东营凹陷北部深洼带天然气成因类型的鉴别分析

东营凹陷北部深洼带发现了一系列高产天然气流,成为富油凹陷油气勘探的重要突破,它们是源岩热解气还是原油裂解气,成为勘探家争论的问题。通过民丰地区发现的天然气地质和地球化学分析,特别是烃源岩和原油生气的模拟实验,发现两种成因天然气的鉴别标志,源岩热解气,ln(CC5/nC6)<-1、(MCC5+CC6)/nC6<0.8、(CC5+MCC5+CC6)/(nC5+nC6)<0.5、DMCC5/CC5>0.6和甲苯/苯>1.1,而原油裂解气与之相反;民丰天然气主要来自沙四段烃源岩热解气,其次来自原油裂解气。     

文东油田沙三中油层储层特征研究

为了提高沙三中油层开发水平,并为各种作业措施提供地质依据,通过各种分析测试方法,对沙三中油层储层特性做了详细研究．结果表明：沙三中油层储层砂岩以粉砂岩和粉细砂岩为主,储层矿物成分成熟度较低,不稳定组分含量很高,碎屑矿物成分主要有石英、长石、喷出岩、复 晶石英、硅质、泥质和云质;岩石化学成分中 Ｃａ２＋ 、 Ｍ ｇ２＋ 含量较高,决定了地层水高矿化度和高 Ｃａ２＋ 、 Ｍ ｇ２＋ 含量．铸体薄片观察证明储层砂岩属小孔细喉型,孔隙形态不规则、喉道曲折复杂;粘土矿物主要有伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石和伊 ／ 蒙混层矿物,其产状以薄膜式和分散充填式为主;成岩作用主要有压实作用、胶结及交代作用和溶蚀作用等三种类型．储层有潜在的水敏、速敏、酸敏和无机垢损害存在．     

CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> gas emplacement age in the Songliao Basin: Insight from volcanic quartz <Superscript>40</Superscript>Ar-<Superscript>39</Superscript>Ar stepwise crushing

Due to a lack of suitable minerals, the gas/oil emplacement ages have never been accurately obtained before. CH₄-CO₂-saline- bearing secondary inclusions are found in quartz from the volcanic rocks of the Yingcheng Formation, the container rocks of the deep CO₂ gas reservoir in the Songliao Basin. The inclusion fluid was trapped into microcracks in quartz during the gas emplacement and accumulation, providing an optimal target for the ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar stepwise crushing technique to determine the CO₂ gas emplacement age. ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar dating results of a quartz sample by stepwise crushing yield a highly linear-regression isochron with an age of 78.4±1.3 Ma, indicating that the accumulation of the deep CO₂ gas reservoir in the Songliao Basin occurred in the late Cretaceous. This is the first time to report an exact isotopic age for a CO₂ gas reservoir, which indicates that the ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar dating can serve as a new technique to date the oil/gas emplacement ages.     

Reservoir-forming age and its exploration sisnificance to stratisraphic reservoirs in southern Songliao Basin

Despite many studies concerning the forming age, evolution characteristics and the age of petroleum charging in the Fuxin upheaval of southern Songliao Basin, no consensus has been reached so far. This paper presents the first K-Ar dating of autogenetic illite from stratigraphic petroleum reservoirs in the Fuyu oil layer of the Fuxin upheaval belt. Isotopic test and age calculation were carried out based on the separation and purification of illite mineral, X-diffraction analysis and the detection of scanning electron microscopy. The evolution characteristics of structure, sedimentation, reservoir-forming about the Fuxin upheaval belt were interpreted in terms of the synthetical analysis of ＂six-type geological history＂ evolution in southern Songliao Basin. The geologic background of petroleum evolution and reservoir formation are similar in the entire central depression region of southern Songliao Basin. The Changling sag and the Fuxin upheaval belt brought about obvious upheaval-sag separation after the hydrocarbon-generation peak of K2qn^1 and the main reservoir-forming period of the Fuyu oil layer, namely reservoir-forming happened before the Fuxin upheaval belt extensively raised. The reservoirs have three characteristics： the hydrocarbon source rock above the reservoir, the oil source in the locality, and the vertical migration. The geological cognition is corrected, that is, oil source came from the Changling sag and migrated from the side direction. The bulk process of petroleum charging in the stratigraphic hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Fuxin upheaval belt of southern Songliao Basin is determined according to the isotopic age of autogenetic illite in combination with the method of fluid inclusions. The cognition is helpful to exactly evaluate the resource potential and exploration direction in the Fuxin upheaval belt, Changling sag and their peripheral areas. The present results indicate that the combination of the two methods （the K-Ar dating of autogenetic illite and fluid inclusions） is an effective way to lay bare petroleum charging history and ascertain reservoir age.     

Experimental evidence for formation water promoting crude oil cracking to gas

Crude oil cracking to gas is the key to determining the exploration potential and strategy for deep hydrocarbon resources.Identifying the factors that affect the threshold and potential of crude oil cracking to gas as well as other possible influencing factors will provide the scientific basis for deep hydrocarbon exploration.A comparison of pyrolysis simulation experiments of crude oil,hydrous crude oil,and various water media under a constant temperature(350℃) and pressure(50 MPa) shows that water plays a large role in crude oil cracking to gas.(1) When water is added,the gas yields increase significantly,including those of alkane gases and non-hydrocarbon gases:the yield of alkane gases increases 1.8-3 times;the yields of H2 and CO2 also increase significantly.This means that water takes part in the process of crude oil cracking to gas,and supplies hydrogen.Therefore,the presence of water will dramatically enhance the potential of crude oil cracking to gas.(2) Mg2+ ions in the formation water promote the crude oil + water reaction to some extent and increase the total yield of alkane gases and the yields of both H2 and CO2 ;more interestingly,the i-C4/n-C4 and i-C5/n-C5 ratios increase significantly.This indicates that Mg2+ ions in formation water act as a catalyst,and a disproportionation reaction is involved in the crude oil + water reaction.This study helps us to understand the factors influencing crude oil cracked gas and to evaluate the hydrocarbon resources in deep sedimentary basins.     

南海流花油田储层特征及敏感性评价

南海流花油田经过长时间注水开发后出现注水压力上升、注水量下降以及达不到配注要求等问题。为此,通过对该油田注水层段储层特征分析以及储层敏感性实验评价,找出注水过程中潜在的损害因素,并提出合理的储层保护措施建议。储层特征分析结果表明:储层岩石类型以岩屑石英砂岩、长石岩屑石英砂岩为主,黏土矿物以伊/蒙混层和蒙脱石为主;储层物性良好,属于中孔、中渗储层;地层原油性质较好,属于轻质原油,地层水型为Na HCO3水型。敏感性实验结果表明:储层临界流速为5 m L·min-1,具有弱速敏;临界矿化度为4 480 mg·L-1,储层具有强水敏;储层不存在盐酸敏感性,存在弱土酸敏;临界p H为13,储层具有弱碱敏。在油田后续注水过程中应严格控制注水速度、控制入井流体的矿化度和p H,采取合适的酸化处理措施等。     

安塞油田王窑区长6油层储层地质

通过岩心描述和分析,并结合砂体分布形态,确认安塞油田王窑区长６油层为湖泊三角洲沉积体系,储集砂体为三角洲前缘相带的各种砂坝和分流河道,在单井微相分析的基础上,对该区的砂体微相进行了分析．通过铸体薄片、扫描电镜、Ｘ－射线衍射和电子探针等多项分析手段,对长６油层的储层特征进行了分析,该区储层岩性为细粒长石砂岩,主要自生矿物类型为方解石、绿泥石、浊沸石、伊利石、石英、长石和少量伊一蒙混层．储层面孔率一般５％～８％,主要为粒间孔隙、骨架颗粒溶孔、浊沸石溶孔和少量裂缝孔隙．部分微裂缝在地下处于开启状态．在成岩特征研究的基础上,建立了长６油层成岩演化序列．油砂体研究结果表明,油藏分布和聚油面积受三角洲沉积作用控制,储层性质受砂体微相和成岩作用的双重控制     

滹沱河地下水超采区人工回灌的水岩相互作用模拟

人工回灌条件下回灌水与地下水混合带的水岩相互作用是决定地下水水质演化和含水层发生化学堵塞的关键过程。为研究人工回灌对滹沱河地下水超采区水质演化的影响,以石家庄市人工回灌场地为例,利用石津灌渠水作为回灌水源,通过室内实验结合反向水文地球化学模拟揭示回灌层位地表水与地下水混合带的水-岩相互作用机理。结果显示：混合带水的TDS（total dissolved solids）变化特征表现为先增大后缓慢降低,且地表水占比越大、含水介质粒径越细,则其变幅越大;混合带水中主要离子质量浓度变化特征受混合、碳酸平衡、溶解-沉淀、阳离子交换及硝化作用控制,其中K⁺、Ca²⁺、SO₄^2-质量浓度主要受溶解-沉淀作用控制,Na⁺、Cl^-、HCO₃^-、NO₃^-质量浓度主要受混合NO₃^-作用控制,Mg²⁺质量浓度主要受阳离子交换作用...     

粘土矿物分析及其指示的气候意义 ——以毛乌素沙漠滴哨沟湾为例

以毛乌素沙漠东南缘萨拉乌苏河流域滴哨沟湾剖面DGS1层段为代表,对其粘土矿物组成进行分析.结果显示,DGS1层段粘土矿物以石英、钾长石、钠长石、伊利石、蒙脱石、方解石和绿泥石为主,各层位均不含高岭石.各种沉积相矿物组成基本一致,说明该地区的矿物来源基本一致.不同沉积相粘土矿物含量不尽相同,沙丘砂、次生黄土中的石英、长石、伊利石、绿泥石等代表干、寒气候的粘土矿物含量高,湖沼相中的蒙脱石、方解石等代表暖湿气候的粘土矿物含量高,个别湖沼相层位出现了白云石.粘土矿物组分表现出萨拉乌苏河流域全新世气候特征:本地区全新世总体偏冷干,各沉积相缺失高岭石而均存在绿泥石可为证明;本地区全新世气候分为两个主要气候阶段,早期到中期堆积湖沼相为主的时期气候相对温暖湿润;中期以后到现在堆积次生黄土和沙丘砂的阶段气候相对寒冷干燥.     

强敏感性低渗透储层的改造模拟实验初探

准噶尔盆地北三台地区白垩系储层中低渗透储层占73.11%,储层中粘土矿物以蒙脱石及无序伊/蒙混层矿物为主,高岭石、绿泥石和伊利石整体含量较低,但局部富集。室内敏感性实验分析表明：研究区低渗透储层具有敏感性复杂、多种敏感性共存的特征,敏感性尤以水敏最强,是造成主力油层低产、无产的直接原因。酸敏实验表明：常规土酸酸化不能有效改善研究区的储层物性,也不能有效降低储层水敏性。针对研究区储层具体特征,筛选配制了配方为8% 盐酸+2% 醋酸+2% 氟化铵+1.5% 粘土稳定剂A+2% 铁离子稳定剂TLJ 的复合解堵液。模拟地层温度、压力条件,进行了水敏样品的解堵改造实验和原样提高渗透率实验,结果表明：对于蒙脱石及伊/蒙混层矿物相对含量高、绿泥石相对含量低的储层,该复合解堵液具有较好的解堵效果和物性改良作用。     

CO2-水-方解石相互作用后岩石表观形貌及渗透率变化特征

将CO_2注入地下油藏用于驱替原油是减少温室气体的排放及提高原油采收率的一种有效方法。CO_2注入地层后会与地层流体和岩石发生反应,其中岩石组成中的碳酸盐矿物极易与CO_2和水发生反应导致储层岩石物性发生改变。论文以方解石为代表样品,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD),电诱导双等离子体原子排放光谱测定仪(ICP-AES),扫描电镜(SEM)及在5 MPa压力下填砂模型的试验方法进行评价,分别考察了方解石的矿物学性质、CO_2-水-方解石反应前后方解石的表面物性、反应前后溶液的离子浓度变化及方解石填砂模型与CO_2、水反应后渗透率的变化。实验结果表明,与CO_2和水反应后,方解石出现溶蚀现象;反应压力增加,方解石溶蚀现象增加,反应后溶液中Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-浓度增加;反应温度增加,方解石溶蚀现象增加,反应后溶液中Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-浓度先增加,后降低;与CO_2和水反应后的方解石/石英砂填砂模型水测渗透率增加。     

Oil cracking to gases： Kinetic modeling and geological significance

A Triassic oil sample from LN14 of Tarim Basin was pyrolyzed using the sealed gold tubes at 200-620℃under a constant pressure of 50 MPa. The gaseous and residual soluble hydrocarbons were analyzed. The results show that the cracking of oil to gas can be divided into two distinct stages: the primary generation of total C1-5 gases from liquid oil characterized by the dominance of C2-5 hydrocarbons and the secondary or further cracking of C2-5 gases to methane and carbon-rich matters leading to the progressive dryness of gases. Based on the experimental data, the kinetic parameters were determined for the primary generation and secondary cracking of oil cracking gases and extrapolated to geological conditions to predict the thermal stability and cracking extent of crude oil. Finally, an evolution model for the thermal destruction of crude oil was proposed and its implications to the migration and accumulation of oil cracking gases were discussed.     

安塞油田侯市地区长6油层储层特征

安塞油田侯市地区长６油层属于河流三角洲体系,主要储集砂体为三角洲前缘砂坝复合体和水下分流河道砂体．通过铸体薄片、扫描电镜、Ｘ－射线衍射和电子探针等多项分析测试手段,对储层岩石学和成岩作作进行了详细研究。储层岩石类型主要为细粒长石砂岩,主要成岩矿物为绿泥石、浊沸石、方解石、石英、钾长石、伊利石和钠长石等．在成岩矿物研究基础上,建立了成岩演化模式．储层储集空间以次生孔隙为主,并以次生粒间孔隙占优势,次为骨架颗粒溶孔和浊沸石溶孔,多数样品中存在微裂缝．储层性质受砂体微相和成岩作用的控制,在砂体发育和有效厚度高值区,孔渗性较好．     

Two different illites in Luochuan loess,Northern Shaanxi Province

Illite is the dominant clay mineral in loess and pa-leosol of China accounting for over 50% in content. Ac-cording to the latest mica group nomenclature issued bythe International Mineral Association (IMA), illite is de-fined as a dioctohedron-textured mi…     

Kinetic study of hydrocarbon generation of oil asphaltene from Lunnan area, Tabei uplift

The molecular compositions and molecular carbon isotopic compositions of gas hydrocarbons produced in the hydrocarbon generation of oil asphaltene from Lunnnan area were investigated by pyrolysis of asphaltene sealed in gold tube in a limited system. The experimental results indicated that oil asphaltene from Lunnan area had relatively high generation potential of methane. However, the molecular compositions and molecular carbon isotopic compositions of gas hydrocarbons in the hydrocarbon generation of oil asphaltene exhibited different characteristics from that of gas hydrocarbons by primary cracking of kerogen and secondary cracking of oil. Based on kinetic simulation with paleo-geothermal data of oil reservoir, the methane produced by cracking of oil asphatene was characterized by relatively light carbon isotopic compositions. This result could not explain relatively heavy carbon isotopic compositions of natural gas from Lunnan area. Pyrolysis of kerogen from source rocks under very high temperature probably made remarkable contributions to natural gas from Lunnan area.     

木钵延10油层水敏伤害研究

目的 为保护储层以及提高油层采收率提供依据。方法 利用真实砂岩微观模型对木钵延10油层进行了水敏伤害研究。结果 该油层黏土含量4．4％～11％，黏土组成以伊利石为主，伊／蒙混层和高岭石黏土矿物次之，不含或极少含有绿泥石；黏土矿物具有膨胀、分散、运移的特性，易造成储层的水敏和速敏伤害；目前的注入水将对储层造成中等程度的水敏伤害，采取高矿化度盐水及逐渐降低矿化度的注入方式，对减弱储层水敏伤害有利，最佳注入水盐度为15.6～5．2g／L。结论 水敏伤害是造成木钵延10区块注水压力高、注水量低的不可忽视的原因，应尽量使注入水矿化度高于注入流体的矿化度阈值(5．2～2．18g/L)，以减轻水敏伤害。     

In vivo toxicity of nano-C60 aggregates complex with atrazine to aquatic organisms

The present study aims at investigating the potential impacts of the nC₆₀ complex with atrazine on the development of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos and chronic toxicity to D. magna. Although exposure to nC₆₀ below 8 mg/L had no effects on the hatching rate of medaka embryos, it increased the deformity of hatched larvae. Moreover, the presence of nC₆₀ significantly increased the hatching time of the embryos exposed to atrazine. 14-day exposure of D. magna to nC₆₀ significantly reduced offspring production even at a concentration as low as 0.5 mg/L. This indicates that nC₆₀ is able to reduce the ability of D. magna to produce offspring, and therefore would have an impact on population. For atrazine, no significant difference in offspring production was observed. The nC₆₀ complex with atrazine was also found to significantly decrease the reproduction of D. magna, which was similar to the result of exposure to nC₆₀. These results suggest that nC₆₀ would have potential risks to aquatic organisms. Therefore, much attention should be paid to their associations with other contaminants for fullerene’s risk assessment.     

HD4油田东河砂岩油层的岩石学特征

为了解塔里木盆地HD4油田东河砂岩岩石学特征对油气储集的影响,研究其矿物组合特征、孔隙结构特征。借助偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜观察岩石、铸体薄片及岩石样品,利用X-衍射仪确定黏土矿物组合及其含量。结果表明:该油层岩性主要为岩屑长石砂岩;该地区距物源远,母岩为沉积变质岩;黏土矿物组合为绿泥石+伊利石+高岭石;孔隙类型以最适合油气富集的原生粒间孔为主,方解石、硬石膏等胶结物与次生石英等充填了部分孔隙,总体上油层孔隙较发育;黏土矿物组合对石油的开采影响较小。HD4油田东河砂岩油层是良好的石油储集层。该结果对油田油气预测及开发具有参考价值。     

Holocene vegetation cover in Qin’an area of western Chinese Loess Plateau revealed by n-alkane

Previous studies have found that wetlands prevailed in western Chinese Loess Plateau and pine pollen could reach up to 80% in Qin＇an area of the plateau during middle Holocene. It was then deduced that forest vegetation covered Qin＇an area in a warm and wet climate during middle Holocene. The proxies of molecule biomarkers from two Holocene sections, a swamp-alluvial loess section and a typical Ioess-paleosol section are used to reconstruct regional vegetation history. It is found that the heavy-molecular-weight （HMW） homologues of the n-alkanes in all samples exhibit a pronounced odd-over-even predominance, maximizing at C31 and the abundance of the nC27-alkanes is the lowest in nC27, nC29, nC31, i.e. C27〈C29〈C31, a typical grass n-alkanes model. The results are the same as those of model surface soil samples under grass cover but different from both forest cover and modern pine leaves, which yield preferentially nC29-alkanes peak. It could be inferred that the area was dominated by grass cover but not forest cover during whole Holocene epoch. The study shows that combining both molecule biomarkers and pollen analysis can avoid the disadvantage of pollen analysis in reconstruction of regional vegetation cover.     

硫酸处理对伊利石和蒙脱石结构和形貌的影响

由于伊利石和蒙脱石结构四面体中Al³⁺代Si⁴⁺的数量不一样，所以层电荷数不同，酸处理过程结构的破坏程度也不同.本文以浙江安吉膨润土和吉林安图伊利石为原料，用硫酸和过氧化氢溶液对两种原料进行酸处理对比实验研究.我们对原料和酸处理样品的物相、结构、热学属性、谱学特性及微观形貌进行了表征分析.结果表明，蒙脱石样品在酸处理浓度2 mol/L时其结构被破坏，随着酸处理浓度的升高，片层表面由光滑平整变成边缘卷曲至层间坍塌；而伊利石样品在酸处理浓度6 mol/L时其结构和形貌基本完好；蒙脱石的耐酸蚀性能不如伊利石.本文的研究结果对伊利石和蒙脱石的应用开发具有一定的意义.