下.     

强研磨性硬地层聚晶金刚石复合片孕镶块混合钻头优化设计试验

为更加合理地设计适用于强研磨性硬地层的混合金钢石复合汽钻头(PDC)钻头,首先对东北油田、青海油田钻进火成岩地层磨损的PDC钻头进行收集,运用ST—500A电子显微镜和ⅤⅢⅢ2.2C相机测量软件分别从宏观和微观两个方面观测PDC切削齿的磨损形态,分析其磨损机理,找出失效原因。测量钻头冠部刨面线上切削齿的磨损高度,绘制PDC钻头切削齿磨损分布曲线,为PDC钻头的改进提供理论指导。设计并加工PDC孕镶块混合微钻头进行室内钻孔实验,研究不同切削齿出露量对钻头破岩效率的影响规律,并对PDC孕镶块混合钻头进行优化后设计了一种PDC孕镶块全尺寸混合钻头,用于东北油田辽松盆地金山区块金谷1-1HF井的基底地层钻进,相比同井段的PDC及牙轮钻头,钻速与进尺均有较大提升。     

强研磨性硬地层PDC孕镶块混合钻头优化设计试验研究

为更加合理地设计适用于强研磨性硬地层的混合SPDCS钻头,本文首先对东北油田、青海油田钻进火成岩地层磨损的SPDCS钻头进行收集,运用ST-500A 电子显微镜和ⅤⅢⅢ2.2C 相机测量软件分别从宏观和微观两个方面观测SPDCS切削齿的磨损形态,分析其磨损机理,找出失效原因。测量钻头冠部刨面线上切削齿的磨损高度,绘制SPDCS钻头切削齿磨损分布曲线,为SPDCS钻头的改进提供理论指导,设计并加工PDC孕镶块混合微钻头进行室内钻孔实验,研究不同切削齿出露量对钻头破岩效率的影响规律,并对PDC孕镶块混合钻头进行优化后设计了一种PDC孕镶块全尺寸混合钻头,用于东北油田辽松盆地金山区块金谷1-1HF井的基底地层钻进,相比同井段的PDC及牙轮钻头,钻速与进尺均有较大提升。     

PDC磨损齿切削破岩过程的实验研究

为探究深部钻井PDC钻头切削齿在磨损状态下的切削破岩过程,选取深部钻井PDC钻头上不同磨损程度的PDC齿开展单齿切削实验,借助应力测试系统、高速摄影机和热红外成像仪分析磨损齿的受力状态、温度变化规律以及岩石裂纹扩展过程。结果表明,与未磨损齿相比,磨损齿所受切削力更大、温度变化更明显,且更易产生大体积岩屑,这将导致钻头在井下振动加剧,磨损急剧加快,严重影响其使用寿命;切削花岗岩时切削力和温度大幅上升的问题更加突出,但更容易发生体积破碎,产生较大块的块状岩屑。研究成果将有助于重新认识真实井底磨损齿切削破岩及温度变化规律,并为钻头设计及井下寿命评估提供重要参考。     

混合钻头对软硬交错地层破岩特性的仿真研究

为了研究PDC-牙轮混合钻头的破岩过程及其钻进软硬交错地层时的工作特性,根据Drucker-Prager准则构建软硬交错岩石模型,并对混合钻头和传统PDC钻头进行钻进仿真对比分析。结果表明:钻进过程中距井眼轴心约2/3井眼半径部位的岩石所受应力较大;在软硬交错地层中,混合钻头比PDC钻头的机械钻速高28.8%、钻速波动值低27.0%、径向载荷峰值低27.6%。混合钻头利用PDC切削齿与牙轮切削齿进行协同破岩,相比PDC钻头能够更加快速、稳定地钻进软硬交错地层。     

锥形PDC齿与常规PDC齿破岩效果对比试验

为对比分析锥形PDC齿与常规PDC齿在不同岩样上的破岩效果,通过单齿破岩试验,分析了不同磨损高度的常规PDC齿与锥形PDC齿在钻压影响下的破岩规律。结果表明：在一定的钻压下,锥形齿在钻进硬度较小的岩石(灰板岩、绿板岩、大理岩)时,相比无磨损PDC复合片的切削深度较小,但远大于磨损了的PDC复合片的切深,随着岩石硬度的增大,锥形齿的切削深度越接近无磨损的PDC齿;在钻进较硬的岩石(石灰岩、玄武岩)时,当钻压小于某一值时,锥形齿的切削深度小于无磨损PDC复合片,当钻压大于该值时,锥形齿的切削深度则大于无磨损PDC复合片。试验结果为复合片-锥形齿混合钻头设计提供了理论支撑。     

布齿参数对PDC钻头破岩效率影响的试验

PDC切削齿尺寸、后倾角和布齿密度是影响PDC钻头性能的重要设计参数.采用室内钻进试验方法,考察切削齿尺寸、后倾角和布齿密度对PDC钻头破岩效率的影响.结果表明:对可钻性为Ⅲ级以下的岩石,直径19 mm切削齿的破岩效率最高;对可钻性为Ⅳ～Ⅴ级的岩石,直径16 mm切削齿的破岩效率最高;采用直径19 mm和16 mm切削齿时,后倾角为15°左右时的破岩效率最高;随布齿密度增大,破岩效率降低,特别是在可钻性为Ⅲ级以下的岩石中,布齿密度的影响更为明显.     

利用岩石三轴抗压强度优选PDC钻头

岩石三轴抗压强度是表征地层抗钻性质的重要参数之一,是PDC钻头优选的基础和主要依据。利用测井资料获取地层岩石三轴抗压强度并进行聚类分层处理,建立了PDC钻头切削结构参数与岩石三轴抗压强度之间的定量关系,提出了基于岩石三轴抗压强度的PDC钻头优选方法。通过实例计算得出了311.2 mm PDC钻头切削结构参数设计结果。该方法可为现场PDC钻头优选提供必要的理论依据,具有一定的实用性。     

一种新型混合齿钻头的设计及可用性分析

近年来,深井钻进成为油气田开发中提高油气资源开发的主力。在钻井过程中,常常会遇到硬质地层和研磨性地层,因此提高这些地层的钻井效率,成为缩短钻井周期和降低经济成本的重要途径;钻头作为石油钻井主要的破岩工具,其性能直接影响了钻井效率,而钻头钻进的稳定性在一定的程度上影响了钻头性能;因此,本文设计优化了一种提高钻进稳定性的新型混合齿钻头,该钻头是在常规PDC钻头的刮刀上设计多种类型的切削齿,并且在钻头的保径上加装了切削刃,其与常规PDC钻头相比,该钻具有更长的使用寿命和更好的稳定性。     

PDC钻头出露量和线速度对复合片磨损规律的影响

针对如何减小复合片钻头在钻进岩层时复合片的磨损,在理论分析的基础上,利用复合片在立车车床上磨削岩样的方法模拟PDC钻头切削岩石,据PDC钻头的出露量和线速度对复合片磨损规律的影响进行研究.根据有关磨损理论,提出以复合片的绝对磨损作为切削具磨损的衡量指标.实验设定5组不同的出露量以及5组不同线速度,并在正压力和摩擦路程不变的情况下,分别测得复合片的体积磨耗.研究结果表明:不同斜镶角的切削齿都存在一个与之对应的最佳出露量,如斜镶角为15°的复合片钻头,其切削齿的最佳出露量为2 mm,出露量太大或太小都会使复合片体积磨耗增大;其次,复合片的体积磨耗在钻进时与线速度呈正比.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the