秦岭滑蜥中脑视叶组织学结构观察

光镜下观察了秦岭滑蜥（Scincella tsinlingensis）中脑视叶的组织学结构.秦岭滑蜥中脑视叶分为背侧的顶盖和腹侧的被盖两部分,两者之间无明显界限.顶盖处灰质和白质交替排列.神经细胞主要在灰质内,白质中有小细胞零星分布.由深层至表层依次为室管膜层、深白质层、深灰质层、中白质层、中灰质层、浅白质层、外灰质层和分子层.被盖处细胞层次不明显.左右视叶与中脑水管在视叶中部相通.视叶前部有横行的纤维将左右视叶联系起来.与其他脊椎动物中脑的比较结果表明秦岭滑蜥在爬行类进化上处于较低等地位.     

辽西冀北晚中生代的化石蜥蜴类(爬行纲:有鳞目)

个蜥矢部部龙趾大具有辽西冀北晚中生代已记录的蜥蜴类化石共4属5种,及2个未命名属种。这些化石自下而上可划分4蜴类化石带：中侏罗世杨氏矢部龙带(Yabeinosaurus youngi Zone)、早白垩世早期长趾大凌河蜥-细小龙组合带(Dalinghosaurus longidigitus-Yabeinosaurus tenuis Assemblage Zone)、早白垩世早期细小矢带(Yabeinosaurus tenuis Zone)及早白垩世晚期炭德氏蜥带(Teilhardosaurus canbonarius Zone)凌河蜥-细小矢部龙组合带中的蜥蜴类属种最为丰富且分布较广,为研究早期蜥蜴类的地理地史分重要价值。布长等     

蹦蝗属Sinopodisma Chaug一新种及楼观雏蝗Chorthippus louguanensis Cheng et Tu雄性的发现

蹦蝗属(Sinopodisma Chang)已知9种,分布于我国的东部和东南地区的山地,如台湾、广东、福建、江西、江苏及浙江等省,在其他地区尚未发现。作者于1962年及1965年在秦岭山地楼观台和南五台地区进行调查时,采到该属的一种蝗虫,经鉴定后,认为是蹦蝗属的一新种,定名为秦岭蹦蝗Sinopodisma tsinlingensis sp.nov.     

淮南市植物区系特征与大通煤矿废弃矿区植被状况的比较分析

对安徽淮南大通煤矿废弃矿区植被和淮南市矿区临近的植被进行调查分析,大通废弃矿区有维管植物235种,淮南市有维管植物361种.废弃矿区不同的环境有不同的植被类型,植物物种分布具有广域性,以温带分布属为主,热带分布和世界广布属占有重要地位,东亚和北美间断分布属、旧世界温带分布属、东亚分布属起到补充作用.人工引种的植物在城市和周边区域起到重要作用,在矿区生态恢复中适当引入外地物种.     

Goniurosaurus indet.的有效性及中国睑虎属(Squamata: Sauria: Eublepharidae)种间的亲缘关系

为了解我国睑虎属Goniurosaurus (Squamata: Sauria: Eublepharidae)种间的亲缘关系以及广东新纪录的睑虎属未定种Goniurosaurus indet.的有效性, 我们对睑虎属10个种的线粒体DNA基因片段进行比较和遗传变异分析. 获得12S rRNA (385 bp)和16S rRNA (477 bp)总长度为862 bp的联合序列, 共有核苷酸变异位点388个, 简约信息位点269个. 选取大壁虎Gekko gecko为外类群, 采用贝叶斯演绎法(BI)、最大似然法(ML)、最大简约法(MP)、邻接法(NJ)对两个基因联合序列的分析均显示相同结果, 即广东睑虎属未定种Goniurosaurus indet.与英德睑虎G. yingdeensis以及凭祥睑虎G .luii与蛛纹睑虎G. araneus两两种间的亲缘关系分别较近; 且分布区相邻的Goniurosaurus indet.与G. yingdeensis之间的遗传分化(遗传距离=0.044-0.046)相似于分类地位已经明确的G .luii与G. araneus种间的遗传差异(遗传距离=0.051). 结合前人的形态学研究结果, 我们认为Goniurosaurus indet.和G. yingdeensis之间已发生显著的遗传差异, 前者可能为睑虎属新种. 同时, 系统发育分析表明海南睑虎G. hainanensis与睑虎属其它物种之间的遗传分化较大, 系统发育地位最为特殊. 系统发育分析进一步表明具4条背部横纹是祖征, 具5条背部横纹为衍征. 我们的研究补充了睑虎科的基础资料, 为该属的系统发育研究和物种保护提供了一定的理论依据. 本文首次提出宽阔的河流可能是造成睑虎种群分化和新种形成的重要地理屏障. 这一“河流隔离”观点对全球睑虎属物种的亲缘地理分布格局的解释具有重要的理论意义.     

东亚-北美木本植物间断分布的研究

<正>东亚－北美间断分布区的木本植物种类,初步统计共有３４科４９属９７５种,其中东亚地区７３０种,占总数的７５％,北美地区２４５种,占２５％,说明东亚种数远多于北美,估计本间断分布区中属的总数为全世界诸多洲际间断分布中极为丰富的类群。东亚－北美间断分布区有如此众多属存在的原因有三,一是地质变迁,二是气候变化,三是地史悠久。东亚－北美间断分布区中约有１８个属的现代分布中心在东亚,６个属在北美。东亚与北美主要有两个植物气候型,大陆西岸气候型（地中海气候型）的属不多,在东亚引种成功率不大,大陆东岸气候型的较多,在东亚引种成功率较高     

千河流域秦岭细鳞鲑资源调查报告

秦岭细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis)属典型的陆封性冷水鱼类,国家Ⅱ级重点保 护水生野生动物,是细鳞鲑属(Brachymystax)所有物种中分布最南端的1个亚种,秦岭山脉北麓的 千河流域内目前数量较多.通过实地调查表明,千河流域内分布的秦岭细鳞鲑种群发生了3个明显 的变化:(1)分布最低高度由原来海拔1 000 m上移至1 200 m,分布范围缩小;(2)个体小型化; (3)种群数量减少.文中还就秦岭细鳞鲑的保护对策提出了建议.     

中国医蛭科动物地理研究

研究了中国医蛭科属级和种级动物地理分布、动物地理特征,及其与我国邻近地区的关系。结果表明:①中国医蛭科有6个属17种,医蛭属分布于古北界,东洋界和新热带界;牛蛭属、鼻蛭属只分布于东洋界;粘蛭属主要分布于东洋界,也分布古北界和新热带界;金线蛭属分布于东洋界和古北界;黄蛭属分布于古北界。②种的分布型,分布最广的软体粘蛭和光润金线蛭,由东洋界中印亚界南缘的印度半岛等直到古北界北部的俄罗斯。分布范围最小的是丽医蛭,分布于浙江丽水温州,南京牛蛭分布于南京,秀丽金线蛭分布于浙江、江苏,四条纹金线蛭只分布于海南岛海口。③种的分布型中,华中区南中国型物种数占总物种数64.7%,华中区南中国是医蛭科种分布中心,中南半岛、印度半岛分别占35.5%。种数最少的是西南区喜马拉雅——横断山型,只占11.76%。④种的分布型表明,南中国是医蛭科种的分布中心,它向北扩展到达俄罗斯,物种数较少,向南扩展到达东洋界南缘的中南半岛、印度半岛,物种数仍较多。     

中国雨蛙属Hyla的分类研究进展

雨蛙属Hyla主要分布于欧洲中部和南部、亚洲东部、非洲西北部和美洲北部;目前全世界已知35种;中国现已知8种及7亚种,主要分布于我国东部地区。综述了中国雨蛙属Hyla物种的分类研究历史及进展,雨蛙属Hyla分类中亟待解决以下几方面问题:1)我国产华西雨蛙是否为H.annectans,及所属各亚种的分类地位问题,需结合H.annectans模式产地标本进行比较分析;2)秦岭雨蛙H.tsinlingensis是否成立,以及和我国产华西雨蛙H.annectans各亚种之间关系问题;3)华南雨蛙H.simplex两亚种是否成立,以及华南雨蛙海南亚种H.simplex hainanensis和昭平雨蛙H.zhaopingensis关系问题,需与H.simplex模式产地标本进行比较分析。     

鼎湖山森林群落分析——Ⅱ.物种联结性

本文研究了鼎湖山森林群落的物种联结性.通过联结系数的测定,以半矩阵和星座图分析了种间联结、种群分布与生态幅度、群落的种群结构和生境的差异以及群落的演替.     

Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America

Late Cenozoic terrestrial fossil records of North America are biased by a predominance of mid-latitude deposits, mostly in the western half of the continent. Consequently, the biological history of eastern North America, including the eastern deciduous forest, remains largely hidden. Unfortunately, vertebrate fossil sites from this vast region are rare, and few pertain to the critically important late Tertiary period, during which intensified global climatic changes took place. Moreover, strong phylogenetic affinities between the flora of eastern North America and eastern Asia clearly demonstrate formerly contiguous connections, but disparity among shared genera (eastern Asia-eastern North America disjunction) implies significant periods of separation since at least the Miocene epoch. Lacustrine sediments deposited within a former sinkhole in the southern Appalachian Mountains provide a rare example of a late Miocene to early Pliocene terrestrial biota from a forested ecosystem. Here we show that the vertebrate remains contained within this deposit represent a unique combination of North American and Eurasian taxa. A new genus and species of the red (lesser) panda (Pristinailurus bristoli), the earliest and most primitive so far known, was recovered. Also among the fauna are a new species of Eurasian badger (Arctomeles dimolodontus) and the largest concentration of fossil tapirs ever recorded. Cladistical analyses of the two new carnivores strongly suggest immigration events that were earlier than and distinct from previous records, and that the close faunal affinities between eastern North America and eastern Asia in the late Tertiary period are consistent with the contemporaneous botanical record.     

Molecular characterization of H1N1 influenza A viruses from human cases in North America

Subtypes of H1N1 influenza virus can be found in humans in North America, while they are also associated with the infection of swine. Characterization of the genotypes of viral strains in human populations is important to understand the source and distribution of viral strains. Genomic and protein sequences of 10 isolates of the 2009 outbreak of influenza A （H1N1） virus in North America were obtained from GenBank database. To characterize the genotypes of these viruses, phylogenetic trees of genes PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, NA, NS and M were constructed by Phylip3.67 program and N-Linked glycosylation sites of HA, NA, PB2, NS1 and M2 proteins were analyzed online by NetNGlyc1.0 program. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these isolates are virtually identical but may be recombinant viruses because their genomic fragments come from different viruses. The isolates also contain a characteristic lowly pathogenic amino acid motif at their HA cleavage sites （IPSIQSR↓GL）, and an E residue at position 627 of the PB2 protein which shows its high affinity to humans. The homologous model of M proteins showed that the viruses had obtained the ability of anti-amantadine due to the mutation at the drug-sensitive site, while sequence analysis of NA proteins indicated that the viruses are still susceptible to the neuraminidase inhibitor drug （i.e. oseltamivir and zanamivir） because no mutations have been observed. Our results strongly suggested that the viruses responsible for the 2009 outbreaks of influenza A （H1N1） virus have the ability to cross species barriers to infect human and mammalian animals based on molecular analysis. These findings may further facilitate the therapy and prevention of possible transmission from North America to other countries.     

Affinities of 'hyopsodontids' to elephant shrews and a Holarctic origin of Afrotheria

Macroscelideans (elephant shrews or sengis) are small-bodied (25-540 g), cursorial (running) and saltatorial (jumping), insectivorous and omnivorous placental mammals represented by at least 15 extant African species classified in four genera. Macroscelidea is one of several morphologically diverse but predominantly African placental orders classified in the superorder Afrotheria by molecular phylogeneticists. The distribution of modern afrotheres, in combination with a basal position for Afrotheria within Placentalia and molecular divergence-time estimates, has been used to link placental diversification with the mid-Cretaceous separation of South America and Africa. Morphological phylogenetic analyses do not support Afrotheria and the fossil record favours a northern origin of Placentalia. Here we describe fossil postcrania that provide evidence for a close relationship between North American Palaeocene-Eocene apheliscine 'hyopsodontid' 'condylarths' (early ungulates or hoofed mammals) and extant Macroscelidea. Apheliscine postcranial morphology is consistent with a relationship to other ungulate-like afrotheres (Hyracoidea, Proboscidea) but does not provide support for a monophyletic Afrotheria. As the oldest record of an afrothere clade, identification of macroscelidean relatives in the North American Palaeocene argues against an African origin for Afrotheria, weakening support for linking placental diversification to the break-up of Gondwana.     

跨文化交际视角下的中美家庭聚会对比分析

中美两国间的交流与合作日益频繁。开展对中美两国文化、风俗习惯的对比研究,具有更重要的现实意义。跨文化交际是指来自不同国家或不同文化背景之间的人与人之间的交际,其中包含人们之间不同的观点,思维方式价值取向和习俗。本研究选择中美家庭聚会为出发点,以跨文化交际的视角对聚会文化进行对比分析。进而培养英语学习者的跨文化交际意识,最终实现在复杂语境中成功交际的目的。     

美国参议院对华关系指数初探

美国参议院参议员及其领袖在中美关系中发挥着举足轻重的作用。根据中美之间重大历史事件和问题中美国参议院及其参议员们的立场观点及其决策作用,通过赋值编制美国参议院对华关系指数,并配合案例分析说明指数变化与中美关系呈正相关,以此来把握中美之间的关系走势,以便采取相应对策,在中美交往当中更好地把握机遇,赢得发展。     

亚硝酸盐与癌的关系

欧洲和北美的流行病学和实验研究认为富含亚硝酸盐的饮水不致癌,来自中国的统计学资料表明饮水中亚硝酸盐与癌症死亡率关系密切,降低饮水中亚硝酸盐使癌症死亡率下降.东西方研究结果的不同可以用癌起源的共生进化理论解释,癌细胞与正常细胞代谢途径不同,癌细胞可以富集亚硝酸盐产生NO,促进癌细胞适应缺氧环境存活,肿瘤组织内NO增加,不但增加肿瘤血管形成,加大血流量,而且促进其恶性表型发展.肿瘤细胞来源于干细胞,只有局部亚硝酸盐存在时,才能促进其生长,换句话说,亚硝酸盐不致癌,但可以促进癌细胞生长活力,去除饮水中亚硝酸盐,可以预防癌细胞的生长.许靖华(1929-),通讯作者,男,瑞士籍华人,美国科学院院士,第三世界科学院院士,地中海科学院院士,中国科学院名誉教授,国际著名环境学家,现从事亚硝酸盐促癌研究.E-mail:kenjhsu@aol.co.     

贵州遵义晚二叠世长兴组的介形类

本文首次报道了贵州遵义晚二叠世长兴组介形类化石，计14属24种（其中4新种、4未定种）。这些介形类化石的发现，不但为该区地层划分与对比提供了新的依据，而且对二叠系与三叠系的界线研究也具有一定意义。     

When the American sea sturgeon swam east

The two species of Atlantic sea sturgeon on either shore of the North Atlantic, Acipenser sturio in Europe and A. oxyrinchus in North America, probably diverged with the closure of the Tethys Sea and the onset of the North Atlantic Gyre 15-20 million years ago, and contact between them was then presumably precluded by geographic distance. Here we present genetic, morphological and archaeological evidence indicating that the North American sturgeon colonized the Baltic during the Middle Ages and replaced the native sturgeon there, before recently becoming extinct itself in Europe as a result of human activities. In addition to representing a unique transatlantic colonization event by a fish that swims upriver to spawn, our findings have important implications for projects aimed at restocking Baltic waters with the European sturgeon.     

美国华商的历史变迁

美国华商是美国华人移民中的特殊群体，在美国华人社会有着重要的社会地位和影响。它随着美国经济发展和对华移民政策的变化而发生重大的历史变迁，在不同的历史时期有着不同的经济特征。它不仅为美国早期华埠的形成和发展起着积极的推动作用，而且主导着当今华人经济的发展方向。     

萨都剌研究综述(1949-2015)

萨都剌是中国古代少数民族文学家的杰出代表,公认的元诗大家。从“文献”“文本”“文化”三个维度对萨都剌研究史进行了梳理。萨都剌作品研究、文化研究方面都取得了可喜的成绩,萨都剌生平、族属、文本归属情况依旧存在争议,尚期待新文献的发现与习见文献辨伪、辩误的深入。未来,可以深入探讨萨都剌的文学成就对于整部“中华文学史”的贡献,并且期待能够运用多学科、跨学科的视角与方法对这位色目才子进行全面的解读。