Investigation of the biological roles of autophagy in appressorium morphogenesis in Magnaporthe oryzae

Magnaporthe oryzae has been used as a primary model organism for investigating fungus-plant interaction. Many researches focused on molecular mechanisms of appressorium formation to restrain this fungal pathogen. Autophagy is a very high conserved process in eukaryotic cells. Recently, autophagy has been considered as a key process in development and differentiation in M. oryzae. In this report, we present and discuss the current state of our knowledge on gene expression in appressorium formation and the progress in autophagy of rice blast fungi.     

一种简易的昆虫基因组DNA提取方法

报道了一种改进的昆虫基因组DNA 的提取方法.结果表明,该方法可在常温条件下,对多种昆虫及人体组织进行酚/氯仿抽提,DNA 得率较高,OD260/280 的值在1.6～1.9 之间.     

Magnaporthe oryzae MTP1 gene encodes a type III transmembrane protein involved in conidiation and conidial germination

In this study the MTP1 gene, encoding a type III integral transmembrane protein, was isolated from the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. The Mtp 1 protein is 520 amino acids long and is comparable to the Ytp 1 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with 46% sequence similarity. Prediction programs and MTP1-GFP （green fluorescent protein） fusion expression results indicate that Mtp 1 is a protein located at several membranes in the cytoplasm. The functions of the MTP1 gene in the growth and development of the fungus were studied using an MTP1 gene knockout mutant. The MTP1 gene was primarily expressed at the hyphal and conidial stages and is necessary for conidiation and conidial germination, but is not required for pathogenicity. The Amtpl mutant grew more efficiently than the wild type strain on non-fermentable carbon sources, implying that the MTP1 gene has a unique role in respiratory growth and carbon source use.     

Construction of an electronic physical map of Magnaporthe oryzae using genomic position-ready SSR markers

Magnaporthe oryzae is a model for plant pathogenic filamentous fungi. We have assembled a simple sequence repeat (SSR)-based physical map of the species, using in silico sequence data. A set of 120 SSR markers was developed from the genomic sequence of the reference isolate 70-15. These markers were readily amplified from the genomic DNA of other isolates, and high levels of allelic variation characterised the parental isolates of the two crosses tested. All the markers were locatable to one of the seven M. oryzae chromosomes. An SSR-based physical in silico map was constructed, and pre-existing SSR and RFLP loci were integrated into the map, along with 23 Avr (avirulence) genes and two other genes of importance to the plant/pathogen interaction. This map provides a platform for population genetics and functional genomics studies in the model pathogen, and even in other evolu- tionally related pathogens.     

两种球形棕囊藻细胞总RNA提取方法的比较

不同植物细胞RNA提取的适宜方法各不相同.本实验分析、比较了QIAGEN试剂盒法和西曲溴铵(CTAB)法用于赤潮藻细胞总RNA提取的情况.结果显示,两种方法均可获得高质量的总RNA.比较而言,CTAB法比QIAGEN试剂盒更可取,适合藻细胞RNA的大量提取.     

Fluorescent co-localization of PTS1 and PTS2 and its application in analysis of the gene function and the peroxisomal dynamic in Magnaporthe oryzae

The peroxisomal matrix proteins involved in many important biological metabolism pathways in eukaryotic cells are encoded by nucleal genes, synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported into the organelles. Targeting and import of these proteins depend on their two peroxisomal targeting signals （PTS 1 and PTS2） in sequence as we have known so far. The vectors of the fluorescent fusions with PTS, i.e., green fluorescence protein （GFP）-PTS1, GFP-PTS2 and red fluorescence protein （RFP）-PTS1, were constructed and introduced into Magnaporthe oryzae Guy ll cells. Transformants containing these fusions emitted fluorescence in a punctate pattern, and the locations of the red and green fluorescence overlapped exactly in RFP-PTS 1 and GFP-PTS2 co-transformed strains. These data indicated that both PTS1 and PTS2 fusions were imported into peroxisomes. A probable higher efficiency of PTS1 machinery was revealed by comparing the fluorescence backgrotmds in GFP-PTS1 and GFP-PTS2 transformants. By introducing both RFP-PTS1 and GFP-PTS2 into Amgpex6 mutants, the involvement of MGPEX6 gene in both PTS1 and PTS2 pathways was proved. In addition, using these transformants, the inducement ofperoxisomes and the dynamic of peroxisomal number during the pre-penetration processes were investigated as well. In summary, by the localization and co-localization of PTS1 and PTS2, we provided a useful tool to evaluate the biological roles of the peroxisomes and the related genes.     

从石蜡包埋组织高效提取RNA的优化及Shh的RT-PCR检测

从石蜡包埋组织中提取高质量的RNA是对肿瘤实体组织进行分子生物学研究的重要方法之一．利用人的胃肠道肿瘤材料，通过蛋白酶K消化，经酚-氯仿、异戊醇抽提去蛋白及异丙醇沉淀，优化了1套从石蜡包埋组织中提取RNA的方法，提高了所提取RNA的质量和产量．所得RNA经电泳检测，并进行RT-PCR扩增Shh(sonic hedgehog)信号分子，结果良好．故认为此提取RNA的方法值得推广．     

稻瘟病菌中己糖载体蛋白的生物信息学分析

己糖载体蛋白是一种重要的糖载体蛋白,主要用于己糖的摄取和运输。本文通过生物信息学的方法,研究发现稻瘟病菌有67个可能的己糖载体蛋白。其中,MGG 06203、MGG 03620、MGG 15700、MGG 00040、MGG 13651、MGG 05946的氨基酸序列分别与Neurosporacrassa、Aspergillusnidulans和Colletrotrichumgramini-cola中已鉴定出的己糖载体蛋白高度同源。此外,稻瘟病菌不同的己糖载体蛋白基因在附着胞形成的各个阶段表达量存在很大的差异,尤其是其中有25个基因在稻瘟病菌侵染水稻48 h后有明显上调表达,表明它们可能参与了稻瘟病菌的致病过程。     

香雪兰花瓣总RNA的提取和cDNA文库的构建

以不同开放时间的红色香雪兰的花瓣为材料,利用CTAB裂解、LiCl沉淀的方法提取出高质量的总RNA,经纯化mRNA后,合成双链cDNA,加上EcoRⅠ和XhoⅠ接头,用胶回收的方法将500 bp以上的cDNA回收并连在载体上,获得了重组率为89%,滴度为4.8×105pfu/mL的香雪兰花瓣质粒cDNA文库,为研究香雪兰花香和花色的相关基因奠定了基础.     

利用噬菌体有效分离稀有放线菌的初步研究

 利用噬菌体S7和S3专一性感染裂解链霉菌的特性,选用几丁质、土壤浸汁和改良海藻糖-天门冬酰胺3种分离培养基,结合使用预培养、预处理及添加不同抑制剂等多种手段,对采自云南、缅甸的3份土样进行处理.实验检测了在不同培养基上噬菌体对链霉菌的抑制效果,结果表明在几丁质培养基上,噬菌体对链霉菌的抑制效果明显,提高了稀有放线菌的出菌率,增加了物种多样性.利用噬菌体是一种有效分离稀有放线菌的方法.     

一种低危害的基因组DNA和总RNA的提取方法

从生物组织里提取基因组DNA和总RNA是多数专业研究人员都需要操作的实验内容,但该实验的常规操作流程中却存在致病性微生物的感染风险和有毒有害试剂的危害.本文从选择安全的实验材料和改进低危的实验方法两个方面入手,提出了以盐藻为实验材料的基因组DNA和总RNA的新的实验提取方法,该方法有效避免了致病性微生物的感染风险,也避免了有毒、挥发性试剂苯酚、氯仿和Trizol的使用,对核酸提取实验操作的安全性提供了一定的保障,可供研究者选取实验方案时参考.     

Genetic and physical mapping of AvrPi7, a novel avirulence gene of Magnaporthe oryzae using physical position-ready markers

Rice blast, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most devastating crop diseases worldwide. The avirulence gene corresponding to rice blast resistance gene Pi7 in field isolate CHL346 was inherited as a single gene, designated AvrPi7, in a segregating population consisting of 189 ascospore progenies derived from a cross between field isolates CHL346 and CHL42. In order to determine the chromosomal location of the AvrPi7 locus, a total of 121 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed based on the whole-genome sequence of reference isolate 70-15 of M. oryzae. Linkage analysis of the locus with these SSR markers showed that eight SSR markers on chromosome 1 were linked to the locus, among which the closest flanking markers MS1-9 and MS1-15 were 3.2 and 16.4 cM from the locus, respectively. For fine mapping, additional PCR-based makers including eight SSR markers and three candidate avirulence gene (CAG) markers were developed in the region flanking both markers. The AvrPi7 locus was genetically delimited within a 1.6-cM region flanked by markers MS1-21 and MS1-22, and co-segregated with the marker CAG2. To construct a physical map of the AvrPi7 locus, molecular markers linked to the Avr gene were mapped on the supercontigs of the ref-erence isolate 70-15 through bioinformation analysis (BIA). Consequently, the AvrPi7 locus was delim-ited to a 75-kb interval flanked by markers MS1-21 and MS1-22 based on the reference sequence. Merodiploids observed in this study are also discussed.     

水稻白叶枯病菌致病相关基因筛选系统的建立

水稻白叶枯病菌Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae是水稻生产中最严重的细菌性病害之一。本研究采用Tn5转座子随机插入突变的方法构建水稻白叶枯病菌广西菌株K74的突变体库,Southern杂交显示Tn5随机单拷贝插入基因组。通过水稻致病性检测试验,目前获得15个致病力降低50%以上的突变体,为定位Tn5插入突变基因,经质粒拯救、测序、序列分析后发现:4个突变基因为gum基因簇基因,5个为LPS基因簇基因,2个为metB基因,1个为hrpB1基因,2个是与糖合成转移酶相关基因,1个为编码假定蛋白的基因。其中14个突变基因是已知的与致病相关的基因。实验结果表明本研究成功建立了一个筛选水稻白叶枯病菌致病相关基因的系统,为进一步研究水稻白叶枯病致病相关基因,阐明该病的致病机理奠定基础。     

红曲霉RNA的提取方法

采用异硫氰酸胍和β_巯基乙醇联合变性 ,酚 ,氯仿和异戊醇抽提的方法 ,对红曲霉总RNA进行提取。得到的RNA样品经过甲醛变性凝胶电泳和紫外分光光度法检测 ,证实为完整、均一的总RNA ,为构建红曲霉的cDNA(complemetaryDNA ,互补DNA)文库和筛选差异表达的基因奠定了基础。     

一种简易的植物核酸提取方法─—从干叶和新鲜叶中快速提取RNA和DNA

本文介绍了一种植物核酸提取的简易方法．该法只需在常温下按常规的分子生物学操作条件从已干燥的和新鲜的植物叶中快速提取总ＲＮＡ和ＤＮＡ．所获得的ＲＮＡ和ＤＮＡ能顺利用于下一步的ＰＣＲ、测序及小分子ＲＮＡ研究等分子生物学实验．     

皂土对RNA的有效分离和保护作用的初步研究

皂土-SDS RNA提取方法,是一种能广泛应用的RNA提取方法,能从富含多糖多酚的麻疯树,富含RNase 的动物肝脏,以及霉菌等多种RNA提取困难的动、植物与微生物材料中,成功提取出高质量的RNA,A260/A280在1.8以上．皂土对RNA酶具有高效吸附效应,与RNAsin比较,发现皂土抑制RNA酶强度比进口的同类产品更佳。同时,实验表明此皂土RNA酶抑制剂对RT-PCR等分子生物学后续实验的并无影响。结论：皂土成本低廉,可作为一种有效的RNA抑制剂.     

地衣共生菌分离培养的新方法

介绍了一种分离培养地衣共生菌和内生菌的新方法。该方法直接挑取地衣体髓层菌丝进行培养,PDA培养基25℃培养14 d后观察,发现共生菌菌落生长率80.43%,而杂菌污染率为7.14%,具有简单、高效和污染率低的优点。     

香花槐各组织总RNA提取方法的改良和优化

为探索香花槐各组织总RNA提取的最佳方法,以实验苗圃中的香花槐为实验材料,在比较了Trizol试剂法和常规CTAB法的基础上,建立了香花槐不同组织的最适提取方法.改良CTAB法利用高质量浓度的β-巯基乙醇和合适质量浓度的聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)来防止RNA提取过程中多酚的氧化,然后增加苯酚/氯仿抽提次数来去除香花槐叶片和茎皮过多蛋白质.改良Trizol试剂法在根皮中加PVP研磨成白色粉末,可以有效地防止反应液褐化.各组织优化方法经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,所提取的总RNA的28S、18S条带清晰明亮,无降解;其A260nm/A280nm值为2.0,表明提取的总RNA质量较好.