Determining role of heterogeneous microstructure in lowering yield ratio and enhancing impact toughness in high-strength low-alloy steel

Here we present a novel approach of intercritical heat treatment for microstructure tailoring, in which intercritical annealing is introduced between conventional quenching and tempering. This induced a heterogeneous microstructure consisting of soft intercritical ferrite and hard tempered martensite, resulting in a low yield ratio(YR) and high impact toughness in a high-strength low-alloy steel. The initial yielding and subsequent work hardening behavior of the steel during tensile deformation were modified by the presence of soft intercritical ferrite after intercritical annealing, in comparison to the steel with full martensitic microstructure. The increase in YR was related to the reduction in hardness difference between the soft and hard phases due to the precipitation of nano-carbides and the recovery of dislocations during tempering.The excellent low-temperature toughness was ascribed not only to the decrease in probability of microcrack initiation for the reduction of hardness difference between two phases, but also to the increase in resistance of microcrack propagation caused by the high density of high angle grain boundaries.     

预冷等温球化退火工艺对Cr12型模具钢组织性能的影响

通过对Cr12型模具钢常规球化退火工艺的改进,得到了预冷等温球化退火新工艺。并对不同球化温度、不同退火保温时间对钢组织性能的影响进行了探讨。结果表明:改进的预冷等温球化退火新工艺合理可行,可获得硬度低于200HB、碳化物颗粒均匀细小的球化效果。球化温度和退火保温时间对组织性能均有一定影响。Cr12型模具钢理想的球化退火工艺为:球化温度940℃,保温至透烧,出炉油冷到400℃,进行730℃等温退火处理,冷却速度为<30℃/h至200℃出炉。     

复合锭直接水冷半连续铸造过程的研究

在传统结晶器中安装了冷却板,采用直接水冷半连续铸造法实现了用于生产钎焊板的铝合金复合锭的实验室制备,并对半连续铸造过程及工艺进行研究,主要研究了铸造过程中接触面附近温度场分布、复合锭接触面两侧的宏观形貌、微观组织及成分分布、硬度分布.结果表明:在冷却板的作用下接触面附近形成了一层具有一定厚度的半固态层,从而保证复合铸造过程的顺利实现,复合锭中两种铝合金接触面结合较好,且为一种冶金结合,接触面两侧的成分分布和硬度分布有较好的对应关系.     

Effect of continuous induction annealing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of copper-clad aluminum flat bars

Copper-clad aluminum (CCA) flat bars produced by the continuous casting–rolling process were subjected to continuous induction heating annealing (CIHA), and the effects of induction heating temperature and holding time on the microstructure, interface, and mechanical properties of the flat bars were investigated. The results showed that complete recrystallization of the copper sheath occurred under CIHA at 460°C for 5 s, 480°C for 3 s, or 500°C for 1 s and that the average grain size in the copper sheath was approximately 10.0 μm. In the case of specimens subjected to CIHA at 460–500°C for longer than 1 s, complete recrystallization occurred in the aluminum core. In the case of CIHA at 460–500°C for 1–5 s, a continuous interfacial layer with a thickness of 2.5–5.5 μm formed and the thickness mainly increased with increasing annealing temperature. After CIHA, the interfacial layer consisted primarily of a Cu₉Al₄ layer and a CuAl₂ layer; the average interface shear strength of the CCA flat bars treated by CIHA at 460–500°C for 1–5 s was 45–52 MPa. After full softening annealing, the hardness values of the copper sheath and the aluminum core were HV 65 and HV 24, respectively, and the hardness along the cross section of the CCA flat bar was uniform.     

低温石墨化退火对低钼、低镍球墨铸铁组织和力学性能的影响

对含钼0.25%,含镍0.2%~0.8%的球墨铸铁进行低温石墨化退火,测试了其力学性能,并对显微组织和冲击断口进行观察和分析.结果表明:添加少量钼和镍后铸态球墨铸铁中铁素体含量增加,冲击韧度提高50%以上,强度和硬度下降;进行低温石墨化退火后球墨铸铁中珠光体逐渐转变成铁素体,与铸态相比冲击韧度有大幅度提高,冲击吸收功最多增加500%,冲击断口存在较多的撕裂岭和少量韧窝;此外,添加钼和镍后,不同的退火工艺下试样的力学性能参数比较稳定,波动小.     

含钒超细晶双相钢的细化机制

利用铁素体+马氏体+贝氏体的初始显微组织结合冷轧和连续退火的方法达到了细化晶粒的目的,通过这种方式制备的双相钢中有63.8%的铁素体晶粒尺寸分布于0.5～1μm,有53%的马氏体晶粒尺寸分布于0.5～1μm.针对该现象研究了基于铁素体+马氏体+贝氏体初始显微组织含钒超细晶双相钢的晶粒细化机制.分析认为,细化机制主要有三个方面:第一是形变对显微组织的细化,包括为了得到铁素体+马氏体+贝氏体的初始显微组织而进行的热轧和冷轧;第二是冷轧态显微组织的再结晶和快速奥氏体化;第三是钒的析出物阻碍奥氏体的长大.     

退火温度对水热合成的纳米晶Ni_(0.6)Zn_(0.4)Fe_2O_4铁氧体磁性能的影响

采用水热法在180℃下合成纳米级的尖晶石相的Ni0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4铁氧体材料,在空气中退火温度分别为600、800、1000℃.使用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)和振动样品磁强计(VSM)分别表征NiZn铁氧体纳米粉体的相组成、微结构以及磁性能.XRD衍射谱和FTIR谱表明:未退火和退火的纳米晶NiZn铁氧体皆为单一尖晶石相;退火温度对晶格常数基本无影响,主要提高了致密度以及使晶粒尺寸得到长大;样品的饱和磁化强度随着退火温度的提高逐渐增大到1 000℃时的58.75 emu/g;样品的矫顽力与未退火的样品相比,先增加后减小,其矫顽力主要取决于样品的微结构.     

控制冷却对管线钢X65组织细化与性能的影响

在实验室φ450热轧实验机上进行了微合金管线钢X65轧后控冷工艺的研究,以便为进一步工业化生产提供可靠的实验和理论依据.通过TEM分析可知,针状铁素体组织典型的形貌为非常微细的亚结构、高位错密度以及部分细板条铁素体,基体上弥散分布着M/A岛和渗碳体.实验表明,随卷取温度的降低和冷却速度的增加,显微组织明显细化,针状铁素体体积分数增加且力学性能得到提高.因而通过控制轧后冷却制度可以实现X65铁素体-少珠光体钢的柔性化轧制,细化组织,从而显著提高力学性能,达到甚至超过X70钢的级别.     

针状铁素体组织的纳米硬度

以Mn-Mo-Nb-B微合金系统为研究对象,利用动态连续刚度测量纳米压痕技术,结合低碳微合金钢中针状铁素体组织的特点,分析针状铁素体组织的纳米硬度-位移曲线,计算针状铁素体组织的基体纳米硬度.结果表明：针状铁素体组织的基体纳米硬度为2.14GPa,波动为29.37％,与动态CSM方法提供的原始结果相比,通过对特定显微组织的纳米硬度-位移曲线分析而得出的纳米硬度数据的波动显著减小.     

淬火回火低碳合金钢亚温退火过程中奥氏体的形成

本文研究了原始组织分别为“回火马氏体”和“回火冷轧马氏体”的10Mn CrNi Mo V钢亚温退火过程中奥氏体的形成。研究结果表明:奥氏体形成是形核和长大的过程。奥氏体优先在位于铁素体晶界和铁素体板条界上的碳化物处形核。奥氏体长大,在较低的亚温退火温度下,由晶界扩散控制,而在较高的亚温退火温度下,则由体积扩散所控制。亚温退火过程中发生锰的再分配,在奥氏体/铁素体界面上锰浓度有极大值,而在邻近的铁素体中的锰浓度有极小值,它减慢奥氏体的长大速度并控制显微组织的均匀化。奥氏体形态对原始组织很敏感,当原始组织为“回火马氏体”时,奥氏体为纤维状和半网状的混合形态;当原始组织为“回火冷轧马氏体”时,奥氏体为等轴状。     

ZL201合金半固态电磁流变成形组织与性能

利用电磁场对合金熔体的作用研究交流电磁场下ZL201合金半固态电磁流变成形工艺、组织与性能.结果表明:在18 A,50 Hz的交流电磁场作用下,金属液温度650±1℃,模具温度510±1℃时,可以获得表面光洁、尺寸精度高、微观组织致密、内部无气孔和夹杂等缺陷的成形件.其硬度可达108HV5,是不加电磁场流变成形件的1.5倍.该研究为铝合金半固态电磁流变成形技术的应用奠定了基础.     

Electrochemically induced annealing of stainless-steel surfaces

Modification of the surface properties of metals without affecting their bulk properties is of technological interest in demanding applications where surface stability and hardness are important. When austenitic stainless steel is heavily plastically deformed by grinding or rolling, a martensitic phase transformation occurs that causes significant changes in the bulk and surface mechanical properties of the alloy. This martensitic phase can also be generated in stainless-steel surfaces by cathodic charging, as a consequence of lattice strain generated by absorbed hydrogen. Heat treatment of the steel to temperatures of several hundred degrees can result in loss of the martensitic structure, but this alters the bulk properties of the alloy. Here we show that martensitic structures in stainless steel can be removed by appropriate electrochemical treatment in aqueous solutions at much lower temperature than conventional annealing treatments. This electrochemically induced annealing process allows the hardness of cold-worked stainless steels to be maintained, while eliminating the brittle martensitic phase from the surface. Using this approach, we are able to anneal the surface and near-surface regions of specimens that contain rolling-induced martensite throughout their bulk, as well as those containing surface martensite induced by grinding. Although the origin of the electrochemical annealing process still needs further clarification, we expect that this treatment will lead to further development in enhancing the surface properties of metals.     

等通道转角挤压对铝青铜力学性能的影响

采用等通道转角挤压（ECAE）工艺对铝青铜(Cu 10%Al 4%Fe)进行热处理,研究了ECAE处理工艺中预热温度、挤压道次及退火处理对铝青铜外观形貌、微观组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明:在650 °C的预热温度下,铝青铜可以顺利通过ECAE挤压通道;随着ECAE挤压道次从1增至4,铝青铜的显微硬度、屈服强度及延伸率显著增加;经500 °C退火60 min处理后,铝青铜的力学性能最佳.     

Effect of scanning speed during PTA remelting treatment on the microstructure and wear resistance of nodular cast iron

The surface of nodular cast iron (NCI) with a ferrite substrate was rapidly remelted and solidified by plasma transferred arc (PTA) to induce a chilled structure with high hardness and favorable wear resistance. The effect of scanning speed on the microstructure, microhardness distribution, and wear properties of PTA-remelted specimens was systematically investigated. Microstructural characterization indicated that the PTA remelting treatment could dissolve most graphite nodules and that the crystallized primary austenite dendrites were transformed into cementite, martensite, an interdendritic network of ledeburite eutectic, and certain residual austenite during rapid solidification. The dimensions of the remelted zone and its dendrites increase with decreased scanning speed. The microhardness of the remelted zone varied in the range of 650 HV_0.2 to 820 HV_0.2, which is approximately 2.3–3.1 times higher than the hardness of the substrate. The wear resistance of NCI was also significantly improved after the PTA remelting treatment.     

Determining role of heterogeneous microstructure in lowering yield ratio and enhancing impact toughness in high-strength low-alloy steel

Here we present a novel approach of intercritical heat treatment for microstructure tailoring,in which intercritical annealing is introduced between conventional quenching and tempering.This induced a heterogeneous microstructure consisting of soft intercritical ferrite and hard tempered martensite,resulting in a low yield ratio(YR)and high impact toughness in a high-strength low-alloy steel.The initial yielding and subsequent work hardening behavior of the steel during tensile deformation were modified by the presence of soft intercritical ferrite after intercritical annealing,in comparison to the steel with full martensitic microstructure.The increase in YR was related to the reduction in hardness difference between the soft and hard phases due to the precipitation of nano-carbides and the recovery of dislocations during tempering.The excellent low-temperature toughness was ascribed not only to the decrease in probability of microcrack initiation for the reduction of hardness difference between two phases,but also to the increase in resistance of microcrack propagation caused by the high density of high angle grain boundaries.     

退火条件对6016铝合金硬度和蠕变性能的影响

【目的】研究6016铝合金在不同退火温度和时效条件下的硬度和蠕变性能,为生产应用领域提供参考依据。【方法】利用纳米压痕技术对不同退火温度和时效处理的6016铝合金的硬度及蠕变性能进行测试。【结果】退火温度对6016铝合金的硬度影响不大;随着自然时效时间的延长,各试样的硬度值都出现先略微变化,然后大幅减小再增大的趋势。蠕变系数在不同自然时效时间下出现浮动现象,蠕变系数n=1.723~2.796,各试样蠕变系数呈现先变小后增大再减小的趋势,在7d时效时出现最优值,在27d时出现峰值,随时间延长蠕变系数出现回归现象,材料形变速率减小,并趋于一个相对稳定状态;但在同样时效条件下它们的差异并不明显。【结论】经过不同温度和不同时效时间处理的6016铝合金,其硬度随时效时间变化而变化。热处理对蠕变系数的影响较弱,6016铝合金的力学性能比较稳定。对6016铝合金板材采用"退火处理+自然时效"后,最适宜的应用时间是在两个月后。     

铁素体区热轧IF钢冷轧退火时织构的形成与演变

通过金相观察和织构ODF分析,系统地研究了铁素体区热轧IF钢织构的形成机制及其在冷轧和退火过程中织构转变的特点和机理.结果表明:铁素体区热轧IF钢时,在交滑移机制的作用下,主要得到纤维状的形变组织和较强的α丝织构和较弱的γ丝织构,同时有少量的再结晶晶粒存在;冷轧过程中,在位错滑移、晶粒转动以及晶内剪切带的共同作用下,形成典型的纤维状组织,α丝织构和γ丝织构都明显得到加强;退火时,再结晶组织和织构的形成主要受很强的定向形核机制和弱的选择长大机制控制.     

3003铝合金铸锭均匀化退火工艺及力学性能

为了节能减排,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、万能力学试验机等手段,研究分析了3003铝合金不同均匀化退火工艺后的组织演变及力学性能变化。结果表明:随均匀化退火温度的升高,对应的最佳工艺时间减少;620℃下退火5 h时的组织与610℃下退火7 h时基本相同,晶界处无偏析第二相粒子且晶内弥散分布第二相粒子;常温及高温瞬时拉伸时,620℃退火5 h的合金拉伸强度、延伸率均高于610℃退火7 h的。该研究通过升高退火温度、减少时间改善了3003合金铸锭均匀化退火工艺,最佳工艺为650℃下保温5 h。     

等温热处理对挤压态镁锂合金组织、硬度及延伸率的影响

采用氩气氛下感应熔炼和正向挤压变形制备了Mg-7.5Li-3.5Al-1Zn-1Ce-0.5Sn镁锂合金板材,然后在真空热处理炉中对挤压态合金进行等温退火,并采用金相观察和布氏硬度测试研究了等温热处理对合金板材显微组织和布氏硬度的影响.通过金相显微镜观察表明,等温处理温度对合金显微组织的影响较大,在较低温度下,只发生两相的形态和体积分数的变化,合金几乎不发生或需要较长时间才发生静态再结晶.在较高温度下,合金快速发生再结晶,合金晶粒细化,但随着保温时间的延长,晶粒有所长大.不同的组织形态对应的硬度不同,α相呈球化时的硬度值最高.     

退火对表面纳米化纯钛热稳定性的影响

采用表面机械研磨技术实现纯钛材料表面纳米化,并研究了纳米化处理后的材料表层组织结构,详细分析了样品表层纳米晶组织在不同温度、不同时间退火后的热稳定性.结果表明:纯钛TA2经过表面机械研磨处理后可以在表面形成等轴且取向随机的纳米晶层,晶粒尺寸约为12nm.对表面纳米化样品退火后发现,表层纳米晶组织在773 K以下温度退火后具有良好的热稳定性,晶粒尺寸没有明显增大;在773 K温度退火150min后晶粒尺寸稍有增大,而在773 K温度退火240min后晶粒尺寸明显增大,且横截面显微硬度也比表面纳米化后未退火样品显著下降,良好的热稳定性消失.