ERP dissociation and connection between implicit and explicit memory

ERP dissociations between implicit and explicit memory have been confirmed by a large amount of evidence in theories of human memory. However, similarities between the two forms of memory have scarcely been studied. A possibility is that while implicit memory and explicit memory have independ- ent components, they might additionally have shared components. To explore this question, an ERP experiment was conducted with a study-to-test paradigm, in which participants performed a "shallow" (color) study task or a "deep" (pleasant) study task, followed by either a lexical decision (implicit) test (Section 1) or a recognition (explicit) test (Section 2). An interference task was performed concurrently with either the encoding or the retrieval phase of the memory task for encoding interference condition or retrieval interference condition. We compared ERP signatures of implicit and explicit memory as a function of depth of processing or interference. Under the action of the same variables, 300―500 ms old/new ERP effects of implicit and explicit memory showed the same trend. These effects maybe all link with a perceptual representational system. 500―700 ms old/new ERP effects of the two memories were dissociated. They may probably reflect voluntary and involuntary recollection respectively. These results suggested that implicit and explicit memories are not completely independent of each other, but have both independent and shared components.     

内隐还是外显记忆: 对女性面孔吸引力记忆偏好的ERP研究

运用事件相关电位(ERPs)技术, 采用学习-再认的实验范式, 考察38名大学生(21名男生和17名女生)对女性面孔吸引力再认记忆的认知神经机制。结果发现大学生对女性面孔吸引力的记忆偏好存在性别差异, 再认任务中有吸引力的女性面孔诱发了男性更负的早期ERP成分(N90, N220和N300), 而对女性的效应并不显著。这可能与两性在遗传基因、性激素、大脑结构与功能上的不同有关。进一步对男性的记忆特点进行分析发现, 内隐记忆效应在N80和LPC(300~600 ms)上表现显著, 其最强效应出现在中央区和顶区; 外显记忆效应在P170和LPC(400~600 ms)上表现显著, 其最强效应出现在前额区和额区。表明男性对有吸引力女性面孔的记忆偏好效应更大, 且内隐和外显记忆的脑机制在单一的再认任务中产生了分离。     

大学生的内隐攻击实验研究及其与外显攻击的关系

个体攻击的发生发展机制一直是攻击的心理学研究中重要的基础问题,但以往研究较多关注个体的外显攻击．对内隐攻击的研究相对较为匮乏．本研究拟在中国文化背景下考察大学生的内隐攻击与外显攻击的发生特点,包括攻击的性别差异及类型差异,并在此基础上探讨内隐攻击与外显攻击的关系．以190名大学生为被试,采用任务分离范式中的偏好测验测评被试的内隐攻击,采用自我报告的攻击问卷测评被试的外显攻击．1）在外显攻击上,男性身体攻击显著高于女性,言语攻击和关系攻击的性别差异不显著;个体言语攻击显著高于身体攻击、关系攻击,身体攻击和关系攻击之间差异不显著．2）在内隐攻击任务上,相对于攻击词,被试更加偏好中性词．3）内隐攻击的性别差异与类型差异均不显著．4）大学生的内隐攻击与外显攻击之间不存在显著关联．结论：内隐攻击与外显攻击存在性别差异与类型差异,两类攻击间无显著相关,支持内隐一外显结构分离论．     

短期记忆与脑电事件相关电位特征的初步研究

对３２名被试者进行两字汉语词汇和平面图形的辩识测试,以及４～９个两字汉语词汇的回忆测试,结果是词汇、图形辩识测试中,左右半球４０Ｈｚ事件相关电位（ＥＲＰ）的发放率（ＡＣＴ）和平均发放时间间隔（ＡＴ）参数存在不对称性。词汇测试中,左半球４０ＨｚＥＲＰ的ＡＣＴ（１６．９６）明显大于右半球（１４．５）,Ｐ＜０．０１;右半球的ＡＴ（２５．４）明显大于左半球（２１．９）,Ｐ＜０．０２５。图形测试中,右半球的ＡＣＴ（１６．８）明显大于左半球（１５．０）,Ｐ＜０．０２５;左半球ＡＴ值（２３．９）,明显大于右半球（２１．１）,Ｐ＜０．０２５。左右半球不对称的消失与汉语词汇短期记忆有固定组块（７个）的记忆容量有关。     

Interactions between working memory and selective attention

Event-related potential (ERP) was used to examine the interactions between working memory and se- lective attention. We combined two unrelated tasks, one requiring working memory and the other se- lective attention, which were performed by some undergraduates. The ERP results revealed that both congruent and incongruent stimuli in the selective attention task evoked an N400 component, reaching the peak point at around 500 ms. The N400 evoked by incongruent stimuli was more negative than that of congruent, which indicated the difference of semantic N400. Furthermore, working memory load had a significant influence on the N400 evoked by selective attention task in parietal region. And working memory load showed difference in the ERPs of working memory retrieval in central and parietal regions. The ERPs of probe under high working memory load were more positive from 350 to 550 ms post-stimulus; however, stimulus type of selective attention had no influence on working memory re- trieval. The present study shows that working memory does not play a major role in the selective at- tention, especially in ignoring distracter, but it influences the performance of the selective attention as the background. The congruency of target and distracter in the selective attention task does not influ- ence the working memory retrieval.     

An event-related potential study of working memory in children

Working memory refers to temporary storage and manipulation of “on-line” information in the brain,which is central to a large range of cognitive capabili- ties[1]. Visual working memory involves processes such as maintaining, updating and manipulating b…     

消费者的内隐记忆及启动策略

消费者接触商品信息时往往都是不经意的，这种信息通常以内隐记忆的形式深藏于消费者心中而无法被主动提取。相对于外显记忆，内隐记忆表现出保持时间长、加工深、记忆负荷小、不易受干扰等优势，使其在营销领域更具研究价值。要使消费者的内隐记忆产生良好的营销效果关键在于启动，为此提出线索启动、环境启动、情绪启动等对策。     

感情色彩双字词内隐加工的ERP研究

以汉语情感词系统中的汉语双字词作实验材料,记录20名大学生在执行情绪词汇判定任务时的事件相关电位(ERP), 初步探讨被试对汉语感情色彩双字词进行内隐加工时的脑内时程动态变化.结果显示:正性词或负性词诱发的ERP波幅比中性词诱发的ERP波幅大,而正性词与负性词诱发的ERP波幅之间差异不显著.正性词和负性词诱发的晚正成分(LPC)都是左半球大于右半球,右半球优势和愉悦度优势均不明显.研究结果提供了感情色彩双字词内隐加工的情绪效应及其优势半球的电生理学证据.     

时间内隐表征与内隐记忆

对时间表征的模型以及时间内隐表征与内隐记忆之间的相关问题进行了讨论，提出用内隐记忆的激活论、加工论解释时间内隐表征的记忆加工过程，用多重记忆系统解释时间内隐表征的记忆结构形式。     

图画优异性效果在编码和提取中的促进作用

为调查图画优异性效果,比较了在编码和提取过程中图词和单词所诱发的ERP(事件相关电位)。20位中国留学生被分成2组,分别参加了图词和单词记忆实验,每个实验包含12个学习-测试序列。在图词记忆实验中,120幅图词组合被平均分成12组作为视觉刺激物呈现在学习阶段,相同的120个单词呈现在单词记忆实验的学习阶段。在两个实验的测试阶段,都只呈现单词作为记忆测试的刺激物,每个序列里随机呈现5个旧单词和5个新单词。在学习阶段,图词诱发的FN400比单词诱发的FN400波幅更大且持续时间更长。在提取阶段,相对于单词条件,图词条件的旧项目诱发了更显著的FN400熟悉性效果和晚期新旧效果。比较图词条件的新旧项目在提取阶段的ERP成分,发现图词旧项目诱发了显著的FN400熟悉性效果和晚期新旧效果。但在提取阶段,单词条件的新旧项目之间不存在显著的FN400波幅和晚期正成分波幅上的差异。因此推测,由于图词同时进行的图像和语义双编码引起了图词旧项目在测试阶段被更快更好地回忆,图画优异性效果主要表现为图画能增强编码和促进回忆。     

Effects of encoding and retrieval on the mechanism of item + context binding

To investigate the neural mechanism of semantic representation and color context binding, we used electroencephalograph time frequency and coherence analyses to reveal local and long-range functional coupling in the encoding and retrieval phases of episodic memory. Fifteen undergraduates participated in the experiment and middle-frequency double-character Chinese words were used as stimuli in two types of study-test tasks (context recall and context recognition tests). Significant differences between item+context and item in the encoding phase were observed at the electrodes in the frontal region at 600–800 ms by time frequency analysis. Further differences were observed at 800 ms by independent component analysis: the frontal component and the coherent component of the triangle phase locking structure among the prefrontal, right parietal and left parietal-occipital regions. In the retrieval phase, differences between item+context and item were found on the electrodes at the central parietal and parietal-occipital regions at 400 ms by time frequency analysis, on the parietal-occipital component at 800 ms by independent component analysis and on the coherence component of the anterior right hemisphere and parietal-occipital regions at 1400 ms. In conclusion, the different effects of encoding and retrieval processing on ‘binding’ are reflected by the differing extents that brain regions engaged in cognitive operations. In the retrieval phase in particular, activities of the parietal-occipital region were specifically associated with ‘binding’, and coherence between frontal and temporal-parietal regions is a common brain activity in episodic memory.     

基于组合神经网络的中文事件抽取

中文事件抽取通常使用循环神经网络(recurrent neural network, RNN)来进行事件和事件要素的抽取, 但 RNN 在处理长度较长的词语时容易丢失重要信息, 为此提出一种组合卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network, CNN)与双向长短期记忆(bidirectional long short-term memory, Bi-LSTM)网络的中文事件抽取模型 CNN-Bi-LSTM-CRF, 其中 CRF (conditional random field) 为条件随机场. 采用基于注意力机制和语义特征生成的字词联合向量, 使用 CNN 和 Bi-LSTM 模型对字词联合向量进行处理, 以获取其隐含表示, 最后通过 CRF 得出预测结果. 实验结果表明, 所提出的方法与其他现有的中文事件抽取方法相比, 准确率有明显提升.     

英语中的隐性被动

英语中的被动,除了具有明显标记的显性被动之外,还有没有标记的隐性被动。其被动含义既有来自结构上的,也有来自词汇本身的。     

英语中的隐性被动

英语中的被动,除了具有明显标记的显性被动之外,还有没有标记的隐性被动.其被动含义既有来自结构上的,也有来自词汇本身的.     

大脑两半球机能不对称性在汉字辨认中的特点

针对汉字在来源、结构等方面的特点,作者全面地选取了包括等量名词及虚词性的单个汉字和包括等量具体名词和抽象名词的双字词为刺激材料,采用中性刺激物阿拉伯数字为对照刺激材料,以刺激材料的不同呈现时间,应用半视野速示技术深入探讨中国人对汉字辨认的大脑两半球机能特点.对150名右利手的大学生的研究结果表明:尽管呈现时间不同(100、50、20、10、5ms).但对左、右视野单侧呈现的单个汉字、双字词及阿拉伯数字的正确辨认率均无显著性差异.这表明对汉字的辨认大脑两半球的功能是均势的.本文讨论认为它是由汉字特点及汉字信息处理的特殊方式所致.     

记忆过程中意识与无意识是否相互独立?

在加工水平对内隐记忆的影响两项实验的基础上提出了对 Jacoby 过程分离程序的修正公式,修正公式不要求删除测验为0的数据。根据修正公式计算的实验结果证明,记忆过程中意识与无意识是相互独立的。     

Relationship between perceptual and semantic levels of representation: An event-related potential study

An event-related potential study was conducted to make clear the relationships between perceptual and semantic levels of representation. Subjects judged the semantic relationship between a picture sample and a word match using the delayed match-to-sample paradigm. The experiment includes three types of matching trials, i.e., identical match trials, where the words had the same meanings as the pictures, categorical match trials where the words matched the pictures in category, and non-match trials where the words matched neither in identification nor in category with the pictures. The three conditions evoke significantly different N400-1ike and P300 ERP components. Specifically, for the N400-1ike negative responses, the averaged amplitude of the non-match condition is the largest and the most negative-going, that of the categorical match condition is less negative-going, and that of the identical match condition is the smallest among all three conditions. In addition, only the identical match condition evokes an early P300 component. As for the late P300 component, the averaged amplitude of the categorical match condition is more robust in the frontal brain areas. In contrast, ERPs of the non-match condition are stronger in the posterior brain areas. From 250 to 450 ms, the difference waves between the identical match and non-match conditions are located in the central areas, and the difference waves between categorical match and non-match conditions occur in the right frontal areas. Our results suggest that cross-form picture-word identical matching and categorical matching involve different underlying mechanisms. The existence of the early P300 component evokes by the identical match condition provides support for theories of template matching and facilitation model.     

焦虑个体心境一致性记忆的实验研究

采用新的研究方法——加工分离程序的扩展模型,能更科学地区分意识和无意识的独立作用,避免了两的相互感染。经对焦虑大学生的测试,研究结果表明：(1)焦虑个体只存在内隐的心境一致性记忆;(2)焦虑个体的认知是以“危险”为主题、与威胁感相联系的;(3)焦虑个体对积极事件存在外显记忆优势。     

大学生性别刻板印象的结构研究

同时运用自编的内隐联想测验和外显的自陈式量表来研究大学生的性别刻板印象,结果表明:1．内隐的性别刻板印象效应显著但性别差异不显著;它是单一的一维结构。外显的性别刻板印象有显著的性别差异,具有较强的自我矫饰性,是一个二维的结构。性别刻板印象的内外结构之间出现实验分离现象且两者相互独立;2．性别刻板印象存在着一定的危害性,它是对女性的一种刻板的歧视和偏见。因此,真正追求两性平等还是一项任重而道远的工作。     

利手与注意偏向对双耳分听汉字大脑功能优势的影响

对24名左利手和24名右利手被试在三种注意条件（刺激驱动、注意左耳和注意右耳）下进行双耳分听汉字测验,检查中国人利手与汉字听觉词汇加工大脑两半球功能优势的关系,同时考察被试的注意偏向对优势效应的影响.结果表明：（1）汉语母语左利手被试加工汉字听觉词汇的大脑功能偏侧化组织明显不同于右利手;（2）右利手被试在刺激驱动条件下的右耳（左半球）优势易受注意偏向的调节出现明显波动;（3）注意偏向对左利手被试的影响主要表现为优势的左耳（右半球）成绩的下降与非优势的右耳（左半球）成绩的提高,这暗示汉语母语左利手者可能存在汉字听觉词汇加工的潜在两半球表征.