Estimate of carbonate production by scleractinian corals at Luhuitou fringing reef, Sanya, China

Carbonate production by scleractinian corals not only maintains coral reef growth, but also represents an important source of atmospheric carbon dioxide. In this paper the carbonate production by scler-actinian corals at Luhuitou fringing reef, Sanya, Hainan Island, China, is investigated with an ecological census-based method. Averaged carbonate production is 1.16 ± 0.55 kg·m-2·a-1 and 3.52 ± 1.32 kg·m-2·a-1 on the reef flat and reef slope, respectively, depending on the composition and distribution of cor...     

Status monitoring and health assessment of Luhuitou fringing reef of Sanya, Hainan, China

The monitoring survey and health assessment for benthic community were carded out in Luhuitou fdnging reef of Sanya, Hainan, China in 2002. Monitoring survey included manta tow, line intercept transect, video transect and digital photograph. The mean live coral cover was 23.40%. Comparison of used monitoring methods showed that video transect can replace line intercept transect, and 50 m transect is better than 20 m transect in uneven coral region. Survey data and comparison with previous research work showed that Luhuitou fringing reef has been damaged severely and has a general declining trend with live coral cover from about 85% in the 1960s down to 20% in 2004, but it still has quite high biodiversity and therefore has special protection value. Main factors of Luhuitou fdnging reef declining were human activities including reef rock digging and curios collecting, destructive fishing, sediment and pollutant from coastal land, and recent marine aquaculture. Only strengthening integrated management can reach improvement and restoration of Luhuitou declining coral reef ecosystem.     

涠洲岛珊瑚岸礁的沉积特征

涠洲岛珊瑚岸礁发育根基于火山岩,除了冬、春的低温影响外,环境因素是适合于珊瑚生长的。在岸礁区有两个沉积带:珊瑚生成带和火山岩海底礁坪。陆地的有机废物移到海底而珊瑚移到陆地,但在水能和环境的影响下,它们形成混合沉积,这种沉积主要分布在岸礁的平面和海滩底部。由于属于岸礁形成早期,涠洲岛约从3100年前就一直不断生长,涠洲岛的海滩岩石位于高于海平面5米的位置。     

Coral reef ecosystems in the South China Sea as a source of atmospheric CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> in summer

Field measurements of air-sea CO2 exchange in three coral reef areas of the South China Sea (i.e. the Yongshu Reef atoll of the Nansha Islands, southern South China Sea (SCS); Yongxing Island of Xisha Islands, north-central SCS; and Luhuitou Fringing Reef in Sanya of Hainan Island, northern SCS) during the summers of 2008 and 2009 revealed that both air and surface seawater partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) showed regular diurnal cycles. Minimum values occurred in the evening and maximum values in the morning. Air pCO2 in each of the three study areas showed small diurnal variations, while large diurnal variations were ob-served in seawater pCO2. The diurnal variation amplitude of seawater pCO2 was ~70 μmol mol–1 at the Yongshu Reef lagoon, 420–619 μmol mol–1 on the Yongxing Island reef flat, and 264–579 μmol mol–1 on the reef flat of the Luhuitou Fringing Reef, and 324–492 μmol mol–1 in an adjacent area just outside of this fringing reef. With respect to spatial relations, there were large differences in air-sea CO2 flux across the South China Sea (e.g. ~0.4 mmol CO2 m–2 d–1 at Yongshu Reef, ~4.7 mmol CO2 m–2 d–1 at Yongxing Island, and ~9.8 mmol CO2 m–2 d–1 at Luhuitou Fringing Reef). However, these positive values suggest that coral reef ecosystems of the SCS may be a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere. Additional analyses indicated that diurnal variations of surface seawater pCO2 in the shallow water reef flat are controlled mainly by biological metabolic processes, while those of deeper water lagoons and outer reef areas are regulated by both biological metabolism and hydrodynamic factors. Unlike the open ocean, inorganic metabolism plays a significant role in influencing seawater pCO2 variations in coral reef ecosystems.     

Timing of Holocene sea-level highstands by mass spectrometric U-series ages of a coral reef from Leizhou Peninsula, South China Sea

Systematic mass spectrometric 230Th ages are reported for a Porites coral reef terrace from Dengloujiao,Leizhou Peninsula, South China Sea. Seven episodes of coral growth were recognized in this terrace: 7125±96, 6764±29,5826±37, 5006±54, 2543±24, 1915±15, and 1513±22 calendar years before present (cal. aBP). 50% of the coral age population fall between 7200 and 6600 cal. aBP, marking post-glacial stabdization of global sea level. Considering the facts that ( i ) Dengloujiao reef fiat was measured at 1.6-2.5m above modern tidal datum plane; (ii) modern Porites corals in the South China Sea are living at least ～1 m below the modern tidal datum plane; (iii) the top 20-30 cm of the reef was eroded; and (iv) crustal subsidence in the region since mid-Holocene was negligible, we conclude that the above age groups record at least two major periods (7200-5000 and 2500-1500 cal. aBP) of high sea-level at least 2.9-3.8 m above the present-day level.     

基于FUNWAVE-TVD模型的岸礁次重力波数值模拟

为了研究不规则波条件下岸礁上次重力波的传播规律,采用完全非线性的Boussinesq数值模型FUNWAVE TVD对波浪水槽的物理模型试验进行了数值模拟。在对短波、次重力波有效波高与时均水位模拟结果验证的基础上,采用互相关分析与小波二阶谱研究了次重力波的生成、传播过程及相关的非线性能量传递。结果表明：礁前次重力波从谱峰频段获得能量;礁前斜坡上水深变浅时,非线性作用加剧,更多波能从谱峰频段传至高频段与低频段并伴随着约束波的成长;礁坪上次重力波主要由破碎点移动产生,礁坪末端能量传递主要发生在低频段之间。     

涠洲岛地貌与第四纪地质特征

涠洲岛是第四纪玄武岩岩浆喷发时在水下堆积而形成的。该岛构造上受东北、西北、东南向断裂的控制,地形南高北低.据分析,南湾是本岛南部被侵蚀破坏后的古火山口残迹,另一火山口位于岛西横路村西北。岛屿地貌特征为南侵北堆,南部从石盘滩向南绕南湾港至西岸海蚀地貌比较发育,常见的有海蚀崖、海蚀洞、海蚀柱、海蚀平台等.北端从横岭向西北转西南到后背塘,海成沙堤十分发育。沙堤呈牛轭状分布,长71cm,宽100～450m,按形态、结构把沙堤分新、老沙堤,老沙堤高6～12m,由于长期吹扬作用,已改变原状,形成凹凸不平砂丘;新沙堤内缘与老沙堤接触且覆盖于老沙堤之上.高2～4m.岛的沿岸珊瑚岸礁相当发育,特别是在北、东部发育最好,南、西部较差.珊瑚岸礁最重要特征是礁源碳酸盐和陆源碎屑的混合沉积作用.其珊瑚礁的形成于3100年前。涠洲岛出露的地层最老的是玄武岩,主要分布于东北海滩,北部及南部沿岸零星露头。其次为火山碎屑岩,火山碎屑岩构成岛屿主体。本岛自第四纪以来、火山活动经历过三个喷发旋回、五次喷发。     

一个大陆坡环礁—南海华光珊瑚环礁的沉积相模式及其演化趋势

华光珊瑚环礁是一典型的大陆坡环礁,区别于大洋环礁和大陆架环礁。其发育既受全球板块运动,又受海面升降运动的控制。现代环礁的结构是在冰期时形成的先成台地之上复盖着一薄层的全新世礁相沉积。东亚季风的作用使礁形成各向相似的沉积相带。环礁礁冠与泻湖宽度之比可作为现代环礁成熟度的定量标志。华光环礁目前尚处于幼年期。     

涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态环境条件初步研究

分析涠洲岛沿岸与珊瑚礁发育关系密切的水温、水深、光照、波浪、海流、潮汐、pH值、盐度、溶解氧、磷酸盐、基岩基底、珊瑚礁块基底、珊瑚砂砾基底、虫黄藻、褐藻等生态环境条件,探讨这些生态变化条件的变化规律,及其对珊瑚生长、发育的影响。     

中新世礁相碳酸盐岩沉积构成及成礁模式——以西沙海域为例

 结合最新钻井、地震资料,剖析了中新世生物礁体沉积构成以及成礁演化模式。揭示了研究区造礁生物主要为钙藻,其次为六射珊瑚,附礁生物以有孔虫和介形虫为主。根据是否发育造礁生物将岩石分为礁格架-骨架岩和非礁格架-骨架岩2类,前者包括珊瑚藻格架和珊瑚骨架焦白云岩及红藻-仙掌藻白云岩2种,非礁骨架岩分为生物碎屑灰岩、粒泥灰岩和泥粒灰岩3种。沉积相包括礁格架相、礁坪相、礁后滩相、泻湖相和生物碎屑滩相5种。中新世生物礁是在相对海平面不断上升的背景下沉积演化的,属于加积-退积型生物礁沉积旋回,礁体发育期可分为奠基、初始繁盛、顶峰、暴露衰退4个阶段,暴露衰退末期发生强烈的白云化作用,淡水淋滤溶蚀作用形成较好的储集层。     

珊瑚来源群体淬灭活性产生菌的筛选与抑菌活性研究

珊瑚病原菌的群体感应（Quorum Sensing，QS）是介导珊瑚疾病发生的重要因素，抑制病原菌的群体感应可以有效抵抗病原菌的侵染作用。为解决耐药性难题并维持珊瑚礁生态系统健康，本研究以紫色杆菌（Chromobacterium violaceum）为指示菌，从三亚市鹿回头半岛三亚湾（109°28''E，18°13''N）采集的珊瑚样品中，分离筛选具有较高群体淬灭酶活性的珊瑚共附生细菌，经16S rDNA测序初步鉴定其大部分为弧菌属。进一步研究群体淬灭活性菌株对两株珊瑚致病菌溶珊瑚弧菌V545（Vibrio coralliilyticus）和溶藻弧菌Z-14（V.alginolyticus）的生长、运动及生物被膜生成的影响。结果显示，5株群体淬灭活性菌株明显抑制溶珊瑚弧菌V545及溶藻弧菌Z-14的生长，8个菌株对溶藻弧菌Z-14的运动有明显抑制作用；9个菌株可显著抑制溶珊瑚弧菌V545生物被膜形成，13个菌株可显著抑制溶藻弧菌Z-14的生物被膜形成，其中11个菌株对溶藻弧菌Z-14生物被膜生长抑制率均超过85%；部分群体淬灭活性菌株对溶珊瑚弧菌V545和溶藻弧菌Z-14的生长、运动及生物被膜形成均有显著抑制作用。本研究筛选获得具有群体淬灭活性的细菌，并揭示其群体淬灭活性对珊瑚致病菌生长、运动、生物膜生成的影响，为解决珊瑚微生物抗病机制提供理论依据与原创材料。     

热带岛礁型海洋牧场中珊瑚礁生境与资源的修复

我国南海的离岸岛礁以珊瑚礁生境为主。珊瑚礁在提升海洋生态资源和维护我国海洋国土权益上发挥了至关重要的作用。近年来,在全球气候变化以及人类活动的影响下,南海珊瑚礁生境和资源严重退化,威胁着渔业资源、海洋环境以及国土安全。现代化的海洋牧场被认为是实现南海资源可持续发展战略的新型海洋生物资源开发模式。珊瑚礁生境与资源的修复则是热带岛礁型海洋牧场建设的基础和关键。基于此,本文整理了珊瑚礁生境与资源修复的技术方法,详细介绍了珊瑚礁生境构建框架生物造礁石珊瑚的有性繁殖、断枝培育、底播移植等技术方法以及珊瑚礁其他特色生物资源人工放流技术,并提出了在珊瑚礁生境与资源修复中所面临的问题及相应对策。     

基于遗传珊瑚礁优化算法的负载均衡问题

基于珊瑚礁优化算法, 通过在种群的每次进化过程中引入遗传算法中的交叉和变异算子, 提出一种遗传珊瑚礁优化算法, 并将改进的遗传珊瑚礁优化算法运用到负载均衡中, 有效解决了算法过早收敛的问题, 提升了算法的优化性能. 对比经典遗传算法、 珊瑚礁优化算法等群智能算法, 在CloudSim上仿真实验结果表明, 遗传珊瑚礁优化算法优化负载均衡策略取得了满意的结果, 提升了资源能耗利用率, 均衡了控制策略.     

川南下志留统石牛栏组沉积体系与岩相古地理

四川盆地南部下志留统石牛栏组为在缓坡陆棚基础上发育起来的碳酸盐台地的沉积,可划分出4个岩性段和2个沉积旋回.沉积体系在空间展布特征上表现为由南向北的从碎屑滨岸→局限台地→开阔台地→生物礁/滩→台地边缘斜坡→浅水陆棚浅滩→泥质浅水陆棚→深水陆棚变化,在垂向上则由泥/灰质深水→浅水陆棚→碳酸盐台地的变化;海平面变化是控制沉积体系发育和空间分布的重要因素.     

海洋物理化学因素对造礁珊瑚生长的影响

通过对现有资料的分析,研究了环境单因子改变对造礁珊瑚的影响.珊瑚礁发育受海平面控制,形成与海平面动荡相适应的功能骨架.大气CO2浓度升高易引起海水CO23-浓度下降,降低CaCO3各种矿物(文石、方解石等)饱和度,减缓造礁珊瑚石灰化过程,对珊瑚礁生态系统赖以生存的海洋环境构成严重威胁.文石海的高x(Mg)/x(Ca)值不利于古代低镁方解石质四射珊瑚的生长,而对现代文石质的六射珊瑚有利.富营养化水体易诱发共生藻游离出珊瑚宿主,造成珊瑚白化甚至死亡.     

Crustal activities recorded in coral reefs in the northwestern South China Sea

Coral reefs in the northwest of South China Sea have recorded the information from not only the environmental variation but also the crustal activities there during their development. The main crustal activities correlated with the coral reef development include fault, seismic, and volcano activities, etc. The high-resolution spark seismic profiles in the northwestern South China Sea show that the fault activities in the coral reef region have been clearly recorded, and appear as neonatal faults incising reefs. Earthquakes in the coral reef region are rather intense, especially the two occurring on December, 31, 1994, and January, 10, 1995, around the southwest of Leizhou Peninsula, with the magnitude of 6.1 and 6.2, respectively. They have great influence on the growth of the local coral reefs. Quaternary volcanos are active in the northwestern South China Sea, especially around the southwest of Leizhou Peninsula, and they have obvious control of the coral reef development. Some submarine volcanoes form the substrates of coral reef, while a few emerge above the sea surface and form coral islands.     

Coastal plain evolution in southern Hainan Island, China

The coast of southern Hainan Island is characterized by wide sandy embayments, which consist of ( i) drowned valleys bounded by steep bedrock hills and only locally receiving sediments, and embayments of various dimensions covered either by (ii) alluvial-deltaic deposits or by (iii) sands of coastal beach ridges/barriers and associated elongated lagoons. During the late Tertiary-Pleistocene the area has experienced isostatic and eustatic movements associated with neotectonics and climatic changes. Such history isrecorded in terraces at various altitudes (SO, 40, 20 m asl) and sequences of coastal sand ridges/baymouth bars. The Holocene variations in sea level and climate are recorded in the dated coastal ridges, coral reef and beachrock. Conditions suitable for reef development started about 8000 a BP. The GPR profiles also show that the internal structures of the sand ridges have composite nature being formed by several superimposed secondary ridges.     

Sea-level fluctuations during the last glacial cycle

The last glacial cycle was characterized by substantial millennial-scale climate fluctuations, but the extent of any associated changes in global sea level (or, equivalently, ice volume) remains elusive. Highstands of sea level can be reconstructed from dated fossil coral reef terraces, and these data are complemented by a compilation of global sea-level estimates based on deep-sea oxygen isotope ratios at millennial-scale resolution or higher. Records based on oxygen isotopes, however, contain uncertainties in the range of +/-30 m, or +/-1 degrees C in deep sea temperature. Here we analyse oxygen isotope records from Red Sea sediment cores to reconstruct the history of water residence times in the Red Sea. We then use a hydraulic model of the water exchange between the Red Sea and the world ocean to derive the sill depth-and hence global sea level-over the past 470,000 years (470 kyr). Our reconstruction is accurate to within +/-12 m, and gives a centennial-scale resolution from 70 to 25 kyr before present. We find that sea-level changes of up to 35 m, at rates of up to 2 cm yr(-1), occurred, coincident with abrupt changes in climate.     

一种适合珊瑚礁生态区用海项目的礁系生物群落调查方法

对国内常用的3种珊瑚礁生态系生物群落调查方法：ReefCheck、截线样条法、HY／T082—2005珊瑚礁生态监测技术规程方法的生物指标、主要调查内容、工作效率、适用范围等进行对比分析,提出一种适合珊瑚礁生态区用海项目的珊瑚礁生物群落的调查方法。     

海南岛邦塘湾海岸侵蚀机理分析与对策探讨

对位于海南岛东北部文昌县境内的邦塘湾海岸侵蚀机理进行分析与防护对策的探讨．自20世纪50年代以来，海岸侵蚀不断加剧，大约4km的岸段遭到了不同程度的侵蚀．这可能与珊瑚礁被破坏后，海岸失去保护，强风浪与单向泥沙流直接作用于海岸有关．海岸不断后退的同时逐步发育为对数螺线形海湾，根据Silvester等人的对数螺线形海湾的平衡判别模式，邦塘湾现在还处于不稳定状态，岸线还需要后退若干米才能稳定下来．而海平面上升又导致了海岸后退量的增加．可以通过修筑护岸堤、建造人工岬角、重建珊瑚礁海岸屏障以及开发水产养殖等措施来防护海岸．