人狂犬病病例的实验室诊断技术及应用原则

我国是狂犬病疫情最严重的地区之一,在世界范围内年报告死亡人数仅次于印度。虽然近年狂犬病报告病例数逐年下降,但疫区不断扩大。我国的人狂犬病病例报告大部分基于临床症状及病例的流行病史,基于实验室诊断报告的病例为数甚少。而WHO要求狂犬病病例报告具有实验室诊断依据;国家新的监测方案也要求所有报告病例均应进行实验室检测。基于以上背景,本文着重对人狂犬病病例的实验室诊断技术及其应用原则进行综述,以期为我国今后狂犬病病例的监测及实验室诊断提供借鉴。     

汉中市农村狂犬病防控存在问题与对策

阐述了汉中市防控狂犬病工作中存在的问题,主要是农村犬只数量不断增加、犬主人责任不明晰。狂犬病防范意识不强、防控措施难以到位、犬只管理和免疫面临诸多问题。提出了加强狂犬病防控对策：加大宣传力度、加强犬只管理、制定养犬措施、加强组织领导、做好防控工作、制定免疫方案、加强抗体监测、明确养犬人的责任,提高其防控自觉性。     

浅议狂犬病病人的伤口处理与相应防制及对策

根据对狂犬病病因的研究,加强对狂犬病的防护,如何正确的处理被猫、狗等动物宠物咬伤的伤口,提高防范意识,有效切断狂犬病的传播途径。经过就诊155被感染例狂犬病人群的正确的伤口处理的研究,并通过注射联合应用免衷球蛋白和狂犬疫苗,未见就诊患者发展为狂犬病。说明狂犬病只要方法得当是可防的。     

国内狂犬病传播的数学模型及控制策略

通过对目前狂犬病流行现状的研究，在考虑中国实际情况的基础上，建立了新的数学模型．本模型不仅涉及到狂犬病在犬类中的传播，还考虑了暴露和患病犬以及携带病毒的“健康犬”使人感染狂犬病的现象．通过寻找“基本再生数”对比了捕杀、免疫、捕杀和免疫相结合的3种不同策略在控制狂犬病传播中的有效性．分析和模拟结果表明，3种控制狂犬病的方法中捕杀的效果最好，免疫的效果次之，捕杀和免疫相结合的效果最差．同时根据中国目前城市和农村发展不平衡的现状，提出了在城市以免疫为主，在农村采用捕杀和免疫相结合的控制狂犬病的措施，从而为中国目前控制狂犬病的流行提供了理论依据．     

浅谈临沧猪伪狂犬病的防治

近几年来,临沧市部分地方零星散发猪伪狂犬病疫情,给养猪业带来了严重经济损失,笔者通过近几年对该病的病原学监测发现,该病的隐性感染率较高,随着季节和环境的变化,容易造成该病的流行,给临沧养猪业的健康发展带来极大隐患。     

疲劳小裂纹监测方法的评价

介绍了5种疲劳小裂纹监测方法的监测原理及方法，比较了各种监测方法优势及局限性，概述了小裂纹监测方法的应用现状及前景。     

正确认识鼠在传播人狂犬病中的流行病学意义

本文在穷尽式检索国内外狂犬病文献的基础上,分析了鼠在传播人狂犬病中的疫源作用,综述了国内外鼠狂犬病测毒研究,介绍了有关国家与世卫组织对鼠传狂犬病的防治建议,探讨了我国应采取的防治意见,调查了国内对鼠传狂犬病的某些夸张宣传及认识偏差,并试图究其根源,加以拨正。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒抗体检测的研究进展

伪狂犬病(PR)又名Aujeszky病,是OIE规定的通报疫病,由疱疹病毒引起的严重传染病,具有传播速度快、传播途径多和流行范围广等特点,成为仅次于口蹄疫和猪瘟的主要疫病之一。一些猪场伪狂犬病发病和流行比较严重,而且还有逐渐扩大的趋势,给养猪行业带来了巨大的挑战和经济损失。因此掌握伪狂犬病病毒的临床诊断和防控措施很有必要。本文则对猪伪狂犬病病毒的抗体检测进行了阐述,希望对猪伪狂犬病的诊断有所帮助。     

洋县狂犬病防控工作现状问题及对策

阐述了狂犬病的传播途径、方式及危害性,指出了洋县狂犬病防治工作现状及存在问题,提出了防治工作对策和建议。     

类狂犬病性癔病病人的观察与护理

目的：结合护理实践,探讨类狂犬病癔病病人的护理方法。方法：回顾分析我院救治的1例类狂犬病癔病病人的护理资料,总结其护理经验。结果：护理方法有效,三年随访无复发。结论：对类狂犬病癔病病人给予热情、精心、细致的心理护理及对症护理,可有效提高病人的生存质量。     

狂犬病毒核蛋白在昆虫细胞中的表达及免疫原性的研究

目的在昆虫细胞中表达出狂犬病毒核蛋白(NP),并探讨重组NP的免疫原性.方法采用杆状病毒表达系统在Sf9昆虫细胞中表达狂犬病毒核蛋白,用直接免疫荧光(DFA)、SDS-PAGE和Western blot对表达产物进行检测和分析,以感染重组杆状病毒的昆虫细胞裂解液免疫小鼠,检测表达产物的免疫原性.结果重组杆状病毒在昆虫细胞中获得表达,免疫小鼠可产生抗核蛋白抗体.结论在Sf9昆虫细胞中表达出狂犬病毒核蛋白,重组产物具有生物活性.     

狂犬病及其流行现状分析

狂犬病(Rabies)狂犬病又称恐水病,是由狂犬病毒引起的以侵犯中枢神经系统为主的一种重要的人畜共患传染性疾病,一旦发病,死亡率几乎100%;人及所有温血动物均能感染,野生动物是本病的自然宿主,犬猫在携带和传播狂犬病毒中起主要作用;近年来,我国狂犬病疫情已经呈现明显的上升趋势,狂犬病已经成为影响公共卫生的重要因素;因此了解狂犬病的病原特征、流行现状及诊断防控有着积极意义.     

具捕杀效应的SEI狂犬病模型的空间动力学分析

为讨论针对性的捕杀对狂犬病传播的影响,研究了一类具捕杀效应的易感者-潜伏期感染者-已经感染者(SEI)狂犬病模型.通过相应的特征值问题,引入基本再生数,并利用上下解方法建立了平衡点的稳定性.结果表明:有针对性的捕杀对狂犬病的控制和预防起着重要的作用.     

精制人用地鼠肾细胞狂犬病疫苗免疫学效果的研究

国内现行的狂犬病疫苗浓缩倍数大,副反应率高,一部分病例无法完成全程免疫。精制狂犬病疫苗的研制提高了疫苗的质量,降低了副反应,抗体阳转率１００％。     

Large-scale eradication of rabies using recombinant vaccinia-rabies vaccine.

Rabies infection of domestic and wild animals is a serious problem throughout the world. The major disease vector in Europe is the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and rabies control has focused on vaccinating and/or culling foxes. Culling has not been effective, and the distribution of five vaccine baits is the only appropriate method for the vaccination of wild foxes. Although some European countries have conducted field vaccination campaigns using attenuated rabies virus strains, their use has not been extensively approved because they retain pathogenicity for rodents and can revert to virulence. These strains cannot be used in North America because they are pathogenic for the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and are ineffective in the raccoon (Procyon lotor). We have constructed a recombinant vaccinia virus, VVTGgRAB, expressing the surface glycoprotein (G) of rabies virus (ERA strain). The recombinant was a highly effective vaccine in experimental animals, in captive foxes and in raccoons. We report here the results of a large-scale campaign of fox vaccination in a 2,200 km2 region of southern Belgium, an area in which rabies is prevalent. After distribution, 81% of foxes inspected were positive for tetracycline, a biomarker included in the vaccine bait and, other than one rabid fox detected close to the periphery of the treated area, no case of rabies, either in foxes or in domestic livestock, has been reported in the area.     

多变量分数阶捕食模型和传染病模型的Mittag-Leffler稳定性(英文)

讨论了多变量分数阶捕食模型和分数阶狂犬病模型稳定性.利用分数比较原则,可以得到这两个系统Mittag-Leffler稳定.     

人用精制狂犬病疫苗的免疫效果和人体副反应分析

目的：了解人用精制狂犬病疫苗的免疫效果和人体副反应情况。方法：采用暴露后5针次免疫程序（0、3、7、14、30d），以疫苗的有效期内按说明书接种。结果：接种人用精制狂犬病疫苗后，患者的血清抗体阳转率达99.25％，副反应率为4.09%，儿童组的副反应率（7.60%）高于成人组的(2.46%），女性副反应率（6.18%）高于男性的（2.52%），出现反应者再免时使用抗过敏药，可显著降低副反应的发生率。结论：通过对近千例疫苗接种者的观察，证实了精制狂犬病疫苗的副反应小，血清抗体阳转率高，故值得推广应用。     

Evidence for a viral superantigen in humans.

Superantigens bind class II major histocompatibility proteins and stimulate powerful proliferative responses of T lymphocytes bearing particular V beta sequences as part of their alpha beta antigen receptor. Exogenous bacterial superantigens are responsible for food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. Murine virus-encoded self-superantigens induce clonal deletion of T lymphocytes. Although superantigen-like properties have been suggested for human immunodeficiency virus-1, no viral superantigen has been identified in humans. Here we report that the nucleocapsid of the rabies virus is an exogenous superantigen specific for V beta 8 human T lymphocytes which binds to HLA class II alpha-chains.     

Low-coverage vaccination strategies for the conservation of endangered species

The conventional objective of vaccination programmes is to eliminate infection by reducing the reproduction number of an infectious agent to less than one, which generally requires vaccination of the majority of individuals. In populations of endangered wildlife, the intervention required to deliver such coverage can be undesirable and impractical; however, endangered populations are increasingly threatened by outbreaks of infectious disease for which effective vaccines exist. As an alternative, wildlife epidemiologists could adopt a vaccination strategy that protects a population from the consequences of only the largest outbreaks of disease. Here we provide a successful example of this strategy in the Ethiopian wolf, the world's rarest canid, which persists in small subpopulations threatened by repeated outbreaks of rabies introduced by domestic dogs. On the basis of data from past outbreaks, we propose an approach that controls the spread of disease through habitat corridors between subpopulations and that requires only low vaccination coverage. This approach reduces the extent of rabies outbreaks and should significantly enhance the long-term persistence of the population. Our study shows that vaccination used to enhance metapopulation persistence through elimination of the largest outbreaks of disease requires lower coverage than the conventional objective of reducing the reproduction number of an infectious agent to less than one.