高粱生长锥分化的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜技术，观察和描述了高梁生长锥分化各时期的形态特点，包括：１．生长锥未伸长期，２．生长锥伸长期，３．枝梗分化期，４．小穗小花分化期，５．雌雄蕊分化 期，６．减数分裂期，７．花器官形成期。     

CRMPs对神经元突起生长的调控

神经元突起是建立神经网络的物质基础,其生长为生长信号启动胞内信号促使神经元不断极化的过程.作为Rho GTPases的下游信号,CRMPs富集于神经系统,参与神经元的发育过程,可作为不同信号通路的共同受体后分子,通过改变细胞骨架的运动调控突起生长.其不同亚基的功能分化、不同亲和性特点显示其具有突起生长调控的分子开关特征...     

胎鼠脑组织生长锥的提取及鉴定

目的:建立脑组织生长锥提取的方法。方法:采用梯度蔗糖离心的方法提取生长锥,透射电镜和扫描电镜观察分离物的形态,免疫荧光和免疫印迹检测GAP-43的表达。结果:梯度浓度蔗糖离心把脑组织悬液分离为3层,上层密度小,浓度位于上清至0.75 mol/L蔗糖之间,中层密度较大,浓度位于0.75~1.00 mol/L蔗糖之间,下层密度最大,浓度位于1.00~2.66 mol/L蔗糖之间;透射电镜见上层分离物为大量着色浅的空泡状结构,颗粒大小较均匀,中、下层分离物为大量着色深的致密颗粒及不规则形态的细胞碎片,颗粒大小不均匀;扫描电镜见分离物颗粒均为白色、大小不一、形状不规则的颗粒,上层较中、下层颗粒体积大;免疫荧光及免疫印迹证实分离物中均有大量GAP-43表达,上层分离物几乎无GFAP表达,中、下层有少量GFAP表达。结论:梯度蔗糖离心的方法可以依据颗粒的大小分离脑组织,分离物最上层内的组分为生长锥。     

于荣：细胞骨架“帮忙”气孔运动

拟南芥在实验室里默默生长，摘一片叶，置于显微镜下，可以清楚地看到保卫细胞内的微管骨架成分随着气孔的开阖，聚合再解聚。     

Rho激酶对大鼠海马神经元骨架相关蛋白mRNA表达的影响

目的:探讨Rho激酶对大鼠海马神经元突起生长和骨架相关蛋白mRNA表达的影响.方法:用Rho激酶的抑制剂Y-27632和激动剂溶血磷脂酸(LPA)干预海马神经元,观察突起的生长并用RT-PCR检测大鼠海马神经元神经丝结合蛋白(Dbn1)、微丝肌动蛋白(F-actin)、微管相关蛋白(Tau)、α-微管蛋白(α-tubulin) mRNA的表达.结果:用LPA干预2 h后突起从远端逐渐退缩,长度缩短,细小突起退缩明显;Y-27632干预2 h后细胞胞体和突起的远侧端新生出细小突起.RT-PCR实际扩增长度与设计长度相吻合.内参照β-actin电泳条带在不同分组灰度较均一,呈高表达.Dbn1呈较高水平表达,激动剂LPA组表达下降(P<0.05),抑制剂Y-27632组表达量增多(P<0.05);F-actin和Tau表达呈低水平,激动剂作用后均使表达量相应的减少(P<0.05),抑制剂组表达增多(P<0.05);α-tubulin表达量最高,激动剂组表达量出现明显下降(P<0.05),抑制剂组表达增加(P<0.05).结论:激活Rho激酶下调Dbn、F-actin、Tau、α-tubulin mRNA的表达并诱导突起缩短,抑制则增加其表达并促进突起生长.     

CRMP2蛋白促进海马神经元树突野的形成

目的:探讨坍塌反应调节蛋白2(CRMP2)对海马神经元树突野形成的作用.方法:培养大鼠海马神经元,用基因转染的方法检测CRMP2蛋白的作用,免疫荧光显示树突,全细胞膜片钳检测微小兴奋性突触后电流(mEPSCs).结果:过表达CRMP2促进树突的生长以及分支形成,而敲减CRMP2抑制树突的生长和形成新的分支,CRMP2基因促进树突野的形成,促使树突野变得复杂(P0.05);全细胞膜片钳检测显示:CRMP2促进形成的树突能够表达AMPA受体,而且可以诱导出mEPSCs,而敲减CRMP2抑制树突AMPA受体,以及降低mEPSC的幅度和频率,其改变有统计学差异(P0.05).结论:CRMP2促进功能性树突形成,并提高树突野的复杂性.     

人肝癌细胞骨架网络系统的初步研究

利用ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００及其联合（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４的抽提技术与ＣｏｏｍａｓｉｅｂｌｕｅＲ２５０染色、免疫酶标技术相结合，体外实验比较研究人肝癌细胞系（ＨｅｐＧ２）细胞骨架网络的分布构像及其中间纤维蛋白构型。结果：人肝癌细胞系（ＨｅｐＧ２）显示其细胞骨架网络的分布构像及其中间纤维对Ｖｉｍｅｎｔｉｎ、Ｋｅｒａｔｉｎ两种抗体均呈现阳性反应。结论：恶性肿瘤细胞的中间纤维蛋白构型可能具有异质性的蛋白分子共表达，这对仅以ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００加（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４的抽提技术进行恶性肿瘤细胞中间纤维蛋白构型分析，是一个必需考虑的问题。     

不同处理条件对细胞骨架形态的影响

从试验材料、抽提剂种类、抽提时间、抽提剂浓度、戊二醛固定时间5个方面对细胞骨架的显微观察结果进行了探讨。结果表明:大葱、小葱、韭菜可替代洋葱作为细胞骨架材料;以韭菜作为细胞骨架材料时,1%Triton X-100在25~30 min抽提杂蛋白的效果较好;Triton X-100浓度在1%~3%时能较清淅观察到细胞骨架;戊二醛固定时间在15~25 min时细胞骨架观察效果比较好。     

细胞骨架在减数分裂中作用的研究

细胞骨架是存在于真核细胞中的一种动态网络结构,可调控细胞形态、植物细胞壁的发育,同时在构成细胞质、运输细胞成分、驱使细胞运动、完成有丝分裂和减数分裂等方面均发挥着重要作用.减数分裂是生物细胞中染色体数目减半的一种特殊的细胞分裂方式,减数分裂对于生物体有性生殖是至关重要的,既有效获得了父母双方的遗传物质,以保持后代的遗传性,又可以增加更多的变异机会,确保生物的多样性,增强生物适应环境变化的能力.因此减数分裂一直以来是人们研究的热点问题.本文综述了纺锤体微管和成膜体微管在减数分裂过程中的组装及作用以及微丝骨架在细胞减数分裂各个时期可能的作用,为继续研究细胞骨架在减数分裂过程中的作用提供一定的理论依据.     

纤毛虫皮层细胞骨架的研究进展

纤毛虫皮层的研究对探讨细胞的发育、分化、结构模式及其遗传控制有着极其重大的生物学意义,纤毛虫细胞皮层中含有非常丰富的细胞骨架成分,它们在结构上表现出来的特殊性有利于更深地探索皮层分化和皮层模式的控制机理,本综述了有关纤毛虫皮层细胞骨架的结构和形态发生方面的研究及皮层细胞骨架蛋白质构成的生化和分子生物学研究进展。     

Direct evidence that growth cones pull

There is controversy over whether axonal elongation is the result of a pulling growth cone and the role of tension in axonal elongation. Earlier in this decade, the consensus was that axons or neurites elongated from tension generated by forward motility of the growth cone. It was presumed that contractile filopodia were the source of the tension moving the growth cone. But this view was challenged by experiments showing that neurites elongate, albeit abnormally, in the presence of cytochalasin, which inhibits growth-cone and filopodial movements. Additionally, high resolution, video-enhanced observations of growth-cone activity argued against filopodial shortening as a source of tension, suggesting instead that an extrusion of cytoplasm rather than a pulling process, is the key event in neurite elongation. Studies of slow axonal transport, however, indicate that much slower cytoskeletal pushing underlies axonal elongation. We report here direct measurements of neurite force as a function of growth-cone advance which show that they are linearly related and accompanied by apparent neurite growth. No increase in force occurs in neurites whose growth cone fails to advance.     

Position-dependent properties of retinal axons and their growth cones

The formation of the very orderly neuronal projection from the retina to the optic tectum is not yet understood, but several mechanisms are thought to be involved in a coordinated fashion. These mechanisms may include mechanical or chemical guidance in channels, guidance by spatial gradients of positional markers, gradients of temporal (maturation) markers or specific inter-axon interactions (see ref. 1 for review). The last-mentioned mechanism could explain the fibre order found in optic nerve and tract. It requires that some or all growing retinal axons can distinguish between retinal axons of various origins and grow preferentially along retinal axons originating from the same area as themselves. The in vitro experiments described here show that growth cones from the temporal half of the chick retina grow preferentially along temporal axons, whereas growth cones from nasal retina do not distinguish between nasal and temporal axons.     

Adaptation in the chemotactic guidance of nerve growth cones

Pathfinding by growing axons in the developing nervous system may be guided by gradients of extracellular guidance factors. Analogous to the process of chemotaxis in microorganisms, we found that axonal growth cones of cultured Xenopus spinal neurons exhibit adaptation during chemotactic migration, undergoing consecutive phases of desensitization and resensitization in the presence of increasing basal concentrations of the guidance factor netrin-1 or brain-derived neurotrophic factor. The desensitization is specific to the guidance factor and is accompanied by a reduction of Ca2+ signalling, whereas resensitization requires activation of mitogen-associated protein kinase and local protein synthesis. Such adaptive behaviour allows the growth cone to re-adjust its sensitivity over a wide range of concentrations of the guidance factor, an essential feature for long-range chemotaxis.     

Pathway selection by growth cones of identified motoneurones in live zebra fish embryos

How is the adult pattern of connections between motoneurones and the muscles that they innervate established during vertebrate development? Populations of motoneurones are thought to follow one of two patterns of development: (1) motor axons initially follow stereotyped pathways and project to appropriate regions of the developing muscle or (2) motor axons initially project to some regions that are incorrect, the inappropriate projections being eliminated subsequently. Here we observed individually identified motoneurones in live zebra fish embryos as they formed growth cones and as their growth cones navigated towards their targets. We report that from axogenesis, each motor axon followed a stereotyped pathway and projected only to the specific region of the muscle appropriate for its adult function. In addition, the peripheral arbor established by each motoneurone was restricted to a stereotyped region of its own segment and did not overlap with the peripheral arbor of the other motoneurones in that segment. We conclude that the highly stereotyped pattern of innervation seen in the adult is due to initial selection of the appropriate pathway, rather than elimination of incorrect projections.     

Turning of nerve growth cones induced by localized increases in intracellular calcium ions

Guidance of developing axons involves turning of the motile tip, the growth cone, in response to a variety of extracellular cues. Little is known about the intracellular mechanism by which the directional signal is transduced. Ca2+ is a key second messenger in growth cone extension and has been implicated in growth-cone turning. Here I report that a direct, spatially restricted elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) on one side of the growth cone by focal laser-induced photolysis (FLIP) of caged Ca2+ consistently induced turning of the growth cone to the side with elevated [Ca2+]i (attraction). Furthermore, when the resting [Ca2+]i at the growth cone was decreased by the removal of extracellular Ca2+, the same focal elevation of [Ca2+]i by FLIP induced repulsion. These results provide direct evidence that a localized Ca2+ signal in the growth cone can provide the intracellular directional cue for extension and is sufficient to initiate both attraction and repulsion. By integrating local and global Ca2+ signals, a growth cone could thus generate different turning responses under different environmental conditions during guidance.     

Requirement of TRPC channels in netrin-1-induced chemotropic turning of nerve growth cones

Ion channels formed by the TRP (transient receptor potential) superfamily of proteins act as sensors for temperature, osmolarity, mechanical stress and taste. The growth cones of developing axons are responsible for sensing extracellular guidance factors, many of which trigger Ca2+ influx at the growth cone; however, the identity of the ion channels involved remains to be clarified. Here, we report that TRP-like channel activity exists in the growth cones of cultured Xenopus neurons and can be modulated by exposure to netrin-1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, two chemoattractants for axon guidance. Whole-cell recording from growth cones showed that netrin-1 induced a membrane depolarization, part of which remained after all major voltage-dependent channels were blocked. Furthermore, the membrane depolarization was sensitive to blockers of TRP channels. Pharmacological blockade of putative TRP currents or downregulation of Xenopus TRP-1 (xTRPC1) expression with a specific morpholino oligonucleotide abolished the growth-cone turning and Ca2+ elevation induced by a netrin-1 gradient. Thus, TRPC currents reflect early events in the growth cone's detection of some extracellular guidance signals, resulting in membrane depolarization and cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevation that mediates the turning of growth cones.     

Disoriented pathfinding by pioneer neurone growth cones deprived of filopodia by cytochalasin treatment

A major question in developmental neurobiology is how developing nerve cells accurately extend processes to establish connections with their target cells. This problem involves both the nature of cues for growth cone guidance and also the question of how growth cones survey their environment for cues and respond by altering their direction of migration. The filopodia which normally extend from neuronal growth cones have been shown to affect growth cone steering in vitro and it has been proposed that they function in vivo in the detection of and response to guidance cues. This hypothesis could be tested in vivo if growth cones which normally have filopodia could be induced to migrate in their absence. The pair of Ti1 neurones are the first neurones to extend axons through the limb buds of embryonic grasshoppers. We report here an examination of the migration of Ti1 pioneer growth cones deprived of filopodia by culture in agents which disrupt actin microfilaments. Under these conditions, axons continue to extend but a large percentage of growth cones are highly disoriented. Our results indicate that Ti1 filopodia are not necessary for axonal elongation in vivo but that they are important for correctly oriented growth cone steering.