动物育种中AFLP分子标记技术的应用

简述了AFLP分子标记的原理、流程、技术关键及其优化措施．对AFLP技术的特点进行了评价．综述其在动物育种中的研究．最后对AFLP的应用前景进行展望．     

利用AFLP技术分析果蝇黑疱翅突变体

参考家蚕AFLP构建遗传连锁图的构建方法,建立了适于果蝇的AFLP反应体系.利用该AFLP反应体系分析了果蝇黑疱翅突变体基因组与其亲本黄身果蝇的差别,得到数个差异片段,散布于果蝇2,3号染色体上.     

用5′加尾长引物进行AFLP片段的直接测序

现有的AFLP标记片段测序方法比较费时,成本也较高.设计一个包括EcoRI接头引物和5′端加36个额外核苷酸的长引物AF2SC,用该引物再扩增时可AFLP片段末端增加36个碱基.再利用这36个碱基的末端序列进行测序,只需一次反应就能获得AFLP标记片段的全序列.该方法缩短了AFLP片段测序所需时间,也降低了实验成本.     

AFLP技术的发展及其在茶树中的应用前景

本文简单介绍了AFLP技术的原理、发展和在茶树中的应用,同时也对AFLP的几种改进技术在茶树中的应用前景做了简要分析.     

AFLP的研究

AFLP(扩增酶切片段多态性)是由Zabeau等近年发明的一项新的研究生物遗传多样性的方法,具有技术可靠性和技术高效性.一次可获得50～100条谱带.本文详细介绍了AFLP的银染检测程序及其可能出现的问题,AFLP技术为不同来源和不同复杂度基因组的分析提供了一个有力的工具.     

小麦基因组AFLP技术体系建立的研究

扩增片断长度多态性(AFLP)可靠性强,多态检出率高,因而被认为是最有效的DNA指纹分析技术.利用这一技术,在不需要预先知道DNA序列信息的情况下就可以同时进行多数DNA酶切片段的PCR扩增.以小麦为材料,对AFLP指纹银染技术及实验操作中的关键技巧作了比较详尽的叙述,并建立起了AFLP技术体系.     

适于AFLP分析的蚕豆DNA提取

描述了一种可从蚕豆嫩叶中快速提取DNA的方法。经AFLP分析实验证实,该方法提取的DNA质量好,AFLP分析条带清晰稳定,完全适合于蚕豆分子标记鉴定所需。     

麦长管蚜AFLP银染分析体系的建立与优化

以麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)为研究材料,以AFLP技术为基础,采用限制性内切酶EcoRI和MseI,对影响麦长管蚜AFLP技术体系中的关键技术,如DNA的提取质量、酶切与连接、扩增条件、引物选择、染色方法等进行了优化处理,构建了麦长管蚜AFLP银染技术体系。酶切与连接分步进行,预扩增与选择性扩增同体系完成。在此优化体系下,可以得到重复性好、稳定性和多态性高的麦长管蚜AFLP条带。该体系的构建为蚜虫种间分子遗传学研究提供了新的技术手段。     

AFLP的研究

AFLP(扩增酶切片段多态性)是由Zabeau等近年发明的一项新的研究生物遗传多样性的方法．具有技术可靠性和技术高效性．一次可获得50～100条谱带．本文详细介绍了AFLP的银染检测程序及其可能出现的问题，AFLP技术为不同来源和不同复杂度基因组的分析提供了一个有力的工具．     

AFLP技术在昆虫分子系统学研究中的应用

概述了AFLP分子标记技术在昆虫分类鉴定、遗传图谱构建、遗传多样性分析、群体遗传结构和分化、生态型分析等分子系统学应用研究方面取得的较大进展．总结了AFLP的改进技术,并提出对相关问题的思考．     

应用RAPD和AFLP标记的方法对甜(辣)椒和番茄品种的多态性分析

应用RAPD和AFLP的DNA指纹图谱方法分析25个甜(辣)椒和22个番茄品种的真实性,并进一步比较RAPD和AFLP的DNA指纹图谱在鉴定亲缘关系较近的品种之间的真实性时的有效性。对于甜(辣)椒品种,AFLP方法中,2个引物组合扩增反应的多态性片段即能将25个品种完全分开。虽然,每个样品的AFLP的扩增产物中多态性片段的百分率为9％,低于RAPD的35％多态性片段的百分率。但是,AFLP的信息量远远大于RAPD的信息量,它的每对引物组合扩增的平均多态标记为5．1,而RAPD仅为2．2。所以,在甜(辣)椒的指纹图谱中,AFLP的有效率是RAPD的2倍。对于番茄品种,每个样品的AFLP的扩增产物中多态性片段的百分率为5．5％,大大低于RAPD的单引物61％多态性片段和双引物58％多态性片段的百分率。它的每对引物组合扩增反应的平均多态标记为2．6,而RAPD中,单引物扩增的平均多态标记为4．2,双引物扩增的平均多态标记为4．4。一个单引物和一个双引物的RAPD扩增反应的多态性片段即能将22个番茄品种中的21个完全分开。所以,在番茄的指纹图谱中,RAPD的有效率是AFLP的2倍。因此,在应用分子标记辅助鉴定品种的真实性时,不同的作物所适用的方法是不同的。     

Construction of AFLP-based genetic linkage maps for the Chinese shrimp Fenneropaeneus chinensis

Fenneropaeneus chinensis is an important species in marine fishery resources and aquaculture in China. A genetic linkage map is essential for improving the efficiency of its breeding by marker-as- sisted selection and identifying commercially important genes. Linkage maps of F. chinensis were constructed with an F2 mapping population (110 progenies) using amplified fragment length polymor- phic (AFLP) marker in this study. Fifty-five AFLP primer combinations produced 532 AFLP markers fitting for map strategy in mapping family. The markers with 3:1 segregating ratios were analyzed using F2 intercross model for the common linkage map, while the markers with 1:1 ratio were analyzed using the pseudo-testcross strategy. The maps of male, female and common were constructed. The female map included 103 markers that formed 28 linkage groups, covering a total length of 1090 cM. All mark- ers were linked with the linkage groups. Segregation distortion was observed for 6 of 103 markers in the female map. The average distance between markers was 14.53 cM and ranged from 4.4 to 24.8 cM. The male map included 144 markers that formed 35 linkage groups. Ten markers remained unlinked in male map. Segregation distortion was observed for 7 of 144 markers in the male map. The total dis- tance of male map covered 1617 cM. The average distance between markers was 16.36 cM. The male map was 32.6% longer than the female map, which may reflect sex-specific recombination rates in Chinese shrimp. The common map was composed of 216 markers, including in 44 linkage groups covering a total distance of 1772.1 cM. Two markers remained unlinked. No distorted markers of 216 markers were shown in the common map. The distance between markers was 10.42 cM. An average estimated genome size for the Chinese shrimp was 2420 cM, which was consistent with the relative size of the Penaeid genome. The distribution of AFLP markers was relatively even in chromosomes of Chi- nese shrimp maps. The linkage analysis presented in this work provided some insight into the level of polymorphism and genetic variation of Chinese shrimp.     

Construction of AFLP-based genetic linkage maps for the Chinese shrimp Fenneropaeneus chinensis

Fenneropaeneus chinensis is an important species in marine fishery resources and aquaculture in China. A genetic linkage map is essential for improving the efficiency of its breeding by marker-assisted selection and identifying commercially important genes. Linkage maps of F. chinensis were constructed with an F2 mapping population （110 progenies） using amplified fragment length polymorphic （AFLP） marker in this study. Fifty-five AFLP primer combinations produced 532 AFLP markers fitting for map strategy in mapping family. The markers with 3：1 segregating ratios were analyzed using F2 intercross model for the common linkage map, while the markers with 1：1 ratio were analyzed using the pseudo-testcross strategy. The maps of male, female and common were constructed. The female map included 103 markers that formed 28 linkage groups, covering a total length of 1090 cM. All markers were linked with the linkage groups. Segregation distortion was observed for 6 of 103 markers in the female map. The average distance between markers was 14.53 cM and ranged from 4.4 to 24.8 cM. The male map included 144 markers that formed 35 linkage groups. Ten markers remained unlinked in male map. Segregation distortion was observed for 7 of 144 markers in the male map. The total distance of male map covered 1617 cM. The average distance between markers was 16.36 cM. The male map was 32.6% longer than the female map, which may reflect sex-specific recombination rates in Chinese shrimp. The common map was composed of 216 markers, including in 44 linkage groups covering a total distance of 1772.1 cM. Two markers remained unlinked. No distorted markers of 216 markers were shown in the common map. The distance between markers was 10.42 cM. An average estimated genome size for the Chinese shrimp was 2420 cM, which was consistent with the relative size of the Penaeid genome. The distribution of AFLP markers was relatively even in chromosomes of Chinese shrimp maps. The linkage analysis presented in this work provided some insight     

AFLP分子标记在鹀属遗传多样性分析中的初探

利用扩增片断长度多态性（AFLP）技术分析了鹀属(Emberiza)4种鹀(三道眉草鹀Emberi za cioides, 白头鹀Emberiza leucocephala, 白眉鹀Emberiza tristrami, 灰头鹀Emberiza spodocephala)基因组DNA的多态性. 在选取的39对引物中, 有11对能得到重复性好的多态性扩增条带, 每对引物扩增带数为27~76. 共得到535个标记位点, 其中429个为多态位点, 多态位点 比率达801%; 在UPGMA聚类关系图中, 4种鹀聚成一大类, 三道眉草鹀与白头鹀、 白眉鹀与灰头鹀分别两两相聚. 结果表明, AFLP可用于分析鹀属遗传多样性.     

石刁柏雄性连锁的AFLP及SCAR标记的建立

目的:对石刁柏雌雄株基因组差异进行分析,筛选雄性或雌性连锁的分子标记.方法:利用限制性片段长度多态性技术,设计了多个引物组合,分别对石刁柏雌雄株基因组进行扩增.结果:在使用的72个引物组合中,引物组合E-AAG+M-CAT从雄性基因组中扩增出了一个雄性连锁的标记(MLDA555),该序列长度为555bp,AT含量为59%.Blast检索未发现相似序列.根据该片段序列设计的引物将该标记转化为雄性连锁的大小为523bp的稳定的SCAR标记,经过不同基因型雄性个体的验证证明该标记广泛存在于不同基因型石刁柏雄性个体中.结论:通过AFLP扩增筛选得到了石刁柏雄性连锁的AFLP和SCAR标记,为石刁柏性别决定机制的理解及石刁柏的分子标记辅助育种提供理论资料和技术支持.     

新疆棉花枯萎病菌7号生理小种的AFLP分析

采用AFLP技术对新疆棉花枯萎病菌7号生理小种的36菌株和2个标准枯萎病菌菌株进行了DNA指纹分析。结果表明：11对AFLP引物对供试菌株扩增出287条带,其中多态性带99条,占总带数的34.49%,棉花枯萎病菌7号小种的遗传距离变化在0.41~0.95间,平均为0.71,表明新疆棉花枯萎病菌的遗传多样性较高。利用NTSYS pc软件中UPGMA算法构建了新疆棉花枯萎病菌的亲缘关系树状图,聚类分析结果表明：供试菌系的AFLP指纹多态性与致病力多态性不相关,但枯萎病菌遗传多样性与病原菌的地理来源有一定的相关性。     

Assessment of genetic diversity in the forest musk deer （Moschus berezovskii） using microsatellite and AFLP markers

Microsatellite genotyping and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) techniques are often utilized in studies of conservation genetics of endangered animals. To select a more effective marker system for conserving the endangered forest musk deer, we used microsatellite and AFLP markers to estimate levels of genetic diversity of two populations, the pure mother Jinfengshan (JFS) group and the offspring Baisha (BS) group with introduction of new blood. It was expected that JFS would pos- sess significa...     

与小麦赤霉病抗性紧密连锁的基于AFLP片段的STS标记开发(英文)

DNA序列标签位点(STS)是一个操作简便和花费低的分子标记体系,将与某一性状密切连锁的AFLP(扩增片段长度多态性)片段转换成STS标记可直接用于分子育种工作中.本研究利用Ning 7840和Clark的重组自交系及AFLP技术,探测到一个与小麦赤霉病抗性紧密连锁的坐落在染色体3BS的主效数量特性位点(QTL),发现5个Pstl-AFLP片段与该QTL显著关联;其中2个片段与赤霉病抗性达到50%左右的表型变异解析度,一个为35个碱基的相引相片段,另一个为222个碱基的相斥相片段.222个碱基的DNA片段被克隆和测序,发现11个克隆中含有5种不同的DNA序列,其中一种序列在5个克隆中完全一致,该序列被用来作为设计STS标记的DNA模板.经多次实验,开发出了一个共显性STS标记.该STS标记与原222个碱基的AFLP片段谱带(banding pattern)完全一致,具有鉴别小麦育种材料赤霉病抗病强弱和加速抗病育种进程的潜力.     

条斑紫菜不同栽培品系的遗传多样性分析

【目的】确定通过杂交和突变选育出的条斑紫菜(Pyropia yezoensis)栽培品系的遗传多样性。【方法】采用简单重复序列区间(Inter simple sequence repeat,ISSR)、扩增片段长度多态性(Amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP)和随机扩增多态性DNA(Random amplified polymorphism DNA,RAPD)等3种分子标记对条斑紫菜不同栽培品系进行遗传多样性分析。【结果】3种分子标记的多态性比率分别为38.10%、38.95%和61.75%;所表现出来的不同栽培品系间遗传距离分别为0.1785,0.1029和0.2845;3种分子标记聚类结果并不完全一致,但可以看出Y-0602、Y-HA01和Y-H001总是聚类在一起,而Y-DL02倾向于单独聚为一支。【结论】通过诱变和杂交所选育的品系,在遗传角度上仍然属于条斑紫菜,但已形成不同栽培品系,具有一定的遗传多样性。