Different effects of D-glucose anomers for respiration of bacterial germinated spores.

Effects of alpha- or beta-D-glucose on the respiration of germinated spores (only germinated spores not including swollen spores and elongated spores) of Bacillus subtilis and B. megaterium were studied. In our conditions, net amount of oxygen consumed by 10(10) germinated spores of B. subtilis per min after addition of alpha- or beta-D-glucose was 1.6 microgram or 6.6 microgram (beta/alpha = 4.13), while that by B.megaterium was 4.5 microgram of 6.8 microgram (beta/alpha = 1.51), respectively. However, the net amounts of oxygen consumed by 10(10) vegetative cells per min after addition of alpha- or beta-D-glucose were identical, for B.subtillis in both cases 443.0 microgram and for B.megaterium in both cases 604.4 microgram.     

Uptake of D-glucose anomers by rat retina

Summary Uptake ofd-glucose anomers by isolated rat retina was studied. After 3 min incubation at 37°C in the presence of or anomer (750 g/ml), a significantly greater uptake (1.32 mg/g wet tissue) of -anomer was observed compared with that of -d-glucose (1.11 mg/g wet tissue). This result and other data suggest that the carrier ford-glucose transport in the retina prefers the -anomer stereospecifically.Acknowledgment. The authors are grateful to Mr S. Suzuki for his technical assistance.     

Antigenic components of germinated spores ofBacillus megaterium

Riassunto Sono stati studiati gli antigeni di forme vegetative, spore quiescenti e germinate diB. megaterium. È. stato possibile individuare che le 3 forme possiedono sia antigeni propri sia antigeni comuni.     

Effects of D-glucose anomers on afferent discharge in the hepatic vagus nerve

Summary Intraportal injections of -D-glucose, optically equilibrated D-glucose and -D-glucose reduced afferent discharges in the hepatic vagus nerve of anaesthesized rats. -D-Glucose was most potent in decreasing the discharge.     

Stimulation by D-glucose of mitochondrial respiration

Summary D-glucose increases O₂ uptake by cerebellum mitochondria. This effect is abolished by D-glucose-6-phosphate and D-mannoheptulose. It is proposed that the phosphorylation of D-glucose as catalyzed by bound hexokinase directly affects mitochondrial respiration.     

Stimulation by D-glucose of mitochondrial respiration

D-glucose increases O2 uptake by cerebellum mitochondria. This effect is abolished by D-glucose-6-phosphate and D-mannoheptulose. It is proposed that the phosphorylation of D-glucose as catalyzed by bound hexokinase directly affects mitochondrial respiration.     

The effects of nicotinamide on heat resistance of spores ofBacillus cereus T

Zusammenfassung Nicotinamide hemmt die Synthese von Dipicolinsäure (DPA) und die Entwicklung der Hitzeresistenz vonBacillus cereus T Sporen. Nicotinsäure hat keinen Effekt. Zugabe von DPA kann die Hitzsensitivität, die durch Nicotinamide induziert wurde, nicht rÜckgängig machen.     

Lethal effects of heat on bacterial physiology and structure

High temperatures have profound effects on the structural and physiological properties of sporulating and non-sporulating bacteria, with membranes, RNA, DNA, ribosomes, protein and enzymes all affected. Nevertheless, it is apparent that no one single event is responsible for cell death. The induction of intracellular heat-shock proteins and the activation of extracellular alarmones in vegetative cells exposed to mildly lethal temperatures are important cell responses. In bacterial spores, several factors contribute to the overall resistance to moist (wet) and dry heat; the latter, but not the former, induces mutations. Heat resistance develops during sporulation, when spore-specific heat-shock proteins are also produced. Heat sensitivity is regained during germination of spores.     

The effects of 4 detergents on the respiration of mitochondria isolated from rat liver]

The effects of these four detergents (two non-ionic: Titron X100 and Tween 80, two ionic: sodium cholate and sodium dedeoxycholate) upon the respiratory intensities of mitochondria and upon the ADP/0 and respiratory control ratios were observed. At low concentrations and in the absence of exogenous ADP, non ionic as well as ionic detergents provoked a threefold (or fourfold) increase of the respiratory intensities of mitochondria. At higher concentrations, the four detergents were inhibitory for mitochondrial oxidations in the order: Triton X 100 greater than DOC greater than cholate greater than Tween 80. At increasing doses, the four detergents progressively decreased the phosphorylating capacities of mitochondria.     

Evidence for an intracytoplasmic membrane in the core of spores ofBacillus popilliae

Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit bringt den elektronenmikroskopischen Beweis für das Bestehen einer intracytoplasmatischen Membran im Cytoplasma (core) der Sporen vonBacillus popilliae.

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This investigation was supported by a research contract from the Northern Utilization Research and Development Division, US Department of Agriculture, Peoria (Illinois).     

In vivo effects of Sumithion on tissue respiration and enzyme activity in the fish,Etroplus maculatus

Summary LD₅₀ exposure of a teleost fish.Etroplus maculatus, to Sumithion depressed the rate of oxygen consumption, concomitantly with an inhibition in succinate dehydrogenase activity in the tissues, in the order gill>brain>liver>muscle. The effect of the same pesticide on the activity of acetylcholinesterase was quite interesting, with a maximal inhibitory effect on the brain followed by liver, muscle and gill, suggesting a tissue specificity, and a differential sensitivity of the enzyme towards the pesticide.I wish to express may gratitude to Dr K. Sasira Babu and Dr J. Hemalatha for their valuable discussions and encouragement.     

A new evidence for induction of respiration deficiency in yeast by acriflavine

Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe einer Nährlösung, in der 2prozentiges Glyzerin den Zucker ersetzte, wurde ein neues und vereinfachendes Verfahren gefunden, die durch Acriflavin bedingte Induktion der Atmungsunfähigkeit von Hefe zu prüfen. Während die normalen, das heisst atmungsfähigen Zellen sich in dieser Nährlösung vermehren, tun dies die atmungsunfähigen Zellen nie. Eine bemerkenswerte Zunahme der atmungsunfähigen Zellen wurde bei normalen Hefekulturen in Glyzerin-Nährlösung nach Zusatz von verschiedenen Konzentrationen von Acriflavin trotz der nachteiligen Bedingungen beobachtet.     

Different neuropathological effects of intrahippocampal injections of kainic acid and tetanus toxin

Behavioral and neuroanatomical effects of hippocampal injections of kainic acid (KA) and tetanus toxin (TT) were investigated in rats. Injections of KA resulted in both local and distant neuroanatomical damage, but not in clear signs of epilepsy; injections of TT on the other hand were followed (in some of the rats) by prolonged seizure attacks, but not by neuronal damage. Based on these results it is suggested that the widespread neuronal damage following KA lesions cannot be primarily attributed to orthodromic activation of epileptic discharges. Instead, specific properties of KA and their interactions with certain transmitters may provoke widespread neuroanatomical damage.