青藏高原新生代构造研究最新进展和构造发展的阶段性

从逆冲推覆构造、走滑构造、伸展构造3个方面对喜马拉雅-青藏高原造山带内的新生代(印度-亚洲大陆碰撞之后)构造最新进展进行了总结和分析.基于这些资料,提出青藏高原内部变形的3个阶段:始新世(50~33 Ma),青藏地区总体呈刚性,变形集中在造山带的南北周缘;渐新世-中新世初(33~22 Ma),高原中西部以逆冲断层形式的散布式挤压变形,以东部大型走滑断层为边界的块体挤出与块体旋转3种变形方式共存;中新世初至今(22~0 Ma),高原块体的强度进一步变弱,以遍及高原整体的连续散布变形为主,出现共轭走滑断层与伸展构造.认为南北走向的地堑(正断层)是同样处于东西伸展应力体系下的藏中共轭走滑断层向造山带南北延伸扩展的产物.此外,还对造山带内会聚量的调节方式进行了定量的分析和估算.     

40Ar-39Ar ages of the Louzidian-Dachengzi ductile shear zone near Chifeng,Inner Mongolia and their tectonic significance

The Louzidian normal fault occurs as the eastern detachment fault of the Kalaqin metamorphic core complex. Field observations and microstructural analyses reveal that the Louzidian-Dachengzi ductile shear zone developed in its lower-plate was genetically related to sinistral strike-slips and extensional faulting. Two samples from this ductile shear zone yield 40Ar-39Ar plateau ages of 133 Ma (Bi) and 126 Ma (Kp), which are concordant with their isochron ages. The plateau age of 133 Ma (Bi) records the formation age of the ductile shear zone. The inconsistent relationship between the earlier strike-slip ductile shear zone and the later normal fault makes the Kalaqin Quasi-metamorphic core complex distinctive from Cordilleran metamorphic core complex. These ages provide important geochronological data for putting constraints on the formation age and genesis of such ductile shear zones.     

40Ar-39Ar ages of the Louzidian-Dachengzi ductile shear zone near Chifeng, Inner Mongolia and their tectonic significance

The Louzidian normal fault occurs as the eastern detachment fault of the Kalaqin metamorphic core complex. Field observations and microstructural analyses reveal that the Louzidian-Dachengzi ductile shear zone developed in its lower-plate was genetically related to sinistral strike-slips and extensional faulting. Two samples from this ductile shear zone yield ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar plateau ages of 133 Ma (Bi) and 126 Ma (Kp), which are concordant with their isochron ages. The plateau age of 133 Ma (Bi) records the formation age of the ductile shear zone. The inconsistent relationship between the earlier strike-slip ductile shear zone and the later normal fault makes the Kalaqin Quasi-metamorphic core complex distinctive from Cordilleran metamorphic core complex. These ages provide important geochronological data for putting constraints on the formation age and genesis of such ductile shear zones.     

A stress-rifting origin of Grand Canyon

The Grand Canyon is a massive rift in the Colorado Plateau. How and when it developed has been debated for nearly 150 years. Most geologists believe the unusual landscape was primarily shaped by water erosion.Here we propose a stress-rifting model to provide an alternative explanation for the origin of Grand Canyon.This paper adopts a brittle–ductile double layer model to simulate the deformation and rifting of the plateau due to the mantle-melting-induced expansion. Our results show that the uplift induced by thermal expansion and its associated horizontal extension can cause open fractures that extend from the brittle surface to the underlying ductile layer in a top-down way. In addition, we find that episodic uplift can deepen and connect multiple fractures together to form a larger fracture network. Our findings suggest that the formation of the Grand Canyon might have been driven by plateau uplift and its associated rifting under crustal extension, wherein water erosion played only a minor role in shaping the course of the Colorado River. The new paradigm provides simpler explanations to some of the long-standing geological mysteries surrounding the canyon.     

40Ar-39Ar thermochronology of two ductile shear zones from Yiwulüshan, West Liaoning Region: Age constraints on the Mesozoic tectonic events

Two ductile shear zones trending EW and NNE respectively not only controlled the tectonic framework of the northern North China, but also constrained the geodynamic background for gold mineralization in this region. Field observations and microstructural analyses reveal that the EW trending ductile shear zones are mainly contributed to dextral compressional deformation resulting from top-to- the-southeast oblique thrust shearing, whereas the NNE trending ones are genetically related to sinistral strike-slip and extensional faulting. One sample from the former yielded an 40Ar-39Ar plateau age of (219±4) Ma (Bi) and two samples from the latter gave 40Ar-39Ar plateau ages of (116±2) Ma (Bi) and (127±3) Ma (Bi). These ages provide constraints on the top-to-the-southeast oblique thrusting event occurring in Late Triassic and the sinistral extensional and strike-slip faulting event which occurred in Early Cretaceous.     

^40Ar／^39Ar geochronological constraints on syn-orogenic strike-slip movement of Tan-Lu fault zone

Two phases of sinistral strike-slip ductile shear belts occur on the eastern margin of the Dabie orogenic belt. A muscovite ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar plateau age of 128 Ma was obtained from mylonite in the later ductile shear zone. Three muscovite samples separated from mylonites of 3 localities in the earlier ductile shear belts yield ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar plateau ages of 192.5±0.7 Ma, 189.7±0.6 Ma and 188.7±0.7 Ma, respectively. They are interpreted as cooling ages of the earlier sinistral strike-slip deformation. It is suggested that left-lateral displacement of the Tan-Lu fault zone started in a late stage of the collision orogeny in the Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt between the North and South China plates. Therefore, the earlier Tan-Lu fault zone was syn-orogenic strike-slip tectonics. The fault zone was used again for sinistral displacement during tectonic activities of peri-Pacific regime in Early Cretaceous. It is proposed that the fault zone occurred as a transform fault during the orogenic process.     

东天山地区韧剪带石英超微组构分析

通过透射电镜研究，对东天山地区五大韧剪带糜棱岩石曲矿物的超微组构进行了鉴定，并统计了自由位错密度亚颗粒粒径，动态重结晶颗粒粒径等参，获得了各韧剪带的古差异流动力应力。古 力值揭示出了各剪强度变化的规律，即从韧中心到外带，韧宵渐减不上，同时也显出各个韧     

甘肃白银厂小铁山韧性剪切带体积亏损与成分变异

白银厂矿田分布有多条韧性剪切带,在空间上与矿体关系密切.对小铁山韧性剪切带岩石地球化学研究表明,在韧性剪切变质变形过程中,岩石中的元素发生不同程度的变异,主要表现为活动性较小的高场强元素有规律的富集,活动元素有带入(富集)或带出(亏损)的变化规律.本文认为:稳定元素的富集与剪切带的体积亏损(初糜岩27%,糜棱岩35%)有关,活动元素的变异主要与流体作用有关.剪切带中大量的SiO2流失和高的流体/岩石比(初糜岩95～474;糜棱岩129～646)表明,剪切带中的渗透流体对成矿作用具有重要影响.     

40Ar-39Ar thermochronology of two ductile shear zones from Yiwulüshan, West Liaoning Region: Age constraints on the Mesozoic tectonic events

Two ductile shear zones trending EW and NNE respectively not only controlled the tectonic framework of the northern North China, but also constrained the geodynamic background for gold mineralization in this region. Field observations and microstructural analyses reveal that the EW trending ductile shear zones are mainly contributed to dextral compressional deformation resulting from top-to-the-southeast oblique thrust shearing, whereas the NNE trending ones are genetically related to sinistral strike-slip and extensional faulting. One sample from the former yielded an ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau age of (219± 4) Ma (Bi) and two samples from the latter gave ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages of (116± 2) Ma (Bi) and (127±3) Ma (Bi). These ages provide constraints on the top-to-the-southeast oblique thrusting event occurring in Late Triassic and the sinistral extensional and strike-slip faulting event which occurred in Early Cretaceous.     

几种工程陶瓷的延性域磨削

在几种磨削条件下,采用不同粒度金刚石石砂轮对工程陶瓷材料进行了延性域磨削,着重研究了磨粒尺寸和各磨削参数对陶瓷材料磨削过程中脆性／延性转换的和各磨削转换的影响,并用微粉金刚石砂轮（Ｗ２．５）进行ＺｒＯ２、Ｓｉａｌｏｎ和Ｓｉ３Ｎ４陶瓷的超精密磨削,获得表面粗糙度Ｒａ３,４,８ｎｍ的超光滑镜面最后采用ＳＴＭ对上述精密镜面的形貌和细节进行了观测,为解释延性域磨削的表面形成机理提出了依据。     

Numerical simulation of GPS observed clockwise rotation around the eastern Himalayan syntax in the Tibetan Plateau

From Global Position System (GPS) measurements, there is a clockwise rotation around the eastern Himalayan syntax in the Tibetan Plateau. This phenomenon is difficult to be interpreted by simple two-dimensional modeling from a geodynamic point of view. Because of the extremely thick crust and the lower crust with relatively high temperature in the Tibetan Plateau, the lithospheric rheology in Tibet and surrounding areas present a complex structure. In general, the tectonic structure of the Tibetan Plateau consists of brittle upper crust, ductile lower crust, high viscosity lithospheric upper mantle, and low viscosity asthenosphere, the same as the case in many other continental regions. However, the lower crust in the Tibetan Plateau is much more ductile with a lower viscosity than those of its surroundings at the same depth, and the effective viscosity is low along the collision fault zone. In this study, we construct a three-dimensional Maxwell visco-elastic model in spherical coordinate system, and simulate the deformation process of the Tibetan Plateau driven by a continuous push from the Indian plate. The results show that the existence of the soft lower crust under the plateau makes the entire plateau uplift as a whole, and the Himalayas and the eastern Himalayan syntax uplift faster. Since the lower crust of surrounding blocks is harder except in the southeastern corner where the high-temperature material is much softer and forms an exit channel for material transfer, after the whole plateau reaches a certain height, the lower crustal and upper mantle material begins to move eastward or southeastward and drag the upper crust to behave same way. Thus, from the macroscopic point of view, a relative rigid motion of the plateau with a clockwise rotation around the eastern Himalayan syntax is developed. Supported by Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-YW-123) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40774048 and 90814014)     

脆性材料延性域加工研究进展

从脆性材料延性域加工机理和技术两个方面综述了当前的研究状况,主要内容包括：脆性一延性转变机理、临界加工尺度分析模型及影响因素、MD仿真技术的应用以及脆性材料延性域加工技术的研究进展．目前研究表明,在一定的加工条件下,脆性材料可以通过塑性变形的方式被去除,得到无微裂纹的高质量表面．最后,对未来的研究重点提出一些看法．     

剪切带中斑晶的运动学和变形分析及塑性大变形计算机模拟

在对太行山阜平地区三条剪切带作了详细观察和测量的基础上,就斑晶旋转和眼球构造进行了塑性大变形的计算机模拟。计算结果表明：刚性的石榴石斑晶会随着基质的流动而产生旋转运动,旋转量的大小取决于剪切力的大小、斑晶的密集度以及斑晶在剪切带中的位置。长石眼球构造的形成主要是由长石与石英的韧性差决定的,塑性变形首先从斑晶的周围部分开始,逐渐向斑晶发展,脆性残斑核不断减小,这与剪切带内糜棱岩化强度分带相一致。     

高原条件下家兔肠系膜微循环改变的实验研究

目的：通过比较高原和平原自然条件下家兔肠系膜微循环的改变,进而了解高原缺氧条件下家兔器官和系统形态和功能的改变,了解高原缺氧条件下家兔器官和系统形态与功能改变的微循环基础,为如何更好的适应高原缺氧环境和提供参考资料。方法：比较高原和平原自然条件下家兔肠系膜微血管开放数目、血管内径、血流速度及血流流态等微循环的改变等情况。结果：高原条件下家兔肠系膜微血管开放数目减少（P〈0．01）,血管内径缩小（P〈0．05）,血流速度变慢（P〈0．05）,血流流态与平原有差异（P〈0．01）。结论高原条件下家兔肠系膜微血管开放数目、血管内径、血流速度及血流流态有改变。     

Modeling Car-Following Dynamics During the Starting and Stopping Process Based on a Spring System Model

Car-following models describe how one vehicle follows the preceding vehicles.ln order to better model and explain car-following dynamics,this paper categorizes the state of a traveling vehicle into three sub-processes:the starting(acceleration)process,the car-folloing process,and the stopping(deceleration)process.The stating process primarily involves vehicle acceleration behavior.The stopping process involves not only car-following behavior but also deceleration behavior.This paper regards both the stopping process and the starting process as spring systems.The car-following dynamics during the starting process and the stopping process is modeled in this paper.The parameters of the proposed models,which are represented in the form of trigonometric functions,possess explicit hysical meaning and definitive ranges.We have calibrated the model of the starting process using data form the Traffic Engineering Handbook and ob-tained reasonable results.Compared with traditional stimulus-response car-following mo     

基于多孔洞体胞模型的韧性材料损伤机制

分别采用含100、50和25个随机分布微孔洞体胞模型,对体胞内应力分布和孔洞长大规律进行统计分析,在此基础上讨论采用含25个随机分布微孔洞体胞模型作为宏观材料代表性单元(RVE)来研究材料损伤机制的合理性,并对变形过程中体胞内各微孔洞演化过程进行了研究.结果表明:由于体胞内微孔洞的随机分布,造成孔洞周围基体材料最大三轴应力参数增加,从而导致该孔洞的快速增长,并带动周围微孔洞快速增长,这种孔洞的快速长大链式反应导致在很短的时间材料内出现大量微孔洞,并聚合形成微裂纹,直至试样最后失效,该结果较清楚解释了韧性材料圆棒试样只在颈缩阶段才会产生大量的微孔洞的试验现象的原因.含随机分布多微孔洞体胞模型能够用于分析周期分布微孔洞体胞模型无法反映的体胞内微孔洞非均匀发展的过程,因此更适合于研究韧性材料的损伤破坏机制.     

裂缝-孔隙型双重介质气藏开发影响分析

为了研究裂缝孔隙型双重介质气藏开发特征,建立了考虑应力敏感、气体滑脱效应和高速非达西流的裂缝孔隙型双重介质气藏渗流模型,通过数值模拟分析了不同渗流效应对气井生产的影响。结果表明,当窜流系数大于等于10^-6时,双重介质气藏与等效均质气藏的生产特征基本一致,此时可以运用分析均质气藏的方法和理论来研究双重介质气藏。气井生产早期,应力敏感对井底压降和稳产期的变化规律影响不大;气井生产中后期,应力敏感作用增强;窜流系数越小,应力敏感对井底压降的影响越早表现出来,对稳产期的影响也就越大。气井生产初期,高速非达西渗流对井底压降影响很小,气井生产中后期,高速非达西渗流对井底压降的影响增大;窜流系数越小,高速非达西渗流效应影响越早显现出来,对井底压降和稳产期的影响也就越大。裂缝孔隙型双重介质气藏虽然存在气体滑脱效应,但由于储层及井底压力相对较高,气体滑脱效应对裂缝孔隙型双重介质气藏气井生产的影响很小。     

带水平短缝墙及低剪力墙的动力反应和耗能分析

为改善普通低剪力墙的抗震性能,本文提出了一种新型延性低剪力墙方案:带水平短缝墙,通过低周反复荷载试验,对这种延性墙的性能进行了研究,结果较为理想。根据试验结果,提出了不同类型低剪力墙的恢复力模型,并用此模型编制了非线性动力反应程序,用直接输入地震波的方法,计算分析了它们不同的动力、耗能反应,并由此对不同类型低剪力墙性能予以评价。计算结果表明,带水平短缝墙具有良好的抗震性能。     

Delayed triggering of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake by viscoelastic stress transfer

Stress changes in the crust due to an earthquake can hasten the failure of neighbouring faults and induce earthquake sequences in some cases. The 1999 Hector Mine earthquake in southern California (magnitude 7.1) occurred only 20 km from, and 7 years after, the 1992 Landers earthquake (magnitude 7.3). This suggests that the Hector Mine earthquake was triggered in some fashion by the earlier event. But uncertainties in the slip distribution and rock friction properties associated with the Landers earthquake have led to widely varying estimates of both the magnitude and sign of the resulting stress change that would be induced at the location of the Hector Mine hypocentre-with estimates varying from -1.4 bar (ref. 6) to +0.5 bar (ref. 7). More importantly, coseismic stress changes alone cannot satisfactorily explain the delay of 7 years between the two events. Here we present the results of a three-dimensional viscoelastic model that simulates stress transfer from the ductile lower crust and upper mantle to the brittle upper crust in the 7 years following the Landers earthquake. Using viscoelastic parameters that can reproduce the observed horizontal surface deformation following the Landers earthquake, our calculations suggest that lower-crustal or upper-mantle flow can lead to postseismic stress increases of up to 1-2 bar at the location of the Hector Mine hypocentre during this time period, contributing to the eventual occurrence of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake. These results attest to the importance of considering viscoelastic processes in the assessment of seismic hazard.     

旋流条件下的气液环空流流动规律研究

针对涡流工具排液效果的问题,开展了旋流条件下气液两相流动模型的研究。考虑到旋流中角速度的存在,研究中采用气液流动在径向和周向上的动量和角动量平衡的方法,建立了气液流动控制方程,计算了液膜厚度,气液相旋流强度等参数以及压降梯度,并进行涡流工具实验验证模型。涡流工具降低压降损失的机理结果表明,安装涡流工具后流动压降可以降低5%~20%。根据实验及模型,在低速（气相速度小于13 m/s）时,小旋流角和高旋流强度更利于降低压降,而高速（气相速度大于16 m/s）时,高旋流强度会增加额外摩擦阻力。旋流强度的衰减速度会随着液相速度增大而减小,而随气相速度增大而增大。该研究结果可对涡流工具进行优化设计,以达到最佳排液效果。