Antibodies to heavy neurofilament subunit detect a subpopulation of damaged ganglion cells in retina

Neurofilaments ( NFs ) consist of three protein subunits with apparent molecular weights of 68,000 ( 68K ), 145K and 200K , which are found closely associated in most but not all locations in the nervous system. One of these exceptions is the inner retina of the mouse, where antibodies to 145K NFs label large ganglion cells throughout the extent of the cells, while antibodies to 200K NFs label only more distal portions of the optic axons but usually fail to label the ganglion cell somata and proximal axons. Very rarely, however, and more often in old mice, anti- 200K NF antibodies do label a ganglion cell completely. To determine whether these rare, completely labelled cells reflect a pathological alteration, we cut the optic axons, and report here that after a few days some of the axotomized cells could be labelled completely, in a Golgi-like fashion, by anti- 200K NF antibodies. These cells seem to represent the population that forms the projection to the bulk of the lateral geniculate nucleus, as suggested by their size, distribution and projection pattern. Hence, antibodies to the heavy NF subunit in combination with lesions may allow selective retrograde tracing of a subpopulation of ganglion cells, and such antibodies can be used to detect damage in NF-rich neurones at a very early stage, long before they eventually degenerate.     

避雷线预绞丝端口的电磁损耗分布分析

避雷线预绞丝端口所产生的电磁损耗是预绞丝端口高温的主要热源,局部高温可能导致避雷线发生损伤.基于避雷线与预绞丝之间接触点的实际分布特征,利用Comsol有限元分析软件构建预绞丝端口的三维电磁场仿真模型.通过仿真计算得到预绞丝端口的电磁损耗密度分布,并进行分析讨论.结合稳态温升实验与接触电阻测量实验对仿真模型的准确性进行验证.基于该仿真模型,探究了预绞丝端口电磁损耗与钢的相对磁导率和绞线绞合参数之间的关系.研究结果表明,仿真模型具有足够的准确性,误差没有超过8%.预绞丝端口的电磁损耗主要集中于避雷线与预绞丝之间的接触点,各排接触点的电磁损耗随着轴向距离的增加逐步递减.此外,预绞丝端口的电磁损耗与钢的相对磁导率、相邻接触点的轴向距离呈正相关.     

基于STM32的无线传感器网关设计

针对工业现场数据采集范围广,距离远的特点,分析对比了基于ZigBee的无线传感器网络技术和嵌入式以太网技术在各自应用场合的特点.使用STM32作为主处理器,设计了一个结合两种技术的桥接网关,给出了网关的软硬件设计和网络通信协议.实验测试表明,本网关系统工作稳定,数据传输可靠,可满足分布式无线数据采集和网络化监测的需要.     

Visualization of an unstable coiled coil from the scallop myosin rod

Alpha-helical coiled coils in muscle exemplify simplicity and economy of protein design: small variations in sequence lead to remarkable diversity in cellular functions. Myosin II is the key protein in muscle contraction, and the molecule's two-chain alpha-helical coiled-coil rod region--towards the carboxy terminus of the heavy chain--has unusual structural and dynamic features. The amino-terminal subfragment-2 (S2) domains of the rods can swing out from the thick filament backbone at a hinge in the coiled coil, allowing the two myosin 'heads' and their motor domains to interact with actin and generate tension. Most of the S2 rod appears to be a flexible coiled coil, but studies suggest that the structure at the N-terminal region is unstable, and unwinding or bending of the alpha-helices near the head-rod junction seems necessary for many of myosin's functional properties. Here we show the physical basis of a particularly weak coiled-coil segment by determining the 2.5-A-resolution crystal structure of a leucine-zipper-stabilized fragment of the scallop striated-muscle myosin rod adjacent to the head-rod junction. The N-terminal 14 residues are poorly ordered; the rest of the S2 segment forms a flexible coiled coil with poorly packed core residues. The unusual absence of interhelical salt bridges here exposes apolar core atoms to solvent.     

X－ray reflectivity investigation of the foam bilayer film formed by hexaethylene glycol dodecyl ether

When the thickness of soap foam film varies in adefinite region, color changes of a soap bubble will be observed due to the interference of light. Black soap films are the final stages of thinning of soap films due to the drainage of water in the absence of evaporation and are generally formed from solutions of an ionic surfactant in the presence of salt. After a bubble is formed, in the beginning the soap film is relatively thick and it appearswhite; then the film thins gradually and finally …     

色氨酸分子在石墨表面吸附的扫描隧道显微镜研究

用扫描隧道显微镜(STM)研究了室温下色氨酸分子(L-Tryptophane)在石墨(HOPG)表面的吸附行为。实验发现,在室温下色氨酸分子可以在石墨表面形成均匀的吸附层,并形成二维条状结构和二维单斜晶格两种有序结构。针对这2种结构给出了可能的吸附模型。这2种有序结构的形成原因被认为与相邻色氨酸分子侧链之间的π堆积相互作用有关。     

三氧化钨晶化薄膜的制备及微观结构研究

研究了三氧化钨（WO3）晶化薄膜表面分子结构的AFM表征及X射线衍射谱。结果发现，WO3溶胶掺铂薄膜经460℃热处理后晶化，元胞为正六面体，内含1个WO6八面体，氧离子位居6个面心，钨离子处在体心，晶格常数为（0．75±0．05）nm。自然生长面为002面，在002面上的元胞中有5个离子，4个氧离子位居四边形的顶点，钨离子处于中心，氧离子的间距为（0．55±0．05）nm。     

Low-loss hollow-core silica/air photonic bandgap fibre

Photonic bandgap structures use the principle of interference to reflect radiation. Reflection from photonic bandgap structures has been demonstrated in one, two and three dimensions and various applications have been proposed. Early work in hollow-core photonic bandgap fibre technology used a hexagonal structure surrounding the air core; this fibre was the first demonstration of light guided inside an air core of a photonic bandgap fibre. The potential benefits of guiding light in air derive from lower Rayleigh scattering, lower nonlinearity and lower transmission loss compared to conventional waveguides. In addition, these fibres offer a new platform for studying nonlinear optics in gases. Owing largely to challenges in fabrication, the early air-core fibres were only available in short lengths, and so systematic studies of loss were not possible. More recently, longer lengths of fibre have become available with reported losses of 1,000 dB km(-1). We report here the fabrication and characterization of long lengths of low attenuation photonic bandgap fibre. Attenuation of less than 30 dB km(-1) over a wide transmission window is observed with minimum loss of 13 dB km(-1) at 1,500 nm, measured on 100 m of fibre. Coupling between surface and core modes of the structure is identified as an important contributor to transmission loss in hollow-core photonic bandgap fibres.     

建筑物尺度对避雷针防雷性能影响的数值评估

为研究闪电先导与地面建筑物的相互作用,根据长间隙放电的物理过程建立了包含上行迎面正先导的三维负极性先导发展模型。利用模拟电荷法计算了电晕区的电位分布及电晕电荷量,作为上行正先导是否满足激发起始的判断条件,建立了上行正先导的起始传播模型,利用该模型评估了建筑物形状特征对于闪击距离的影响。研究表明:随着回击电流峰值、建筑物垂直高度或避雷针高度的增大,闪击距离也逐步增大;在建筑物垂直高度不变的条件下,随着避雷针高度的增加,闪击距离逐步增大,当避雷针高度大于30m后,闪击距离的变化不再明显。     

祁连山鲜黄小檗灌丛穿透雨特征及其影响因素

【目的】探讨祁连山排露沟小流域鲜黄小檗灌丛穿透雨特征及其影响因素,为定量评价祁连山鲜黄小檗灌丛的生态水文效应提供数据支撑。【方法】基于灌丛种群特征调查,选取3处代表性的鲜黄小檗灌丛,沿冠层枝条辐散方向选取观测断面,在每个断面上布置承雨器,对穿透雨和冠层结构指标进行测定,分析穿透雨与降雨量和冠层结构特征的关系。【结果】①试验期间,单株鲜黄小檗的平均穿透雨率为55.1%。部分观测点的穿透雨率大于100%,这主要是由于降雨在冠层的作用下发生了聚集效应。②穿透雨量与降雨量之间呈线性关系(P<0.01),穿透雨率与降雨量之间呈对数函数关系(P<0.05)。③受冠层水平结构影响,平均穿透雨率从距基部10 cm处的25.93%单调递增至距基部90 cm处的74.45%; 其中,距基部50～70 cm之间增加值最大,占总增加值的41.19%。随着冠层厚度的增大,平均穿透雨率呈减小的趋势。叶面积指数在一定程度上影响穿透雨的空间分布,且降雨量越小影响程度越明显。【结论】在降雨性质相同的情况下,冠层结构特征是影响灌丛冠下穿透雨空间分布的重要因素。     

对一种新型全有机复合薄膜的超高密度信息存储研究

用真空热壁法生长了一种新型全有机复合薄膜TTF/m-NBP(tetrathiofulvalene/m-nitrobenzylidene propanedinitrile)。用透射电子显微镜和傅立叶变换红外光谱对薄膜的表征结果证明,该制备方法能够生长出较大面积的化学结构完善的单晶薄膜。用原子力显微镜(AFM)和扫描隧道显微镜(STM)都观察到了TTF/m-NBP薄膜表面的原子级分辨像。通过STM针尖施加脉冲电压在TTF/m-NBP薄膜上实现了纳米级的信息存储,最小记录点直径约为1.2nm。扫描隧道谱分析表明TTF/m-NBP薄膜具有很好的电开关“记忆”特性。初步研究认为其电开关机制可能主要是脉冲电压诱发的TTF电子给体与m-NBP电子受体分子间的电荷转移的变化所致。     

一种实现纳米超微定位和超微加工的新方法

介绍了一种采用双单元扫描隧道显微镜实现纳米超微定位超微加工的新方法,双单元扫描隧道显微镜由两个Ｚ向同轴ＳＴＭ单元上下组合而成,分别作为样品测量加工单凶与参考定位单元,两者共用一个ＸＹ扫描器,参考定位单元以规则的晶格空间为参考,采用原子阵列伺服寻踪和针尖锁定剂到原子的技术,可以实现纳米级超微定位,与参考定位单元具有相同定位精度的样品测量加工单元采用电压脉冲法可以形成样品表面上的纳米级特征结构。     

药型罩锥角对聚能杆式侵彻体成型的影响

聚能杆式侵彻体主要用来对付新型防护装甲和混凝土工事、武装直升机和大型水面舰艇等目标。本文就药型罩锥角对聚能杆式侵彻体成型的影响进行研究,根据射流形成理论分析得到了射流微元头尾速度比与药型罩锥角和压垮角之间的关系,并采用观察不同锥角的药型罩结构所形成的侵彻体,在远距离飞行下的断裂情况,来验证射流微元头尾速度比与药型罩锥角和压垮角的关系,实验结果表明射流微元头尾速度比随着压垮角的增大而增大,与理论分析吻合。     

管状铜掺杂ZnO双晶结构材料的形貌控制合成及荧光性质研究

采用直接沉淀法合成了具有六棱柱形貌的Cu2+掺杂ZnO双晶结构材料,研究了Cu2+的存在对ZnO双晶的形成及形貌的影响,发现溶液中存在的Cu2+物质的量浓度越高,获得的Zn(Cu)O材料粒径越大,形貌从细长棒形逐步变为短粗六方柱体,长径比也从10∶1变到1.2∶1.采用简单的碱腐蚀法获得了管状结构的Cu2+掺杂Zn(Cu)O材料,并探讨了管状结构的形成机理.Cu掺杂使得Zn(Cu)O样品的绿光发射由550 nm蓝移至520 nm附近,且强度大幅增加.形成管状结构使绿光发射进一步增强,该发射由Cu2+掺杂引起的样品内部的Cu2+与Cu+之间的相互转变引起.     

考虑横向约束作用的锚杆锚固参数优化

为了探究锚杆不同锚固参数对顺层岩质边坡稳定性的影响,基于综合考虑锚杆轴向作用力和横向作用力的锚杆数值模型,嵌入离散元软件UDEC(universal distinct element code)中的局部加固单元LOCAL REINFORCE单元,针对某顺层岩质边坡,分析了锚杆长度、锚固角、锚杆间距和布设方式对边坡稳定性的影响,并基于正交试验提出了锚固优化方案.结果 表明:锚杆存在有效长度,在有效长度内,锚杆长度和边坡安全系数存在线性关系;锚杆存在最优锚固角,且锚杆长度越大,最优锚固角越小;锚杆间距越大,边坡安全系数越小,且安全系数下降速率随间距的增大逐步减小;以边坡安全系数和锚杆用量为评价指标,通过正交试验对等长支护锚固参数进行了优化设计,得出了较佳的两个锚固试验方案;各锚固参数对边坡稳定性影响由大到小分别为:锚杆间距、锚杆长度、锚固角;锚杆布设方式对边坡稳定性的提升由大到小分别为:由长到短型、等长布置型、由短到长型.在考虑锚杆布设方式时,应使锚杆穿越的岩层与边坡位移情况相匹配.     

具有波纹形貌的聚苯胺微纳米管的制备及表征

以富勒烯C60微纳米纤维（fullerenemicro／nano fibers,FM／NFs）作为可容易移除模板,利用直接超声混合法,成功地制备了具有波纹形貌的聚苯胺微纳米管。光学显微镜观察表明,聚苯胺呈纤维状,其长度分布在2～5μm之间。扫描电镜和透射电镜观察结果表明,聚苯胺微纳米纤维形貌类似于波纹管,波纹周期约为100nm,外径在0．5～1μm之间,为空心管状结构。     

HTR-10初装堆芯及过渡过程物理计算分析

选取石墨球与燃料球均匀混合作为１０ＭＷ高温气冷堆（ＨＴＲ－１０）的初始装料方案，利用高温堆物理模拟程序ＶＳＯＰ及二维ＳＮ程序，分析计算了初始装料时ＨＴＲ－１０堆芯进水反应性效应、控制棒及第二停堆系统反应性当量，研究了初装堆向平衡态过渡过程中的临界性、单球最大功率、最大比燃耗等变化情况。结果表明：ＨＴＲ－１０初装堆的进水反应性效应比平衡态小；控制棒及第二停堆系统反应性当量比平衡态的大。但是，初装堆冷态下反应性控制系统当量裕量比平衡态小；过渡过程中有效增殖因数在很小范围内变化，燃料最大比燃耗不超过１００ＧＷｄ／ｔ。     

Monte-Carlo仿真酒精特征波长光子在皮肤中的传输规律及光纤探头设计

用蒙特卡罗(Monte-Carlo)方法研究酒精特征波长的光子在皮肤组织中的传输规律,从而确定酒精光谱的最佳检测距离,为应用近红外光谱进行人体酒精无创检测提供理论依据。通过建立皮肤4层结构模型,确定了在酒精特征波长(1694nm、1735nm、2266nm、2308nm)下该模型的光学参数。利用Monte-Carlo方法对该模型仿真可得到结论:1694nm、1735nm波长光子的最佳检测半径为650μm,2266nm、2308nm波长光子的最佳检测半径为450μm;半径在200～1000μm之间时,出射点的光子密度随检测半径的增加呈幂函数形式递减,检测到的光子数随检测宽度的增加大致呈线性递增。利用上述结果,设计了用于人体酒精无创检测的光纤探头,选用TE制冷型的InGaAs检测器作为光子检测器。     

The motor domain determines the large step of myosin-V.

Class-V myosin proceeds along actin filaments with large ( approximately 36 nm) steps. Myosin-V has two heads, each of which consists of a motor domain and a long (23 nm) neck domain. In accordance with the widely accepted lever-arm model, it was suggested that myosin-V steps to successive (36 nm) target zones along the actin helical repeat by tilting its long neck (lever-arm). To test this hypothesis, we measured the mechanical properties of single molecules of myosin-V truncation mutants with neck domains only one-sixth of the native length. Our results show that the processivity and step distance along actin are both similar to those of full-length myosin-V. Thus, the long neck domain is not essential for either the large steps or processivity of myosin-V. These results challenge the lever-arm model. We propose that the motor domain and/or the actomyosin interface enable myosin-V to produce large processive steps during translocation along actin.     

Laser synthesized nanoparticle alloys of metals with bulk miscibility gaps

The nanoscale alloying of metals with bulk miscibility gaps, Ag-Pt and Ag-Rh, has been investigated using pulsed laser ablation of solids in solution(PLASiS). The procedure was in two steps. In the first step, the suspensions of monometallic nanoparticles were prepared by ablation of a metal rod submerged in water. In the second step,the monometallic suspensions were mixed and alloying was induced by re-irradiation. For the Ag-Pt system, a surface plasmon resonance was observed in the monometallic silver suspension. The surface plasmon resonance vanished in re-irradiated Ag-Pt suspensions, indicating alloying. Selected Area Electron Diffraction(SAED)analysis showed that the nanoparticles had a fcc structure with a lattice constant intermediate between that of monometallic Ag and Pt nanoparticles. First principles theoretical investigations of the mixing energy of Ag-Pt clusters confirm that mixing is favored at around ～1 nm. The same procedure used for Ag-Pt was followed for Ag-Rh. In this system where the two metals present miscibility gaps even in the liquid phase, no evidence of alloying was observed. Correspondingly, theoretical investigations found that the mixing energy of Ag-Rh clusters did not favor alloying.