昆虫蜕皮的反应能力

人们早已知道,当器官芽从果蝇幼龄幼虫移植到即将化蛹的幼虫上时,它们不能分化成为成虫组织。它们在孵化后50～70小时,才渐渐获得向二龄末期器官分化的反应能力。引起变态的刺激物是高浓度的蜕皮激素——蜕皮素。Mindek 和 Nthiger 在一篇简短而有趣的论文(J.Insect Physiol.,19,1711;1973)中描述了一种旨在发现获得反应能力时所产生的变化的本质的新尝试。试验在于从供试的53小时龄的幼虫(这时幼虫对变态完全无反应能力)上摘下眼一触角器官芽,经各种方法处理后,移植到     

粘虫(Mythimna separata)变态期间环核苷酸和蜕皮激素的动态及灭幼脲的影响

本文用放射免疫法研究了粘虫(Mythim(?) (?) parata(walker))末龄幼虫和蛹初期的脑和前胸腺cAMP含量及血淋巴20-羟基蜕皮酮滴度的动态变化,进而研究了灭幼脲对这两种物质的影响.结果表明:(1)粘虫末龄幼虫仅具一个血淋巴20-羟基蜕皮酮的释放高峰,化蛹后则以更快的增长速度提高滴度,至蛹3日龄仍无衰减之势;(2)末龄幼虫前胸腺cAMP高峰出现后12小时,血淋巴中出现20-羟基酮释放峰位.而蛹1日龄出现前胸腺cAMP高峰后的较长时间内仍有血淋巴20-羟基蜕皮酮的持续增加;(3)末龄幼虫脑cAMP峰较前胸腺的峰位提早24小时发生,1日龄蛹前胸腺发生cAMP高峰前,脑的cAMP量也维持在较高水平;(4)1日龄末龄幼虫经灭幼脲处理后,脑和前胸腺的cAMP峰值以及血淋巴20-羟基蜕皮酮峰值分别降低约47％(P<0.001),25％(P<0.025)和75％(P<0.001),峰值期以外的cAMP量和激素滴度均无显著影响.     

中国鲎胚胎发育研究

利用人工授精技术孵化中国鲎，详细观察研究中国鲎胚胎早期发育过程的形态变化特点及其规律。中国鲎的胚胎早期发育可分为卵裂和囊胚形成期（所需时间约6d）、原肠胚和附肢原基形成期（约11d）、组织分化期（约17d）、快速生长期（约16d）。在组织分化期，胚体共进行3次胚内蜕皮，并在第2次蜕皮的同时卵胶膜破裂蜕去，完成3次胚内蜕皮的胚体身体扁平，各组织器官基本成型定位。在快速生长期内，胚体完成最后一次胚内蜕皮，蜕皮后胚体进一步扁平，各组织器官进一步完善。第4次蜕皮后3－5d时间胚体破坏内卵膜而孵化为自由游泳的一龄幼鲎，开始胚后发育。孵化的一龄幼鲎大约经过180d的发育蜕去旧壳成为二龄幼鲎。     

不同饵料、密度和池底对锯缘青蟹大眼幼体蜕皮变态的影响

实验观察了不同饵料、池底、密度对锯缘青蟹大眼幼体蜕皮变态率和残杀率的影响．实验结果表明：投喂裸腹蚤时，大眼幼体蜕皮变态率最高，3种池底大眼幼体蜕皮变态率平均为78．1％。残杀率最低平均为11．4％；海泥池底大眼幼体蜕皮变态率最高。投喂3种饵料的大眼幼体蜕皮变态率平均为84．8％，残杀率最低平均为7．6％；裸腹蚤是青蟹大眼幼体培育适宜的饵料．而海泥则是大眼幼体变态适宜的池底．不同培育密度对青蟹大眼幼体蜕皮变态率和残杀率的实验结果表明：当大眼幼体的培育密度为3尾／dm^3时，其蜕皮变态率最高，而残杀率与大眼幼体培育密度的关系不明确．     

幼蝎快速蜕皮与生长技术

专利申请号:00115936.4蝎子在自然环境条件生长过程中,从幼蝎到成蝎要经过6次蜕皮。蝎子从幼龄蝎到成龄蝎阶段,其蜕皮后的成活率一般在50%～70%,提高蝎子蜕皮后的成活率是直接关系到蝎子产量和影响养蝎经济效益的关键。日前,人工养蝎中幼蝎快速蜕皮与生长技术获得突破。该技术是运用现代生物技术在幼蝎食料中加入一定数量的微量元素等物质,能够促进蝎子生长,提高蜕皮质量,可使幼蝎蜕皮后的成活率达90%左右,并能加快蝎子生长,缩短饲养周期。该项技术的应用,可比传统养蝎经济效益提高一倍以上。该项技术是“人工养蝎无冬眠化饲养技术”取得成…     

S1NPV对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的侵染阈值

斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的侵染阈值因温度和虫龄而异，早龄愈大，温度愈高，则侵染阈值也大。在２０－４０℃内，３龄幼虫的侵染阈值为９０９０．９－６６６６６６．７ＰＩＢ头，５龄幼 虫为１３１５７８．９－７１４２８５．７ＰＩＢｓ／头。温度升高，各龄幼虫的侵染阈值差异逐渐减小，接种量为２×１０＾６ＰＩＢｓ／头左右及高于２×１０＾７ＰＩＢｓ／头时，Ｓ１ＮＰＶ自身似有一定的协生作用和拮抗作用。     

KK-42对日本沼虾蜕皮前期外骨骼结构及NAGase活力的影响

近期研究发现,适宜浓度的KK-42处理能显著缩短日本沼虾幼虾蜕皮周期.新旧表皮的更替是蜕皮的重要事件,蜕皮前期是表皮外骨骼结构变化最剧烈的时期.据此,从组织学水平观察了幼虾头胸甲外骨骼结构以及KK-42的影响,定量分析了肝胰腺N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)在KK-42处理后不同时间的活力.将处于蜕皮前期(D1-4)、体长(3.3±0.5)cm的日本沼虾随机分为两组,分别用1.95×10-4 mol·L-1的KK-42溶液(实验组)或不含KK-42的溶液(对照组)浸泡处理1min,处理后不同时间,组织学方法观察头胸甲外骨骼结构,分光光度法测定肝胰腺NAGase活力.结果显示,KK-42处理后第3d,D3期和D4期幼虾头胸甲表皮厚度与对照组相比分别提高29.76%和35.23%(P0.01);KK-42处理后12h,D3期和D4期肝胰腺NAGase活力显著高于对照组.结果表明,KK-42处理可显著增加蜕皮前期日本沼虾头胸甲表皮外骨骼的厚度,并对肝胰腺NAGase活力具有诱导作用.     

内蒙古兴安盟羊狂蝇蛆病原流行病学与季节动态研究

1999年3月－2000年2月，对来自内蒙古兴安盟牧区、半农半牧区和农区的5个旗县市22个乡（苏木、镇）的216只羊进行了尸体剖检，共收集羊狂蝇1龄、2龄和3龄幼虫3926个；对3群552只羊进行了临床检验。结果表明：羊狂蝇（Oestrus ovis)蛆是引起兴安盟羊狂蝇蛆病的病原；临床检查，羊狂蝇蛆病感染率为92.21%；尸体剖检，羊狂蝇各龄幼虫在羊鼻腔内全年至少寄生8个月，由于重复感染各龄幼虫感染率随季节不同而不同，范围在40.00%-95.00%之间，感染强度为1－140个；动态监测为羊狂蝇1、2、3龄幼虫全年均表现出两个感染高峰，分别为6月和11月、5月和翌年1月、5月和8月，从而说明兴安盟羊狂蝇繁殖有两个世代。     

蜕皮周期中荒漠沙蜥表皮的组织学变化

应用半薄切片技术，对荒漠沙蜥表皮在蜕皮周期中的组织学变化进行了观察，荒漠沙蜥的表皮在一个完整的蜕皮周期可分为６个发育时期，其中，在时期Ⅰ即休止期中，存在一个特殊的发育时相２，即中层胀厚期，因此，休止期可细分为４个发育时相，此外，冰冻切片，苏凡Ⅲ染色，仅中层染为鲜艳橙色，显示中层不但存在，而且是富含脂数物质的结构，因此，中层可能对荒漠沙蜥皮肤防止水分蒸发的渗透屏障的建立起重要作用。     

大鲵蜕皮中小分子肽的鉴定及抗菌活性

为了研究大鲵蜕皮中具有抗菌活性的小分子肽,采用SDS-PAGE电泳和SephadexG-75凝胶层析分离分析大鲵蜕皮中的成分,并采用氯化三苯四氮唑微量稀释法检测了抑菌活性。结果表明:大鲵蜕皮含有一种分子量约为15 000的小分子肽,该物质对5种试验菌种均有一定抑制活性。大鲵蜕皮发现的小分子肽可能是一种新的抑菌肽,其可能为大鲵人工养殖创造出新的产业价值。     

棉铃虫性信息素合成激活肽基因的检测

性信息素合成激活肽是调节昆虫性信息素合成的神经肽．根据昆虫性信息素合成激活肽的氨基酸序列保守性,合成若干引物,以棉铃虫基因组ＤＮＡ为模板,用ＰＣＲ方法得到单一的扩增条带．ＲＴＰＣＲ方法从棉铃虫咽下神经结中检测出性信息素合成激活肽基因在棉铃虫基因组中不仅存在,而且表达．     

Degeneration of host prothoracic glands caused by Campoletis chlorideae polydnavirus

The development of last instar Helicoverpa armigera prothoracic glands was investigated first; then the effects on the prothoracic glands of Helicoverpa armigera was studied by injection with calyx fluid and polydnavirus (PDV) from the endoparasitoid Campoletis chlorideae. Results showed that 3 female equivalents of calyx fluid or 4 female equivalents of PDV induced degeneration of host prothoracic glands. 24 h after calyx fluid or PDV injection the ultrastructure of the gland cells showed a significant decrease in intercellular channel system, while an increase in the number of round mitochondria, lysosomes and whorled figures, the organelle of some cells has degenerated and only organelle debris remained in the cells. These results suggest that calyx fluid or PDV cause the inactivation and degeneration of host prothoracic glands.     

棉铃虫泛素基因的克隆及序列分析

泛素介导的泛素-蛋白酶体通路(Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway,UPP)是真核细胞内依赖ATP的非溶酶体蛋白质降解途径,该途径对细胞内蛋白的选择性降解起着重要作用.设计一对简并引物,从棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera卵巢细胞Ha831中克隆了泛素基因的编码区,GenBank登录号AY456195.序列分析表明,该编码区的长度为228bp,编码76个氨基酸、其编码蛋白的相对分子质量为8 560,等电点为6.56.同源性比较发现,棉铃虫泛素基因与其他真核生物泛素基因在氨基酸水平上具有96%以上的相似性,而与棉铃虫核多角体病毒泛素的相似性为76%,所有已知的泛素关键功能位点在该泛素蛋白中均保守存在.     

Host selection of Helicoverpa armigera and H. assulta and its inheritance

The difference in host selection between the polyphagous Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and the oligophagous H. assulta Quenée was examined, with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) (hosts of H. armigera), tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum) (host of both H. armigera and H. assulta), and bush redpepper (Capsicum frutescens) (host of H. assulta) as testing plants. A multiple-choice test was used with caged plant cuttings for adult oviposition and with leaf discs for larval feeding. A no-choice test was run for evaluating larval growth rate. The results indicated that the relationship between larval performance and adult preference of H. assulta was more conspicuous than that of H. armigera. Reciprocal hybridization between H. armigera and H. assulta followed by backcrossing of the hybrids (F1) with H. armigera was also carried out for genetic study on host selection of these two insect species. A two-choice test with cotton and bush redpepper leaf discs showed that H. armigera larvae preferred to feed on cotton, and H. assulta larvae to bush redpepper; feeding preferences of the two F1 lines were intermediate between those of their parents, but close to that of their female parent; preference indexes of backcross lines also showed that both maternal factor and chromosomal inheritance were involved in feeding selection of two Helicoverpa species.     

Synthesis dynamic and developmental profile of prothoracicotropic hormone between diapause-and nondiapause-destined individuals in Helicoverpa armigera

Biosynthesis and secretion of prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) of diapause-and nondiapause-destined individuals in Helicoverpa armigera were studied using whole-mount immunocytochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The immunocytochemistry revealed that PTTH is expressed in two pairs of lateral neurosecretory cells of the brain. The presence of immunoreactivity has not significant difference between the brains of the diapause-and nondiapause-destined 6th instar larvae. However,the obvious differences of expressional pattern from day 4 pupae were observed be-tween the two types. PTTH titers in hemolymph from the 6th instar larvae to pharate adults were measured by the ELISA. Although there were similar titer changes between the two types of individuals at the larval stage,a significant difference from developmental expression was detected at the pupal stage,suggesting that the expression and secretion of PTTH does play a crucial role in regulation of pupal diapause of H. armigera.     

Interpretation of the biological species concept from interspecific hybridization of two Helicoverpa species

The biological species concept defines species in terms of interbreeding. Interbreeding between spe-cies is prevented by reproductive isolation mechanisms. Based on our results of interspecific hybridi-zation between Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa assulta, reproductive isolation mechanisms of the two species are analyzed. A combination of prezygotic factors (absent sex attraction and physical incompatibility of the genitalia) and postzygotic factors (female absence and partial sterility in F1 hy-brids) causes reproductive isolation of the two species. In addition, the role of interspecific hybridiza-tion in speciation is discussed.     

新疆昌吉市棉花害虫种类及防治现状调查

对昌吉市棉花害虫种类进行了调查.结果表明:棉花害虫(螨)有17种,其中害螨4种,为害严重的害虫(螨)有棉铃虫、棉蚜、棉叶螨等.文章阐述了昌吉市棉花主要害虫的危害及防治现状,提出了今后对棉花害虫(螨)综合治理的意见和建议.     

Reconstruction of HaSNPV with helicoverpa hormone receptor 3

In order to develop a more efficient virus for controlling the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa hormone receptor 3 （HHR3）, which is involved in the ecdysteroid regulatory pathway, was used to genetically modify wild HaSNPV. HaSNPV-HHR3 budded virus and occlusion body virus were constructed in three steps： preparation of pFastBacHaPhpP10-HHR3 donor plasmid, transposition of HHR3 into the HaBacHZ8 bacmid, and transfection of HzAM1 cells to get HaSNPV-HHR3 virus.HHR3 was proved to be expressed in the HaSNPV-HHR3 virus infected HzAM1 cells by immunoblotting. Results of bioassay indicated that the body weight of the HaSNPV-HHR3 infected larvae was lower than the larvae infected with wild virus and uninfected normal larvae, which suggests that HaSNPV-HHR3 delayed larval growth.     

Induction of nicotine in tobacco by herbivory and its relation to glucose oxidase activity in the labial gland of three noctuid caterpillars

Tobacco Nicotiana tabacum L. is a host plant ofHelicoverpa armigera (Huibner), Helicoverpa assulta Guenee and Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). The difference in leaf nicotine response to the feeding by these three larvae and the mechanical simulation of their feeding was examined by HPLC. Results indicated that nicotine induction was suppressed by H. armigera and H. assulta larvae feeding or by simulated damage treated with their labial glands extracts. The production of nicotine was also suppressed by the glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger when it was treated on mechanically wounded leaf area. On the contrary, the nicotine production was stimulated by S. litura larva feeding or by simulated damage treated with its labial gland extract. Heat denature can not counteract the stimulation effect of the S. litura labial gland extracts to tobacco nicotine production. The glucose oxidase activity was detected in labial gland extracts of both H. armigera and H. assulta, but the activity in H. armigera was significantly higher than that in H. assulta. No glucose oxidase activity was detected in labial gland extracts of S. litura. It is shown that the glucose oxidase activity in labial glands of caterpillars plays an important role in the nicotine response to herbivory. The glucose oxidase was mainly contained in the labial gland of H. armigera larva, and had the highest activity at pH 7.0. D-Glucose was the optimal substrate of the glucose oxidase. Labial gland glucose oxidase activities varied daily during larval development with high activities found when larvae were actively feeding.     

水蓼提取物的生物活性测定及挥发性成分的GC-MS分析

为探究水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper)活性成分的功能并拓展该物种的应用场景，以水蓼植株作为原料，分别用水提法和醇提法提取水蓼的挥发性物质，并用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对提取物进行成分鉴定，通过抑菌实验和抑制棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)生长及存活实验探究水蓼提取物的生物活性。结果显示：从水蓼醇提物中分离出16个组分，其中有4种化合物得到鉴定；从水蓼水提物中分离出15个组分，其中有3种化合物得到鉴定；水蓼提取物具有一定程度的抑菌作用，对棉铃虫的生长发育也有一定抑制效果。研究结果提示：体积分数为95%的乙醇在提取水蓼挥发性物质方面的效果要优于水的效果，且水蓼挥发性物质的生物活性有待进一步验证。