基于Authorware的屏幕保护程序设计与制作

分析了制作屏幕保护程序的意义。探讨了制作屏幕保护程序的原则要求。给出了屏幕保护程序的系统结构。详细给出了制作屏幕保护程序的设计步骤。通过程序运行,获得了较好的效果。     

大气污染优化控制理论的一些新进展

本文介绍了国内学者的最新研究成果，包括了大气污染优化控制理论在以下几个具体应用领域的进展：(1)工业污染源的优化布局。应用伴随方法计算目标函数的梯度以求解优化问题，给出了理论框架。进行了数值试验。(2)短期空气质量的动态控制。应用实际气象数据和污染源数据进行了优化控制数值模拟。(3)化学风险的预先评价与控制。应用伴随方法，对运动化学源进行风险评价。规划最佳运输路线；针对禁止化学武器公约中处理日本二战期间遗弃化学武器的有关问题。妥善选择化武销毁工厂的地址。以上优化控制问题，以气象预报模式和大气污染预报模式为基础，而以伴随方法和最优化算法为求解途径，数值试验表明理论的正确性和方法的高效率。新发展的理论和方法与数值模式和观测技术紧密结合，并且顺应了计算机速度和容量高速增长的趋势。从而具有广阔的应用前景。     

实施逆向物流的理论基础及效应分析

随着资源的减少和环保意识的增强。逆向物流活动已越来越受到人们的关注。逆向物流的产生有其独特理论基础。同时，逆向物流活动的有效实施，将对不同的主体产生不同的效应。通过对逆向物流的理论基础及效应的具体解释和分析，有利于人们更好的认识逆向物流。     

核受体LXRa靶基因研究进展

核受体的研究近几年已有飞速的发展。LXRa(Liver X Receptor a)是一种与脂类代谢有关的核受体。研究发现LXRa的靶基因具有调节脂类的吸收、运输、转化和生物合成的功能,此外,LXRa在糖类的代谢等方面也有重要的调控作用。研究结果表明LXRa与动脉粥样硬化的发生有非常密切的关系。目前利用LXRa为靶标进行抗动脉粥样硬化药物筛选已经成为一个重要的研究方法。     

公钥体系的混合式P2P信任模型

设计公钥体系的混合式P2P网络信任模型。采用层次化管理体系对节点进行认证,公钥体系保障节点间通信的安全性。通过局部信任、推荐信任、全局信任综合考察节点的可信情况。给出了模型的数学实现方法。仿真结果表明,模型能够有效提高节点的交易成功率。     

21世纪初辐射防护的几个基本问题

辐射防护已有近百年的历史。20世纪下半叶随着核能和核技术应用的发展，辐射防护得到了较大的发展。但仍然有许多基本问题有待进一步研究。作为辐射防护基础的线性无阈理论受到挑战。从辐射防护观点出发，基于当前的科学水平，应该认为选择线性无阈模式是合理的。但从科学上说辐射剂量效应模式尚有待进一步研究。辐射环境影响是辐射防护面临的一个新问题。其生物学终点、参考生物和剂量评价模式等都有待深入研究。利益相关者的参与是解决放射性废物管理和核安全困境的重要途径，其参与方式和时机等值得进一步研究。     

基因组学:生命科学的系统化研究和生物世纪的科学革命

DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)是基因的“文字”，基因是生命的“语言”，生命的“剧本”用基因来编写。基因组学则是生命剧本的“导演”。DNA序列因此就成了舞台剧本。基因组学是一门大规模地、系统地研究物种全部基因和它们生物学意义和运动的学问。如今，我们正站在一个革命性的转折点上，也就是基因组学正处于生命科学的领导前沿。我们不该为此恐慌、怀疑甚或因而改变方向。获得一个物种的基本的基因组信息，比如基因的图谱及其在细胞中的产物，是我们了解该物种生物学意义的第一步。我们应该根据基础研究、经济效益和社会的需要来考虑测序日程上物种的先后次序。     

新世纪的挑战--生物复杂性研究

复杂性是生物学的固有属性。生物学系统，从细胞到生态系统，总是包含大量的以复杂方式相互作用的部分。尽管目前我们已经获得了大量关于这些组分的数据，但是实际上对所有复杂的生物学系统，我们都缺少一个真正的定量的和综合的整体的认识。研究生物复杂性是二十一世纪科学面临的一大挑战。本文介绍了美国国家科学基金会的生物复杂性研究计划，并通过一些例子对生物复杂性研究涉及的相关方面作了探讨。     

自然铝

本文介绍和中国的地质学家发现了自然铝。这是一项意义重大的发现。本文还从地球化学的角度对地自然铝的成因作了讨论。     

科学家发现暗能量存在的直接证据

美国匹兹堡大学斯克兰顿博士领导的一个多国科学家小组日前宣布发现暗能量存在的直接证据。爱因斯坦根据广义相对论最早作出了暗能量的假设。据推测 ,三分之二的宇宙可能由暗能量组成。暗能量会产生与引力相反的排斥力 ,因而常被用来解释宇宙加速膨胀现象。此前 ,其他研究者曾通过观测遥远的超新星发现宇宙处于加速膨胀阶段 ,间接证明了暗能量的存在。这个多国科学家小组在研究中借助了美国“威尔金森微波各向异性探测器”卫星的观测数据。这台卫星主要用来对宇宙微波背景辐射的微小变化进行观测。作为“大爆炸”的“余烬” ,宇宙微波背景辐…     

生物大分子的化学发光成像研究

本文介绍了三种化学发光成像法在人血清结合珠蛋白分型电泳的快速检测方面的应用。这三种方法都是基于鲁米诺一过氧化氢发光体系。使用免疫化学发光成像法，直接化学发光成像法和增强化学发光成像法，能够提高对结合珠蛋白检测的灵敏度，获得更宽的线性范围。我们使用这三种方法完成了对结合珠蛋白的快速、高灵敏、高选择性的检测。     

Copper and zinc dismetabolism in the mouse brain upon chronic cuprizone treatment

Recent reports describe successful treatment using copper chelation therapy in neurodegenerative animal models. However, the success claimed for chelation therapy in neurodegenerative diseases is still rather controversial. To acquire new information on copper metabolism/homeostasis, we utilized cuprizone, a very sensitive and selective copper-chelating agent with well-known neurotoxic properties, as a relevant chemical model in mice. Upon cuprizone treatment, mice developed a pronounced astrocytosis, with brain oedema and spongiosis characterised by vacuolisations of the neuropil predominantly in the white matter. In addition, cuprizone treatment severely altered copper and zinc homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as in all other tissues examined, with increasing metal ion concentrations particularly in the CNS. Concomitant with this increase in the Cu and Zn concentration in the brain, metallothionein-I and -II were also highly immunoreactive in astrocyte, consistent with the astrocytosis and demyelination observed in our and other laboratories.Received 23 February 2005; received after revision 3 May 2005; accepted 13 May 2005     

A morphometric study of spermatogenesis in the testes of mice of a senescence accelerated strain

The morphometric parameters of spermatogenic cells in a mouse strain prone to accelerated senescence (SAM-P), a novel murine model of spontaneously promoted aging, were compared with those of a SAM resistant strain (SAM-R) after birth until 40 weeks (mean life span of SAM-P). A mixture of gonocytes and spermatogonia were present in the testis in 1-week-old mice, and no gonocytes were observed in 2-week-old mice. At 6 weeks of age, the absolute number of spermatogonia in SAM-P was 27% greater than that in SAM-R, whereas the cell number in 40-week-old SAM-P was 17% less than in SAM-R. Primary spermatocytes were first observed in 3-week-old animals, and the cell numbers in SAM-P at 3, 5 and 6 weeks were 78%, 31% and 25%, respectively, greater than in SAM-R, whereas the cell number in SAM-P at 40 weeks was 30% less than SAM-R. Round spermatids were first observed in all SAM-P at 4 weeks old, but 20% of SAM-r had no spermatids and the rest had only a few. At 5 and 6 weeks old, the absolute numbers of round spermatids in SAM-P was about 34% and 41%, respectively, greater than in SAM-R, whereas the cell number in 40-week-old SAM-P was about 34% less than SAM-R. These results indicate that testicular maturation begins at an earlier age in SAM-P than SAM-R. Furthermore, at the age of 40 weeks signs of testicular deterioration are evident in SAM-P mice only     

Neuron numbers in hypothalamic nuclei in young,middle-aged and aged male rats

Summary Morphologic analysis of nine hypothalamic areas revealed significant decreases in the number of neurons per unit area in the ventral medial and arcuate nuclei. These data suggest that altered neuron numbers in the VMW and perhaps the ARC may participate in the well documented reductions in endocrine and neuroendocrine function observed in aging rats.     

Involvement of D-amino acid oxidase in elimination of D-serine in mouse brain

The physiological role of D-amino acid oxidase (EC 1. 4. 3. 3) in mouse brain is described. The presence of D-enantiomers of neutral common amino acids was surveyed in the brain. D-serine was shown to be present at high concentration only in regions where the enzyme activity was low. In normal mice whose D-amino acid oxidase activity was much higher in the cerebellum than in the cerebrum, free D-serine content was apparently lower in the cerebellum than in the cerebrum. In mice of a mutant strain lacking D-amino acid-oxidase activity, the free D-serine level was remarkably high both in the cerebrum and cerebellum. The results suggest that the enzyme is involved in the elimination of free D-serine in the cerebellum.     

Chymotrypsin gene expression during the intermolt cycle in the shrimpPenaeus vannamei (Crustacea; Decapoda)

InPenaeus vannamei, chymotrypsin is present as two isoenzymes in the hepatopancreas. The enzyme has been localized in F-cells by immunocytochemistry using a specific antibody. By in situ hybridization, with a 510 pb cDNA probe encoding for the first 170 amino acids of the shrimp chymotrypsin, mRNA was localized in the same cells. Gene expression was followed during the intermolt cycle by measuring changes in specific activity in crude extracts, and by the estimation of mRNA levels by Northern blots using the same probe. The increase in specific activity in premolt is preceded in early premolt by an increase in the amount of chymotrypsin mRNA. A second increase is observed in postmolt, suggesting a different mode of regulation of gene expression.     

Calcitonin gene related peptide stimulates adenylate cyclase activity in rat striated muscle

Summary Rat calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and salmon calcitonin (CT) stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in a dose-dependent manner in the rat diaphragm and in the kidney. The ED₅₀ value of rat CGRP was lower and that of salmon CT was higher in the diaphragm than in the kidney. These results suggest that CGRP stimulates adenylate cyclase activity in the striated muscle by reacting with sites distinct from the site in the kidney.     

Development of dopaminergic neurons in the mammalian brain

Dopaminergic neurons in the mammalian brain have received substantial attention in the past given their fundamental role in several body functions and behaviours. The largest dopaminergic population is found in two nuclei of the ventral midbrain. Cells of the substantia nigra pars compacta are involved in the control of voluntary movements and postural reflexes, and their degeneration in the adult brain leads to Parkinson’s disease. Cells of the ventral tegmental area modulate rewarding and cognitive behaviours, and their dysfunction is involved in the pathogenesis of addictive disorders and schizophrenia. Because of their clinical relevance, the embryonic development and maintenance of the midbrain dopaminergic cell groups in the adult have been intensively studied in recent years. In the present review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms and factors involved in the development of dopaminergic neurons in the mammalian brain, with a special emphasis on the midbrain dopaminergic population. Received 17 August 2005; received after revision 28 September 2005; accepted 21 October 2005