黄淮地区不同土地利用方式下土壤团聚体特征

选取三种土地利用方式(耕地、林地和草地)0-100 cm土层土壤为研究对象,采用湿筛法和干筛法通过计算0.25 mm大团聚体的比例、平均重量直径和几何平均直径分析土壤团聚体粒级分布和稳定性.不同土地利用方式下,土壤机械稳定性团聚体以0.25-0.5 mm粒级团聚体比例最低,在0-40 cm土层以5 mm粒级团聚体比例最高;土壤水稳性团聚体以0.25 mm粒级团聚体比例最高,各土层0.25-0.5 mm粒级团聚体比例最低.三种土地利用方式下,土壤团聚体机械稳定性水稳定性总体表现为林地和草地高于耕地.综合分析表明,林地土壤团聚体稳定性较高,耕地土壤团聚体稳定性表现最差.     

天津北大港沼泽湿地土壤团聚体碳组分对长期开垦的响应

为研究滨海湿地消亡与退化过程中土壤团聚体碳组分的变化情况,选取天津北大港盐渍化芦苇沼泽湿地和对应长期开垦的农田为研究对象,分别采集表层(0～15 cm)和亚表层(15～30 cm)的土壤,利用湿筛法得到大团聚体(2.000 mm)、中团聚体(0.250～2.000 mm)、微团聚体(0.053～0.250 mm)和矿质颗粒组分(0.053 mm)共4个土壤团聚体粒级组分,并利用元素分析仪对其有机碳和无机碳含量进行测定和分析.结果表明:①湿地开垦后,表层土壤大团聚体比例显著下降了82%,微团聚体和矿质颗粒组分比例分别显著增加了181%和57%,亚表层土壤中团聚体和微团聚体比例分别显著增加了40%和113%,矿质颗粒组分比例显著下降了61%.②开垦后,除了亚表层土壤的矿质颗粒组分外,土壤各粒级团聚体有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)含量均显著降低(-35%～206%),其中,中团聚体SOC含量对开垦响应最敏感.③开垦显著增加了土壤无机碳(soilinorganiccarbon,SIC)的含量,表层和亚表层土壤增幅分别为25%和137%,可见无机碳多富集在下层土壤中;但大团聚体组分的无机碳含量下降,占比下降了41%.④湿地开垦后,表层全土及各组分总碳(total carbon,TC)含量均显著降低了26%～50%,亚表层全土TC含量增加了16%,其中矿质颗粒组分TC含量的增加(65%)弥补了大团聚体和中团聚体TC的减少.综上,长期开垦改变了湿地土壤团聚体的分布和土壤结构,显著降低了有机碳和表层土壤的总碳含量,从而削弱了滨海湿地的碳汇和肥力等重要功能;但开垦增加了无机碳含量(68%),这在一定程度上减缓了碳库的流失,因此今后在滨海盐渍化湿地地区应进一步关注无机碳的动态变化.     

细柄阿丁枫天然林与杉木人工林土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳比较

研究福建省建瓯市万木林自然保护区内,细柄阿丁枫(Altingia gracilipes)天然林及杉木(Cunning-hamia lanceolata)人工林不同土层土壤团聚体有机碳质量比与有机碳贮量的关系,探讨土地利用变化对土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳的影响.结果表明,细柄阿丁枫天然林和杉木人工林都是以大团聚体(>0.25 mm)为主,占了干土质量的85%以上.天然林转换为人工林后,土壤团聚体的数量变化差异不明显,但各个粒径团聚体有机碳质量比明显下降,下降幅度为22.62%～51.78%,表层土壤有机碳损失更为严重.2种林分的大于2.0mm的团聚体有机碳贮量最高,0.25～0.5 mm的团聚体有机碳贮量最低,在大团聚体中呈现出随粒径增加,有机碳贮量增加的趋势.天然林转换为人工林后,土壤有机碳贮量明显下降,下降是由各粒径团聚体碳质量比减小引起的.     

有机种植技术对茶园土壤团聚体组成及稳定性影响

选取福州鼓山茶园土壤,对常规与有机种植模式下0~50 cm土层土壤团聚体组成、平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、分形维数(D)进行测定与分析。结果表明:(1)常规茶园和有机茶园在0~50 cm各土层均以微团聚体(0.25mm)含量最高,1mm粒级团聚体含量最低;(2)与常规种植相比,有机种植土壤在0~50 cm土层大团聚体(R0.25)含量、MWD以及GMD分别降低19.74%、32.22%、27.18%,D提高1.64%;(3)茶园土壤总体表现为随土层加深团聚体稳定性逐渐降低。     

化学淋洗对土壤团聚体稳定性及其重金属赋存形态的影响

为探究重金属在土壤非均质体系中的淋洗特性,分别考察了3种化学淋洗剂乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、柠檬酸和三氯化铁(FeCl_3)等对粒径为0.25～2.00 mm、0.05～0.25 mm和0.05 mm的土壤团聚体淋洗过程中团聚体结构、重金属Pb和Cd质量分数及其赋存形态影响。结果表明,不同粒径团聚体中重金属的淋洗效率存在显著差异(P0.05),小粒径(0.05 mm)的团聚体上Pb和Cd具有更高的淋洗效率。淋洗后较小粒径团聚体上残渣态Cd所占比例升高,但有效态的Pb所占比例增加。淋洗后团聚体的平均直径分别减小了77.25%、80.98%和49.15%,团聚体解体可能增加土壤对Pb和Cd的专性吸附能力。淋洗剂FeCl_3相较于EDTA和柠檬酸,对水稳性团聚体具有较低的结构破坏作用,同时具有较好的重金属淋洗效果,有利于土壤后续的安全再利用。     

驻马哨洼地不同土地利用类型土壤物理性质分析

掌握驻马哨洼地不同土地利用类型的土壤物理性质,对于治理当地水土流失具有重要的理论意义。采用烘干法、激光粒度仪法、重铬酸钾法和土壤团聚体分析方法,研究了驻马哨洼地不同土地利用类型的土壤容重、水分、有机质、机械组成和团聚体水稳性,结果发现:驻马哨洼地水分含量耕地草地灌木,容重灌木草地耕地,有机质含量耕地草地灌木,机械组成粒径灌木草地耕地;土壤干筛法,5mm大团聚体中,灌木(61.82%)耕地(50.94%)草地(45.83%),土壤湿筛法,0.25mm粒径大团聚体中,灌木(84.56%)耕地(72.57%)草地(68.69%),大团聚体含量决定了平均粒径MWD值得高低;团聚体破坏率PAD大小排列为耕地(15.29%)草地(8.05%)灌木(6.12%);大团聚体含量与有机质之间呈正相关。     

野生蕨菜产地土壤微团聚体质量分数与养分因子关系研究

以野生蕨菜产地中d＜0．25mm的土壤微团聚体质量分数为依变量，以有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾为自变量进行了通径分析，结果表明：对d＜0．25mm土壤微团聚体质量分数有正效应的主要因子为速效磷，其次为速效氮和有机质；有负效应的主要因子为全磷，其次全钾．     

藏东南高寒区尼洋河河谷地带不同土地利用方式土壤抗蚀性研究

土壤抗蚀性是评价土壤侵蚀潜在发生可能性的重要综合性指标,研究高寒河谷地带不同土地利用方式土壤抗蚀性为土地利用模式优化和资源整合提供理论依据.本文应用主成分分析法对藏东南高寒区尼洋河流域5种不同土地利用方式下的3大类、13个土壤抗蚀性指标进行分析研究.研究结果表明:土壤团粒类指标和有机质能很好地反映土壤抗蚀性,0.25 mm水稳性团聚体质量分数、0.5mm水稳性团聚体质量分数、0.25 mm非水稳性团聚体质量分数、水稳性指数、平均重量直径、团聚体结构破坏率、有机质7个指标对土壤抗蚀性的影响最为明显,是表现不同土地利用方式土壤抗蚀性的最佳指标.各抗蚀性指标值基本表现出(0～15)cm(16～30)cm规律.通过建立权重求和模型发现0～15 cm表层土壤抗蚀性能远远大于16～30 cm;最终,通过叠加法得出不同土地利用类型土壤抗蚀性评价从强到弱顺序为:灌木林地(SL)、天然林地(NF)、农耕地(CL)、河滩林地(BL)、人工林地(AF).     

竹阔混交林阔叶树下土壤养分对毛竹生长的影响

在浙江省龙游县和庙山坞自然保护区研究了竹阔混交林阔叶树周围土壤养分空间分布及其与毛竹生长的相关性.结果表明:(1)竹阔混交林中阔叶树周围全竹、新竹平均胸径及新竹数存在带内差异和树种间差异,毛竹生长随距阔叶树基干距离增加而增加;(2)阔叶树周围不同环形带内土壤养分含量分布存在明显差异,且这种差异与其周围毛竹生长分布趋势一致;(3)不同阔叶树周围相同环形带内土壤养分存在显著差异,除了有机磷外其他养分均达显著或极显著水平;(4)阔叶树周围对新竹生长影响的各土壤因子从大到小依次为:全磷、速效氮、全氮、速效磷、有机碳、速效钾;(5)新竹平均胸径与阔叶树周围各土壤养分因子相关性可达显著水平,新竹平均胸径与全氮、全磷呈显著正相关,而与速效钾和C/N呈显著负相关,与各土壤参数交互因子相关不显著.     

福州江滨公园不同植被对土壤微团聚体组成及分形的影响

选择福州市南江滨公园内建植年龄(10 a)相当的阔叶树黄花槐(Sophora xanthantha C.Y.Ma)林、针叶树南洋杉(Araucaria cunninghamii)林以及较为常见的沟叶结缕草(Zoysia matrella)草坪为研究对象,以建园之前遗留林木番石榴(Psidium guajava Linn.)林为对照,采用吸管分散分离法提取土壤微团聚体,分析了城市公园不同植被土壤微团聚体组成、平均质量直径(MWD)、平均质量比表面积(MWSSA)等.结果显示:保留林土壤以粗微团聚体(0.25~2 mm)为主,而后建3种植被土壤以0.02 mm粒级的微团聚体为主体,保留林MWSSA和分形维数显著低于后建林地,MWD显著高于后建林地,大粒级颗粒含量越多,分形维数(D)越小.可见,公园绿化过程中若保留原有林木,可以保护土壤微团聚体稳定性.后建3种植被土壤的分形维数,阔叶林低于草坪和针叶林,但差异尚未达到显著水平,这可能与建植年龄还较短有关.不同植被类型土壤微团聚体的分形维数越低,土壤有机质和碱解氮含量越高,说明分形维数可以作为城市绿地土壤定量化描述土壤肥力水平的指标.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that