Hierarchical similarity in the atmospheric boundary layer turbulence

The S-L (She and Leveque) scaling law, also named the hierarchical similarity theory, has been extensively tested for the turbulence made in the laboratory, but seldom been tested for the turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). In this paper, the S-L scaling law is applied to the turbulence in the ABL observed under unstably stratified conditions and over different types of underlying surfaces. The results of analyses show that over this type of homogeneous and flat underlying surface, such as the underlying surface in HUBEX (Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Experiment), vertical speed and temperature fields well satisfy the S-L scaling law. For the turbulence over the homogeneous but rather rough underlying surface of forest and under unstably stratified conditions in PFRD (Park Falls Ranger District of the Chequamegon National Forest, Wisconsin, USA), the analyses show that the vertical speed and temperature fields sometimes conform sometimes do not conform to the S-L scaling law. However, at a time, either both of the vertical speed and temperature fields conform to the S-L scaling law, or both of them do not. Horizontal speed fields in both of the field experiments do not satisfy the S-L scaling law. The new explanation of the above-mentioned phenomena is given.     

Research into a theoretical mode of coherent structures in the wall region of a turbulent boundary layer induced by a wall local disturbance

The idea of applying direct numerical simulation (DNS), a theoretical mode of coherent structures in the wall region of a turbulent boundary layer, has been discussed in the literature. The various aspects of the formation mechanism of the coherent structures agree well with both DNS and experimental results. In addition, a close relationship has been found between the evolutional characteristics and factors such as the magnitude and structural distribution of the wall local impulse disturbance, and the amount of energy a local disturbance introduces into the wall region. Moreover, these parameters play key roles in the formation of coherent structures near the wall region of a turbulent boundary layer. Therefore, the wall local impulse disturbance provides a theoretical model for triggering the formation of coherent structures in the wall region of a turbulent boundary layer.     

Variable diffusion boundary layer and diffusion flux at sediment-water interface in response to dynamic forcing over an intertidal mudflat

The diffusion boundary layer (DBL) significantly limits the exchange between sediment and overlying water and therefore becomes a bottleneck of diffusive vertical flux at the sediment-water interface (SWI). Variable DBL thickness and diffusion flux in response to dynamic forcing may influence replenishment of nutrients and secondary pollution in coastal waters. In situ measurements of velocity in the bottom boundary layer (BBL) and oxygen concentration in the DBL were made over an intertidal mudflat, using an acoustic Doppler current and mini profiler. A linear distributed zone in the oxygen profile, the profile slope discontinuity and variance of concentration can be used to derive accurate DBL thickness. Diffusion fluxes calculated from the water column and sediment are identical, and their bias is less than 6%. A numerical model PROFILE is used to simulate the in situ dissolved oxygen profile, and layered dissolved oxygen consumption rates in the sediment are calculated. The DBL thickness (0.10-0.35 mm) and diffusion flux (15.4-53.6 mmol m 2 d 1) vary with a factor of 3.5 during a tidal period. Over an intertidal mudflat, DBL thickness is controlled by flow speed U in the BBL, according to δDBL=1686.1DU 1+0.1 (D is the molecular diffusion coefficient). That is, the DBL thickness δDBL increases with decreasing flow speed U. Changes of diffusion flux at the SWI are caused by variations in the water above the sediment and the turbulent mixing intensity. The diffusion flux is positively related to the turbulent dissipation rate, friction velocity and turbulent energy. Under the influence of dynamics in the BBL, DBL thickness and flux vary significantly.     

边界层内低阶结构函数标度律的实验研究

利用PIV系统对平板湍流边界层在Reθ=2?167下流向(u′)和法向脉动速度(v′)进行了测量,研究结果显示,当脉动增量的结构函数的阶数为 正分数时,实验所得的标度指数和K41及SL标度指数较为接近;当结构函数的阶数为分数且由0趋向于-1时,实验的标度指数明显偏离K41和SL标度指数,出现奇异标度律。这也说明了用低阶结构函数的标度指 数也能说明标度律的奇异性及边界层内存在间歇性。     

Simulation of wind gust structure in the atmospheric boundary layer with Lattice Boltzmann Method

Cold fronts occur in northern East Asia during winter and spring.After cold frontal passage,airflow is downward and accompa-nying strong winds fluctuate significantly;this is termed wind gusts.Analysis of observation data shows that wind gust structure has coherent characteristics.This is important for entrainment of spring dust storms into the upper boundary layer,where they are transported great distances.The Lattice Boltzmann Method(LBM) is a computational fluid technique based on the Boltzmann transport equation.The LBM has been used to study complex motion such as turbulence,because it describes motion at the micro level.In this paper,Large eddy simulation is introduced in the LBM,enabling simulation of turbulent flow in the atmospheric boundary layer.The formation and development of wind gusts are simulated,and a coherent structure with a combination of wave and vortex is obtained.This explains the mechanism of soil erosion and sand entrainment by the coherent structure of wind gusts.     

Similarity solutions to a laminar boundary layer problem in power law fluids

A suitable similarity transformation is introduced to reduce the laminar boundary layer equations of power law fluids to a class of singular nonlinear two-point boundary value problems. The kin friction and shear stress distributions for boundary layer flow over amoving flat plate are investigated by utilizing the shooting technique. Results indicate that for each fixed value of the power law exponent n or the velocity ratio parameter xi, the skin frictionand shear stress decrease with the increasing of n or ξ respectively.     

上海-南极海洋边界层大气CH4浓度及其δ13C空间分布特征

在中国第22次南极科学考察期间,用Tedlar气袋采集了"雪龙号"考察船航线上海洋边界层大气样品,在室内分析了样品中CH4浓度及其分子的δ13C值,结果表明:在28.5°N~40°S区域,海洋边界层大气CH4浓度波动较大,峰值较多,平均值为(2.97±1.51)×10-6,明显高于全球大气CH4的平均浓度(约1.8×10-6),这主要与该区域的航迹靠近陆地,受人为源的影响有关;在40°S~69.17°S航迹,远离人类活动区,洋面大气CH4的浓度较稳定,平均浓度值为(1.92±0.14)×10-6,接近于目前全球大气CH4平均浓度.航线上CH4分子的δ13C的变化范围为:-37.49‰~-24.87‰,平均为-34.5±3.0‰.在28.5°N~40°S区域,边界层大气中CH4分子的δ13C值较高且波动较大,表明洋面大气的CH4浓度受到来自富13C的化石燃料、生物质燃烧等人为源的强烈影响;在40°S~69.17°S区域,δ13C值较稳定.海洋边界层大气的CH4浓度分布与大气温度也存在相关性.     

平板层流边界层近似速度分布计算方法的改进

根据模仿权残法的思想,用积分方程近似求解零攻角平板边界层层流问题。在满足四个基本边界层条件的基础上,推出改进的平板边界层的近似速度分布多项式。其对应的摩擦阻力计算公式与精确解完全相同。同时,该多项式对应的曲线与精确解的速度分布曲线拟合很好。     

不同周期壁面局部微振动诱导边界层大涡结构

以平板边界层流动的Blasius解作为基本流场,利用直接数值模拟方法求解三维不可压缩N-S方程,研究了边界层中单个周期壁面局部微振动诱导大涡结构的过程.计算结果表明:壁面扰动完成时,周期为7.5,10和12.5诱导大涡结构的初始扰动速度与空间分布稍有差异.若周期为12.5,随着时间的增加,诱导形成的大涡结构扰动速度幅值不断增加,高低速条纹结构面积不断扩大;边界层近壁流向速度剖面存在较大拐点,雷诺应力明显大于周期为7.5和10的大涡结构.周期为7.5和10的诱导大涡结构较弱.壁面局部微振动可诱导边界层形成大涡结构,演化特性与局部微振动周期密切相关,周期越长,大涡结构强度也越大.     

幂律流体延伸表面逆来流边界层特性分析与数值模拟

首先利用量级分析理论对幂律流体延伸表面边界层流动进行分析,得到边界层厚度的量级和影响因素;引入量纲为1变量,将动量边界层的控制方程转化为量纲为1的控制方程组. 数值求解了具有不同幂律指数n的流体在平板逆来流且平板运动参数ζ不同的情况下的层流边界层流场,分析了幂律指数n和平板运动参数ζ对动量边界层厚度、量纲为1速度分布和量纲为1剪切力分布的影响规律. 结果表明,速度边界层的分布不仅和平板运动参数有关,而且和幂律指数有关.     

湍流边界层中单颗粒的运动方程

由任意流场中颗粒的运动规律出发,详细分析了颗粒在边界层内的受力,并结合边界层内特有的流动规律,推导出了湍流边界层中单颗粒的运动模型.其数值计算的结果与实测值进行比较,结果吻合的很好.     

传输带上流体边界层中奇异边值问题

对源于传输带上流体边界层中的一类奇异边值问题进行了研究.利用单调逼近方法得到了满足物理意义上负解的存在性、惟一性的充分条件及壁摩擦应力估计式.利用打靶法技巧得到了问题的数值解.     

Visualization of coherent structures in a supersonic flat-plate boundary layer

Flow in a flat-plate zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer at Mach 3 was visualized via nanoparticle-based planar laser scattering (NPLS). Coherent structures such as an individual hairpin vortex and hairpin packet were identified in the streamwise-wall-normal plane on the basis of the now accepted hairpin model. Λ-shaped vortices were found in a staggered pattern in the stream-wise-spanwise plane, which indicated H-type transition in the present experiments. This is the direct evidence (in the form of flow...     

弹性半平面中SH波动问题的随机边界元法及其应用

利用小参数摄动展开的方法，在确定性边界元法的基础上，发展了一种波动问题的随机边界元法，研究了具有随机波数的弹性半平面中简谐ＳＨ波的传播问题。文中给出了几个典型算例，结果表明采用的边界元求解方案是有效的、合理的，用随机边界元法处理随机性介质中的波动问题是一条可行的研究方向。作为工程应用简例，利用随机边界元法得到了有关结果的统计特征，计算了弹性半平面上不规则地形表面位移响应的置信区间，初步探讨了波动问题随机边界元法在系统可靠性分析方面的应用。     

壁湍流标度律与流动结构实验分析

标度律是研究湍流统计和湍流级串的重要工具,文中应用PIV系统的分辨率较高和帧率较高的特点,对在动量损失厚度雷诺数Re=2694时实验区域的脉动速度数值进行测量,利用统计学和小波分析的方法对SL标度律的间歇参数和最奇异标度指数进行拟合分析.从结果中可看出,SL标度律的间歇参数并不是一个固定的数值,而是和尺度的大小及壁面位置有关;SL标度律的另一个参数最奇异标度指数是随着壁面距离和尺度的增大趋于稳定,在大尺度上与壁面的距离无关.小波分析重构前后的流动图案显示也验证了湍流的级串过程及标度律运算的正确性.     

有限厚度的Marangoni对流边界层问题的解析近似解

讨论了由不同温度介质的界面张力梯度而诱导的有限厚度Marangoni对流的边界层问题.假设界面张力是温度的平方函数,下表面保持恒温,上表面的温度是水平距离的线性函数.通过坐标变换和巧妙引入小参数对速度和温度边界层控制方程组摄动渐进展开,得到了问题的解析近似解.研究了Marangoni数和Prandtl数对速度、温度边界层的影响,对相应的流动特性进行了探讨.     

用同伦分析方法求解具有抽吸喷注的运动延伸表面上流动问题

研究了具有抽吸喷注的多孔介质延伸表面上二维稳态层流的流动问题.用一种解析的方法--同伦分析方法--求得了该流动问题的相似解.给出了量纲为一的速度分布以及在不同渗透参数情况下壁摩擦系数的变化.     

对流边界层水平温度场特征的水槽模拟研究

利用对流水槽模拟分析了均匀下垫面自由对流边界层的水平温度场结构特征.根据几何相似、运动相似和动力相似等要求设置初始条件和边界条件实施模拟.对流水槽的尺度为1.5 m×1.5 m×0.6 m,先加入具有一定温度层结的去离子水,然后底部加热形成对流,模拟对流边界层的发生和发展.利用快速响应的温度传感器测量温度廓线和不同高度上的温度起伏;利用准直光闪烁原理获得光学湍流场.根据温度廓线和光学湍流场的结果得到对流边界层厚度和稳定度等参数.根据不同高度的水平脉动温度,利用AR谱方法分析水平温度谱峰值频率所对应的尺度,该尺度对应于对流边界层的准二维对流热泡的水平尺度.统计分析结果表明,自由对流边界层大涡的水平尺度在边界层的下部随高度的增加而增加,约在0.65倍边界层厚度处达到最大,然后随高度的增加又逐渐减小.物理模拟与数值模拟和野外观测结果符合一致.根据对流热泡的这种特征,提出了一个自由对流边界层的热泡模型.     

双值噪声与方波作用下半导体层杂质扩散诱导的随机共振

研究了由双值噪声和方波作用下半导体层杂质扩散诱导的随机共振现象.基于绝热近似条件,利用两态理论,得到了系统输出信噪比(SNR)的表达式.发现环境温度对SNR影响是非单调的.分析表明,SNR是杂质位置的标准差和系统偏置的非单调函数:通过选择标准差和偏置可以调节系统输出SNR,当温度较低时,较大的偏置可以提高SNR.同时,在较高的温度时,SNR随方波信号的幅度及热池与冷池温度间的比例增大而增大,而随势能量及双值噪声强度的增大而减小.本文实验结果表明,对于半导体的设计以及半导体层杂质扩散过程的研究有一定的理论意义.     

近11年兰州空气污染特征及其边界层结构影响的分析

利用来自环保部门的空气污染资料,分析了近11年兰州市空气污染特征;结合气象地面和探空观测资料,分析了山谷地形条件下大气边界层结构对兰州空气污染的影响.结果是兰州近11年的空气污染有整体减轻趋势,但污染仍很严重,空气质量大多年份都达不到国家二级水平,污染物主要为可吸入颗粒物.严重污染时期集中在秋末、冬季和春季,秋冬季空气污染较稳定,主要受可高达1000 m的深厚稳定边界层影响,而春季空气污染指数标准偏差较大.11年空气污染指数的月平均次高峰出现在3月,相对以往研究提前了1个月.