The proteins of linked genes evolve at similar rates

Much more variation in the rate of protein evolution occurs than is expected by chance. But why some proteins evolve rapidly but others slowly is poorly resolved. It was proposed, for example, that essential genes might evolve slower than dispensable ones, but this is not the case; and despite earlier claims, rates of evolution do not correlate with amino-acid composition. A few patterns have been found: proteins involved in antagonistic co-evolution (for example, immune genes, parasite antigens and reproductive conflict genes) tend to be rapidly evolving, and there is a correlation between the rate of protein evolution and the mutation rate of the gene. Here we report a new highly statistically significant predictor of a protein's rate of evolution, and show that linked genes have similar rates of protein evolution. There is also a weaker similarity of rates of silent site evolution (see ref. 13), which appears to be, in part, a consequence of the similarity in rates of protein evolution. The similarity in rates of protein evolution is not a consequence of underlying mutational patterns. A pronounced negative correlation between the rate of protein evolution and a covariant of the recombination rate indicates that rates of protein evolution possibly reflect, in part, the local strength of stabilizing selection.     

空间异质的非局部扩散SI传染病模型的动力学

研究了具有标准发生率的空间异质性非局部扩散SI传染病模型。利用下一代算子的谱半径方法计算了系统的基本再生数R0,借助Lyapunov函数证明了R0<1时无病稳态解的全局渐近稳定性;当易感者的扩散率DS=0且R0>1时,利用上、下解等方法证明了系统地方病稳态解的存在性、唯一性与全局渐近稳定性。     

非均匀介质中发光中心自发辐射速率的局域场效应

介质中发光中心的自发辐射速率与发光中心处的微观局域电场和介质中的宏观电场的比值相关,从而对环境介质的折射率存在一定的依赖.在虚腔模型和实验模型基础上,提出了一种通过数值计算来研究非均匀介质中发光中心自发辐射速率的局域场效应的方法,数值模拟的结果表明均匀介质中发光中心自发辐射速率的局域场效应并非完全满足虚腔或实腔模型.     

演化博弈论在虚拟企业和谐互动研究中的应用

演化博弈论作为一种前沿数理工具,在虚拟企业和谐互动的研究中具有十分重要的应用价值.以复杂性为视角,对虚拟企业伙伴间的和谐互动演变过程进行博弈分析,有助于建立良性互动的虚拟企业管理模式.     

基于灰色关联度模型分析农民收入的影响因素

基于灰色关联度模型分析我国农村改革二十年来,影响农民收入的主要因素.分析结果:①农民收入政策的演进影响农民收入的主要因素的变化;②我国农民收入政策的演进是从价格支持政策转向结构调整政策.     

Life in extreme environments

Each recent report of liquid water existing elsewhere in the Solar System has reverberated through the international press and excited the imagination of humankind. Why? Because in the past few decades we have come to realize that where there is liquid water on Earth, virtually no matter what the physical conditions, there is life. What we previously thought of as insurmountable physical and chemical barriers to life, we now see as yet another niche harbouring 'extremophiles'. This realization, coupled with new data on the survival of microbes in the space environment and modelling of the potential for transfer of life between celestial bodies, suggests that life could be more common than previously thought. Here we examine critically what it means to be an extremophile, and the implications of this for evolution, biotechnology and especially the search for life in the Universe.     

大巴山区岩石圈和土壤圈环境研究--大巴山区生态环境研究报告(一)

大巴山区由于特殊的地质构造，滑坡、泥石流和崩塌等地质灾害时有发生。为保护地球生态环境，科学利用这片国土，采用观察和检测方法对其进行研究；该区没有地震等强烈的地质灾害；从总体上讲，大巴山区岩石圈环境质量是较好的；土壤圈水土流失严重，但没受污染，环境质量好。     

精细空间可伸缩视频编码方案实现

提出了一种新颖的空间可伸缩视频编码方案-精细粒度空间可伸缩编码。这种编码方案为空间可伸缩提供了精细粒度特性。方案使用比特平面技术,可以获得图像质量从低分辨率到高分辨率的转换,从而得到粒度的增加。另外,所提方案提供了一种灵活的嵌入式比特流,这样视频流可以被解码成从低分辨率到高分辨率的任何速率点。这种特性提高了互联网上视频流的编码效率,适应了有较大带宽波动的互联网。     

噪声环境下进化算法

以球型模型为例, 讨论了环境噪声对遗传算法(GAs)和进化策略(ESs) 及进化算法(EAs)的影响.并采用重新采样的方法来抑制噪声,提高进化算法在复杂环境下的鲁棒性.     

Host-parasitoid associations in patchy environments

Studies of insect host-parasitoid interactions have contributed much to the consensus that spatial patchiness is important in the regulation of natural populations. A variety of theoretical models predict that host and parasitoid populations, although unstable in the absence of environmental heterogeneity, may persist at roughly steady overall densities in a patchy environment owing to variation in levels of parasitism from patch to patch. Observed patterns of parasitism, however, have a variety of forms (with variation in attack rates among patches depending directly or indirectly on host density, or showing variation uncorrelated with host density). There is some confusion about the dynamical consequences of these different forms. Here we first show how the dynamical effects of all these forms of environmental heterogeneity can be assessed by a common criterion. This 'CV2 greater than 1 rule' states that the overall population densities will remain roughly steady from generation to generation if the coefficient of variation squared (CV2) of the density of searching parasitoids in the vicinity of each host exceeds approximately unity. By partitioning CV2 into components, we show that both direct and inverse patterns of dependence on host density, and density-independent patterns, all contribute to population regulation in the same way. Second, we show how a maximum-likelihood method can be applied to the kind of field data that are usually available (that is, percentage parasitism versus local host density) to estimate the components of CV2. This analysis indicates that heterogeneity is large enough to stabilize dynamics in 9 of 34 published studies, and that density-independent heterogeneity is the main factor in most cases.     

已知地震记录的多点地震动仿真

为寻求大跨度结构分析所需的合理地震动输入,给出了一种基于已知地震记录的多点地震动合成法,该方法使用AR模型估计谱函数,利用多元线性预测对未知输入点地震动进行预测,通过高斯随机抽样来反应地震动的随机因素,并采用分窗叠加的办法反应时变特性.通过比较合成地震动与该处真实地震记录说明了该合成方法具有准确性和合理性,可以为大跨度结构抗震计算提供参考.     

无线环境下的视频加密问题研究

首先分析无线环境下三种典型视频应用的特点,然后按照应用层和网络层两个方面,回顾了当今各种数字视频加密算法的研究成果,首次分析了无线环境下视频内容加密难点并给出相应解决措施,最后展望了未来无线环境下视频内容加密的研究方向.研究表明随着硬件技术的发展,加密计算复杂度不再是主要问题.对于基于非可伸缩编码,无线视频加密需要进一步研究如何优化网络传输性能的问题;对于基于可伸缩编码,需要考虑编码效率和图像质量之间平衡的问题.     

Localized sex in bacteria

Electrophoretic studies suggest that bacterial populations consist of a number of independent clones and that genetic recombination is rare in nature. But DNA sequencing reveals that individual bacterial genes have a mosaic structure that could have arisen only by recombination. How can these observations be reconciled and what is their relevance to prokaryotic evolution?     

异构网络中下行链路的干扰抑制研究

针对蜂窝网与无线局域网(WLAN)共存的异构网络干扰问题,提出一种干扰抑制方案:在发送端加设预编码矩阵,最大化期望信号强度,减小干扰信号强度;在接收端加设干扰抑制编码矩阵,抑制蜂窝网络基站对无线局域网内用户设备的干扰及无线接入点(AP)对非期望用户设备的干扰.仿真结果表明:该方案可以抑制异构网络下行链路的干扰问题,提高异构网络用户的传输速率.     

A gradient of sex linkage in the pseudoautosomal region of the human sex chromosomes

Three independent pseudoautosomal loci are linked to sex determination at frequencies which define a gradient of linkage. The segregation patterns of these loci indicate that X/Y recombination results from a single obligatory meiotic crossing-over in the pseudoautosomal region. Recombination in male germ cells in the terminal regions of the short arms of the X and Y chromosomes in 10-fold greater than between the same regions of the X chromosomes in female germ cells.     

林业有害生物防治压力区域差异及影响因素分析

【目的】林业有害生物防治面临区域差异化的压力,加重了森林资源的经济与生态损失。测度我国林业有害生物防治压力及其影响因素,探索防治压力的区域分布特征,从而针对性地提出优化措施。【方法】分析林业有害生物防治压力现状,利用聚类分析法将各省份防治压力分成3类,结合面板校正标准误模型评价产生防治压力的原因及影响因素,并与防治率及无公害防治率一同呈现于地图,进行区域差异特征比较。【结果】我国林业有害生物危害的总体防治压力较重,减灾机制只能在一半程度上缓解灾害暴发的扩散趋势,投入资金的使用效率严重不足,从业人员及机构数量尚不能满足区域化防治压力需求,且管理机制存在一定的“马太效应”,“胡线”西部生态化防治意识较弱,目前采取的措施不足以缓解较大的防治压力。【结论】针对区域发展需求完善基础设施建设,提高从业人员专业化水平,调动社会力量构建社会化防治组织,缓解区域差异及政府防治压力,保障森林资源和国家生态安全。     

A spatially organized representation of colour in macaque cortical area V2

Neurons responding selectively to different colours have been found in various cortical areas in macaque monkeys; however, little is known about whether and how the representation of colour is spatially organized in any cortical area. Cortical area V2 contains modules that respond preferentially to chromatic modulation, which are located in thin cytochrome oxidase stripes. Here we show that within and beyond these modules, gratings of different colours produce activations that peak at different locations. Optical recording of intrinsic signals revealed that the peak regions of the responses to different colours were spatially organized in the same order as colour stimuli are arranged in the DIN (German standard colour chart) colour system. Nearby regions represented colours of a similar hue. We found that the set of colour-specific regions formed 0.07-0.32-mm-wide and approximately 1.3-mm long bands that varied in shape from linear to nearly circular. Our finding suggests that thin stripes in V2 contain functional maps where the colour of a stimulus is represented by the location of its response activation peak.