南方鲇皮肤,唇瓣和须结构的研究

应用扫描电镜和组织学方法研究南方鲇皮肤、唇瓣和须的结构．结果表明，体表不同部位皮肤的厚薄不一，但基本结构相似．唇瓣的前、后口腔面在覆盖物、表面凹陷、味蕾分布、腺细胞组成上有差异．须侧扁，由表皮、真皮、软骨、血管和神经组成．皮肤、唇瓣和须的分泌细胞主要有杯状细胞、棒状细胞、颗粒细胞和浆液细胞，以棒状细胞尤为丰富．味蕾和分泌细胞的大小、形态、分布频率、存在部位不同．皮肤上还具丰富的侧线孔、小窝器官、Ｍｅｒｋｅｌｓ感觉器官等．探讨了皮肤、唇瓣和须的结构与功能关系     

Local-scale drivers of multi-stemmed tree formation in Acer,in a temperate forest of Northeast China

Acer is an important genus in temperate forests in Northeast China.Individual Acer trees can re-sprout from the root collar and can occur in clonal units,either as a single-stemmed or multi-stemmed tree.However,the factors that induce multiple-stems in Acer remain only partly understood.In this study,we determined the relative importance of abiotic and biotic variables in driving the production of multiple-stems in this genus,within a 25-hm~2experimental forest dynamics plot in Changbaishan(CBS)temperate forest.We used generalized linear mixed models to perform analyses at two levels(community-and specieslevel).We found seven Acer species in total within the plot,where they form a key part of the forest community.Our results show that abiotic factors play a more important role in producing multi-stemmed trees at the community level in CBS.At the species level,the relative importance of different factors varied among species.Shrub species tended to have a higher frequency of multi-stemmed trees under stressful conditions,whereas tree species tended to have more multi-stemmed trees in more suitable habitat.Our results indicate that the relative importance of different factors influencing the frequency of multi-stemmed individuals in Acer differs at the community and species level in the temperate forest.     

一个温带草原上土壤病毒和细菌多度对若干环境变化因子的响应

依托内蒙古多伦全球变化多因子实验,调查了温带草原土壤病毒和细菌的多度对长期割草、氮磷营养添加、水分增加、增温处理这几个环境变化因子的响应.发现多伦草地土壤的干土样本中病毒和细菌多度分别为2×108和2×107·g-1.割草以及氮或磷资源添加对病毒和细菌多度没有显著影响.相当于年均降水量1/3的水分增加导致细菌多度增加近58%,1.6℃左右的增温处理导致细菌多度上升31%;这二者对病毒多度没有显著影响.研究结果表明:包括湿度和温度在内的环境因子,而非资源水平,更可能是该区域土壤细菌生长的限制性因子;水分增加和升温应该可以通过增加细菌数量而对病毒产生间接的正面作用,但它们很可能同时对病毒产生了直接的负面影响(比如更高的死亡率),这些影响相互抵消.这些结果暗示病毒对气候变暖与土壤微生物响应之间的反馈关系可能有重要影响.     

Balance between facilitation and competition determines spatial patterns in a plant population

A considerable challenge in plant ecology is to understand how interactions,such as competition or facilitation,shape the spatial distribution of plants.The‘‘stress gradient hypothesis’’predicts that facilitation and competition will vary inversely across gradients of abiotic stress or consumer pressure.Surprisingly,few previous studies have explored how the balance between facilitation and competition affects spatial patterns along gradients of stress in a plant population based on field experiments.In order to investigate the effects of consumer pressure,facilitation,and competition on the spatial pattern of plant populations,we conducted a restoration succession series field experiment in the Inner Mongolian steppe in which sample sites of graded consumer pressure,specifically grazing stress,were established.We chose to examine the spatial patterns of Leymus chinensis,a dominant species in our experimental site.In order to test the‘‘stress gradient hypothesis,’’we applied the univariate O-ring statistic to analyze local neighborhood density at different spatial scales.We used the pair-correlation function to detect the characteristics of point patterns using complete spatial randomness,the Poisson cluster process,and the nested double-cluster process.We found that the local densities of L.chinensis were higher under high stress than lower stress environments.This demonstrated the‘‘stress gradient hypothesis’’in that facilitation and competition varied inversely across gradients of consumer pressure.However,we found nodifferences in the spatial patterns of L.chinensis based on complete spatial randomness when interactions shifted from facilitation to competition along gradients of consumer pressure.Furthermore,we detected the characteristics of point patterns using the Poisson cluster and nested doublecluster processes.The results showed the spatial patterns of L.chinensis to fit well with the nested double-cluster model under highly stressful conditions,while in lower stress environments they were best approximated by the Thomas process.Our results illustrate that a shift in interactions from facilitation to competition along gradients of consumer pressure can shape spatial patterns and that a combination of the Poisson cluster process and nested doublecluster process can detect spatial pattern characteristics which cannot be detected by complete spatial randomness.     

苦参碱和氧化苦参碱的抑菌活性及增效作用

研究了苦参碱、氧化苦参碱对几种林木病原真菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的抑制活性.结果表明苦参碱和氧化苦参碱对供试林木病原真菌孢子萌发均有抑制作用,其中苦参碱对杨褐斑病菌和龙竹材霉变菌抑制作用较强,致死中量EC50分别为123、272 μg/mL.氧化苦参碱对杉木猝倒病菌抑制作用最强,EC50为26μg/mL,活性比供试的75%百菌清可湿性粉剂(EC50=91μg/mL)和70%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂(EC50=283 μg/mL)的活性高.苦参碱和氧化苦参碱对供试林木病原真菌菌丝生长有抑制作用,其中苦参碱对松枯梢病菌抑制作用较强,EC50为428μg/mL;氧化苦参碱对华山松腐烂病菌的抑制作用较强,EC50为323μg/mL.以苦参碱(氧化苦参碱)与合成农药按1:5质量比混合进行林木病原真菌菌丝生长抑制增效试验,结果表明混剂的EC50均低于34 μg/mL,共毒系数明显大于100,对华山松腐烂病菌具显著增效作用,对杉木猝倒病菌具不同程度的相加或增效作用.     

Continental-scale patterns of canopy tree composition and function across Amazonia

The world's greatest terrestrial stores of biodiversity and carbon are found in the forests of northern South America, where large-scale biogeographic patterns and processes have recently begun to be described. Seven of the nine countries with territory in the Amazon basin and the Guiana shield have carried out large-scale forest inventories, but such massive data sets have been little exploited by tropical plant ecologists. Although forest inventories often lack the species-level identifications favoured by tropical plant ecologists, their consistency of measurement and vast spatial coverage make them ideally suited for numerical analyses at large scales, and a valuable resource to describe the still poorly understood spatial variation of biomass, diversity, community composition and forest functioning across the South American tropics. Here we show, by using the seven forest inventories complemented with trait and inventory data collected elsewhere, two dominant gradients in tree composition and function across the Amazon, one paralleling a major gradient in soil fertility and the other paralleling a gradient in dry season length. The data set also indicates that the dominance of Fabaceae in the Guiana shield is not necessarily the result of root adaptations to poor soils (nodulation or ectomycorrhizal associations) but perhaps also the result of their remarkably high seed mass there as a potential adaptation to low rates of disturbance.     

Seasonal patterns of spatial differentiation of landcover change in China

Using the 1° × 1° NOAA AVHRR NDVI data set in China, an index on the spatial different gradient of landcover is created. Then based on the index and supported by the geographical information system, it is revealed through principal component and factor analyses methods that there exist four types of seasonal patterns of spatial differentiation of landcover change in China, i. e. November to next March type, June to September type, May or October type and April type.     

天童常绿阔叶林次生演替过程中细根的生物量动态

应用土钻法对天童常绿阔叶林次生演替过程中细根的生物量进行了调查,结果显示：细根生物量随演替进程变化显著（P<0.05）,在演替前期的灌丛阶段达最高(3.286 t·hm^-2),在演替中期马尾松和马尾松+木荷群落降低(1.066 t·hm^-2和1.531 t·hm^-2),到演替后期的木荷群落和栲树群落再次升高(2.715 t·hm^-2和3.181 t·hm^-2).各演替阶段活细根和死细根生物量的季节变化显著（P<0.01）.各群落的活细根生物量在7月达最高,而在11月最低;死细根生物量,各群落皆于11月最小,而在演替早期两群落和马尾松+木荷群落4月最大而其它群落7月最大.各演替阶段细根生物量随着土层深度增加而下降明显,细根生物量80％左右分布在20 cm以上土层.     

甘谷县农村居民点景观格局与空间分布特征

目的 对黄土丘陵沟壑区的甘谷县农村居民点景观格局与空间分布特征进行分析.为农村居民点整理和集约节约利用土地提供研究基础.方法 运用GIS空间数据分析技术与景观生态学方法,研究甘谷县农村居民点景观格局与空间分布特征,并分析了农村居民点分布与自然环境、生产环境、社会经济环境因素的关系.结果 甘谷县农村居民点空间分布的密度大小、规模、形状特征区域差异明显;农村居民点分布格局受坡度、高程、坡向、农用地以及河流和交通道路等自然环境、生产环境和社会经济环境的综合影响;农村居民点在总体上呈现出轻度集聚分布的态势.结论 GIS以及景观指数分析方法的结合能较好地揭示农村居民点分布及其与各种环境因素的关系,是探讨农村居民点空间分布格局形成机制的有效方法.     

树形频繁模式的挖掘及可视化技术研究

频繁项集的挖掘不仅仅是关联规则挖掘的基础,而且在序列模式、聚类、多维模式等数据挖掘任务中扮演重要角色.本文在给出一个基于数据垂直分布的频繁项集挖掘算法HBMFP的基础上,论述了利用MFC中的树视图控件(CTreeCtrl)将频繁项集树形可视化,并讨论了基于该频繁模式树的3种约束频繁项集查询的方法.     

云冷杉阔叶红松林主要树种种群空问格局分析

研究森林群落的种群空间格局及其动态可以为森林群落演变趋势、森林生态系统可持续经营提供基础理论。格局分析的数量指标还可以为生物多样性保护、森林可持续经营评价等提供可靠依据。因此，本文主要就实习地区云冷杉阔叶红松林的主要树种种群的空间格局进行分析，得出了该地区树种分布规律及成因。     

影响街道绿化樟树叶片黄化的土壤障碍因子

为了分析引起张家港市樟树叶片失绿黄化的主要原因,以张家港市4条主要街道两旁发生叶片黄化樟树的立地土壤为研究对象,以叶片正常樟树的立地土壤为参照对象,采集0～20 cm及20～40 cm土层中的土样,对土样进行理化性质的测定,并研究了黄化樟树与土壤理化性质之间的关系.研究结果表明:黄化樟树立地土壤pH以及HCO3-、有效磷和有效铜的质量分数均高于正常株,而有机质、速效氮、速效钾、有效铁、有效锰和有效锌的质量分数低于正常株;土壤的pH以及HCO3-、有效磷、有效铜的质量分数与有效铁质量分数之间为负相关,而土壤有机质、速效氮、速效钾、有效锰、有效锌的质量分数与有效铁质量分数之间为正相关.     

瓦雷兹芽孢杆菌FZB42菌株拮抗两种树木病原真菌及其机理研究

镰刀菌和交链孢菌是导致树木病害的两种常见病原真菌,常导致苗圃植物严重的危害和经济损失。瓦雷兹芽孢杆菌FZB42菌株具有高效生防性能和植物促生活性,为进一步探明该菌株的生防机理,首先测试了FZB42对镰刀菌和交链孢菌的抑制效果。在了解该菌株抑制作用的基础上,进一步构建质粒,通过同源重组的方式构建了FZB42的3个抗生素合成缺损菌株(ΔbmyA,ΔfenA、ΔbmyAΔfenA)。对这3个突变株进一步测试表明,FZB42合成的物质bacillomycin D和fengycin是抑制两种真菌生长的重要原因,且这两种物质的拮抗作用具有明显的协同强化效果。     

天山云杉林物种组成及其种群空间分布格局

以天山云杉林6 hm2固定样地调查数据为基础,研究天山云杉林群落内物种组成以及主要种群的径级结构,并采用点格局分析法对群落内主要种群的空间分布格局及其关联性进行研究。结果表明：调查样地天山云杉林物种数较少,乔木层仅天山云杉和天山桦两个种群;天山云杉与天山桦种群的径级结构均呈正态分布,两个种群密度差异较大,天山云杉为217.5株/hm2,天山桦为20株/hm2;天山云杉与天山桦种群的空间分布格局均以聚集型分布为主,天山桦种群的最大聚集强度大于天山云杉种群,而最大聚集规模小于天山云杉种群;天山云杉与天山桦的种间关系为负关联。     

Preliminary reconstruction of spatial precipitation patterns and atmospheric circulations in China during the late Quaternary

Quantitative estimates of the precipitation on different lake sites at the three time phases, i.e. 30, 18, and 6 kaBP by using the combined hydrological and energy budget model, make it possible to reconstruct the large changes in spatial precipitation patterns since the late Quaternary. The results have shown that, very strong precipitation occurred in western China at 30 kaBP, suggesting extremely enhanced summer Indian monsoon. Precipitation was high in southwestern China at 18 kaBP, especially the southern part of southwestern China, due to the southward shift of the westerlies and a low pressure cell occurred over northern India. The precipitation at 6 kaBP shows the complicated patterns for different regions of China, suggesting different climate dynamics. The comparison of the independent lake level/ area-based reconstruction of precipitation and the palaeo-climate simulations is an effective way for the validation ofeach method to reconstruct the palaeo-precipitation quantitatively, and for understanding the dynamic mechanisms of climatic change.     

云南楚雄小百草岭鸟类多样性空间格局

【目的】探究云南楚雄小百草岭地区鸟类空间分布格局的特征,分析不同生境及海拔段鸟类多样性差异,为该地区鸟类资源保护措施的制定提供基础资料。【方法】采用样线法对云南省楚雄州小百草岭地区鸟类资源开展了一个完整年度的调查研究,通过计算各生境和海拔段的鸟类多样性指数,进行空间分布格局分析。【结果】在小百草岭地区共记录到鸟类122种,隶属10目43科,包括国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类17种。其中,留鸟110种(占90.16%),夏候鸟5种(占4.10%),冬候鸟6种(占4.92%),旅鸟1种(占0.82%)。在115种繁殖鸟类(留鸟和夏候鸟)中,以东洋界物种为主(占50.43%)。季节变化中,鸟类物种丰富度指数由大到小依次为夏季(112)、春季(104)、秋季(79)、冬季(76)。春季鸟类科-属多样性指数最高(0.772),冬季最低(0.662);小百草岭3种生境中,林地的鸟类物种丰富度(117)和科-属多样性指数(0.739)均最高,耕地的鸟类物种丰富度(48)和科-属多样性指数(0.549)最低。鸟类物种丰富度在≥2 100～2 600 m的中海拔地区最高,物种丰富度垂直分布格局为峰值位于中海拔的单...     

岭南水乡的水道空间形态初探——以杏坛水乡为例

水道是水乡的灵魂,其空间形态代表了水乡的形象。岭南水乡村落的水道空间构成复杂,表现出不同于江南水乡的特色。与江南水乡的市河空间相比,岭南水乡的水道空间沿岸并没有形成紧密的建筑界面,而是以驳岸、植物等要素,令沿河景观空间富于变化。     

中国区域创新效率时空演变及其影响因素研究

通过SUPER-SBM模型计算2000—2015年我国省域创新效率,结合变异系数、空间基尼系数、ESDA刻画区域创新效率时空演变特征,选择GWR模型分析创新效率影响因素的空间异质性特征。结果表明:①我国区域创新效率整体水平较低,表现东部中部西部,但中、西部增速大于东部。②区域间创新效率差距不断缩小,主要是因为较高效率省份增长明显。在观察期,创新效率高高集聚主要出现在东部,低低集聚主要出现在西部,中部大部分区域表现不显著。③就区域创新效率影响因素而言,国外技术引进和中小企业促进作用明显,企业研发活动在不同的区域表现正向或负向不同的作用。创新集群环境和政府支持促进作用明显,技术市场发展表现出较弱的负向影响。     

红黑树的高度

先证明高度是h的准红黑树至少有2「2h﹁ 2﹂2h」-2个结点.再证明有n个结点的准红黑树的高度至多是2﹂log2(n 2)」 ﹂log2(n 2lo)g-23﹂l-o1g2(n 2)」」-2.最后证明有n个结点的红黑树的高度至多是2﹂log2(n 2)」 ﹂log2(n 2lo)g-23﹂l-og12(n 2)」」-2,该式比原来的2﹂log2(n 1)」 1准确.有n个结点的红黑树的高度在﹂log2(n 1)」和2﹂log2(n 2)」 ﹂log2(n 2lo)g-23﹂l-og12(n 2)」」-2之间.此文进一步完善了红黑树的性质.