半干旱地区草地与裸地水热通量的研究

沙尘暴的发生与土体缺乏草本、灌木有效保护和植被覆盖度低有关,定量地研究半干旱地区草地与裸地水热通量具有十分重要的意义。涡度相关技术是直接测定下垫面和大气之间水热通量的相对标准观测方法,利用其测量草地和裸地水热通量(潜热和显热通量),结果发现草地晴天白天的潜热明显大于显热,其最大值大约是显热的一倍;而裸地恰好相反,显热明显大于潜热,其最大值大约是潜热的一倍。草地阴天白天的潜热略大于显热;而裸地的显热仍明显大于潜热,其最大值大约是潜热的一倍以上;同时存在能量不闭合问题。草地发挥降温增湿等生态效应,对减少沙尘暴、维护生态平衡具有极其重要的作用。     

The terraced thermal contrast among the Tibetan Plateau, the East Asian plain, and the western North Pacific and its impacts on the seasonal transition of East Asian climate

The heating sources over the Tibetan Plateau （TP）, the East Asian plain, and the western North Pacific （WNP） form a terraced thermal contrast in the west-east direction. Over East Asia and the WNP, this zonal thermal contrast contributes as high as 45 % to the seasonal variance based on the EOF analysis and exerts a significant impact on the seasonal transition of the East Asian climate through the enhancement of the year-round southerly to the southeast of the TP in late March and early April. This effect is investigated in this study using a high-resolution regional atmospheric model by doubling the surface sen- sible heat flux, respectively, over the TP, the East Asian plain, and the WNP in three sensitivity experiments. Comparisons among the experiments reveal that doubling the surface sensible heat flux over the WNP has little upstream response over East Asia. The increased zonal thermal contrast between the TP and the East Asian plain due to doubled heat flux over the TP would induce anomalous northerly over the region with year-round southerly to the southeast of the TP and weaken its seasonal enhancement. Doubling the surface sensible heat flux over the East Asian plain decreases the zonal thermal contrast and leads to southerly anomaly over the region with year-round southerly to the southeast of the TP and South China, which is favorable for the enhancement of the year-round southerly and its eastward extension.     

利用土壤水分特征点组分温差假设模拟地表蒸散

提出了一个土壤水分变化过程对土壤蒸发、植被蒸腾以及土壤温度、叶片温度的影响存在较明显差异的假设,利用双层能量平衡模型推导出3个水分特征点(湿润、干旱和由湿到干的转折点)的组分温差(土壤温度减去叶片温度)公式,利用特征点的辐射温度和实际测量的红外温度间的关系来计算实际显热和潜热通量.用2001年北京顺义区实验期间的观测数据对本方法进行了验证,结果表明,用本方法能在只有一个角度的遥感温度数据情况下获取精度较高、误差较小的地表蒸散模拟结果.该法在分解植被蒸腾、土壤蒸发以及监测表层土壤和根区土壤旱情方面有很大的潜力.     

夏季青藏高原潜热分布及其廓线特征

利用热带测雨卫星(tropical rainfall measuring mission,TRMM)上微波成像仪(TRMM microwave image,TMI)的观测资料,首次借助卫星遥感对夏季青藏高原地区的潜热水平分布形式、潜热垂直结构及其变化特征进行了分析,并与周边地区进行了比较.潜热的水平分布形式与基于NCEP/NCAR降水资料的结果基本一致,显示了TMI反演资料在高原地区的可用性.研究结果初步揭示了夏季青藏高原上三个比较稳定的潜热加热中心,以及高原潜热廓线较为独特的单峰结构.特别在与周边区域的比较中发现,高原地区仅与印度次大陆潜热廓线的上层结构较为相似,而在6 km高度以上的对流层中高层,高原上整层的潜热加热均高于中国中东部大陆和西太平洋暖池地区,表现为显著的高空热源.     

Trend in the atmospheric heat source over the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau during recent decades: Comparison of observations and reanalysis data

The trend in the atmospheric heat source over the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau (CE-TP) is quantitatively estimated using historical observations at 71 meteorological stations, three reanalysis datasets from 1980-2008, and two satellite radiation datasets from 1984-2007. Results show that a weakening of sensible heat (SH) flux over the CE-TP continues. The most significant trend occurs in spring, induced mainly by decelerated surface wind speeds. The ground-air temperature difference shows a notable increasing trend over the last 5 years. Trends in net radiation flux of the atmospheric column over the CE-TP, evaluated by two satellite radiation datasets, are clearly different. Trends in the atmospheric heat source calculated by the three reanalysis datasets are not completely consistent, and even show opposite signals. Results from the two datasets both show a weakening of the heat source but the magnitude of one is significantly stronger, whereas an increase is indicated by the other data. Therefore, it is challenging to accurately calculate the trend in the atmospheric heat source over the CE-TP, particularly from the estimates of the reanalysis datasets.     

科尔沁退化沙地和农耕区水热交换的模拟研究

在验证单层和双层阻力模式适用性基础上,模拟计算了内蒙古科尔沁地区退化沙地和农耕区两种下垫面的水热交换特征,并与Bowen比能量平衡方法实测结果对比。结果显示：模拟结果与实测结果具有较好的一致性;退化沙地和农耕区下垫面反射率以及下垫面水热特征的差异,造成沙地下垫面感热通量、潜热通量和净辐射均小于农耕区;沙地的潜热通量出现极值的时间较感热通量提前。     

Preliminary study on land surface characteristics over Huaihe River Basin

The analysis of the flux observation dada from the Huaihe River Basin Experiment (HUBEX) shows that, in semi-humid monsoon regions, latent heat flux is as important as sensible heat flux in most situations. Moreover, it can even dominate the sensible heat flux in cropland and paddy field. This is distinct from that for arid and semi-arid regions where the sensible heat flux is dominant. Under clear sky conditions, the soil temperatures in different vertical layers all exhibit certain diurnal variations, and the magnitude decreases with depth to less than 1°C at a depth of 60 cm. This depth is considered as the transition layer for the soil moisture variation. On the other hand, the vertical profile of soil water content varies with the soil texture and even weather conditions, and the layer with maximum soil water content can also be found in Jiangji station during June 1998.     

Seasonal transition and its boundary layer characteristics in Anduo area of Tibetan Plateau

Using the data, especially the GPS rawinsode data, observed in Anduo area of the Tibetan Plateau during the intensive observation period of GAME/Tibet in 1998, the transition from the dry to the rainy season along with their boundary layer characteristics is analyzed comprehensively. The result shows that the formation of the rainy season in Anduo area is related closely to the general atmospheric circulation. The westerly belt moving north and the southeast damp current are basic conditions for development of the rainy season in Anduo area. In the dry season, the air is drier, air temperature higher, and the atmospheric boundary layer is strongly developed to cause its maximum height to reach about 3550 m. Moreover the sensible heat flux is dominant, and the latent heat flux is small in the interaction of land-atmosphere energy exchange, and a reverse humidity phenomenon occurs frequently. In the rainy season, the air is damper, air temperature lower, and the ABL height, with maximum of only about 2300 m, is lower. And the sensible heat flux becomes much smaller, the latent heat flux much larger in the interaction of land-atmosphere energy exchange. The reverse humidity phenomenon disappears.     

The bulk transfer coefficients and surface fluxes on the western Tibetan Plateau

On the gradient observational data of the atmospheric surface layer from September 1997 to December 1998 collected by two sets of Automatic Weather Station (AWS) installed in Gaize and Shiquanhe on the western Tibetan Plateau, mean surface roughness lengths at the two stations above are determined to be 2.7 and 2.9 cm, respectively. The bulk transfer coefficients each day are computed by the profile-flux method, means of the bulk transfer coefficient for momentum (i.e. drag coefficient) in 1998 are 4.83×10⁻³ and 4.75×10³ at the two stations. The surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat and latent heat each day are further estimated by the bulk formulas, annual mean of these fluxes is 3.4×10⁻² and 1.8×10²N/m², 73.1 and 67.2 W/m², 15.4 and 2.9 W/m², respectively. The diurnal and seasonal variations are obtained by a composite method and the relationships among the heat transfers between land and atmosphere, plateau monsoon and plateau rain season are also discussed.     

加热过程对热带气旋生成的数值试验

用Pielke等的中尺度两维原始方程数值模式研究海气相互作用和其它非绝热加热过程对热带气旋生成的作用。进行了7种数值试验,即:(1)只考虑无云情况下的辐射加热作用;(2)考虑辐射加热和不均匀的云量效应;(3)只考虑海气交界面上的潜热和感热通量;(4)大尺度凝结、对流调整、辐射和洋面上潜热感热输送;(5)积云对流凝结加热和云天辐射;(6)积云对流凝结加热和洋面上的潜热感热通量;和(7)积云对流凝结加热、洋面上的潜热、感热通量和云天辐射等全部加热过程。 结果表明:积云对流凝结加热对热带气旋的生成起最重要的作用,大尺度凝结加热和对流调整趋于使低压填塞,而洋面上的潜热、感热通量也起不可缺少的作用。     

TRMM/PR在青藏高原土壤水分变化研究中的应用

针对热带降雨观测计划(TRMM)上搭载的降雨雷达(PR)参数情况发展了基于积分方程模型与一阶植被散射模型的青藏高原地区的土壤水分变化反演模型.利用AVHRR/NDVI产品以及PR数据,用上述模型对青藏高原3个试验区1998年4～9月的土壤水分变化情况进行了反演,结果显示模型反演结果与实测结果吻合较好,3个站点的均方根误差分别为0.045,0.069和0.056.     

Thermal difference between the Tibetan Plateau and the plain east of Plateau and its influence on rainfall over China in the summer

There exist thermal differences between the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and the plain east of the TP, and between land and sea in East Asia. The influence of the land-sea thermal contrast on the precipitation in East China has been widely investigated; however, a few studies have paid attention to the role of the TP-plain thermal difference. Thus, using the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data and the observation data of China from 1951 t...     

青藏高原近地面层气象要素变化特征

利用第2次青藏高原气象科学实验(TIPEX)1998年5-7月改则、当雄和昌都3个大气边界层加强观测站获取的近地面层观测资料,分析了青藏高原西部、中部和东部地区近地面层风速、温度和湿度的日变化特征及其廓线规律,给出了青藏高原地区地表空气动力学参数和地表温度变化规律,讨论了高原近地面层湍流通量特征及逆湿现象。     

基于最大熵增原理的蒸发蒸腾量模型应用

为了检验和应用Wang和Bras基于最大熵增原理建立的蒸发蒸腾量模型,应用该模型计算实验站的实测数据来改进该模型。通过简述最大熵增原理和最大熵增的蒸发蒸腾量模型构建,用整理的实测数据重新验证最大熵增模型的可靠性和精度,并与Penman-Monteith公式计算对比。在给定净辐射条件下,运用最大熵增模型计算有植被地表的显热通量和潜热通量,与实测数据的变化趋势基本一致,显热通量符合较好;白天的潜热通量计算值偏大,夜间符合较好。对最大熵增模型的2个参数表面温度和表面比湿度分析表明:最大熵增模型计算显热通量和潜热通量的变化趋势主要取决于表面温度。     

Relationship between the simulated East Asian westerly jet biases and seasonal evolution of rainbelt over eastern China

Due to the particular geographical location and topog- raphical features, the East Asia exhibits prominent mon- soonal climate with significant seasonal variation and complex spatial distribution of climatic elements. There are many difficulties in simulating and forecasting the weather and climate over East Asia by using climate model system. Generally speaking, the capability and performance of the currently widely-used climate modelsin East Asia are not satisfied. It is of scientific sign…     

青藏高原对非洲北部降水影响的模拟研究

利用耦合模式CESM1.0, 研究青藏高原地形对非洲北部降水的影响。敏感性试验结果表明, 去掉青藏高原地形后, 首先, 大气环流迅速做出调整, 出现自热带大西洋向东北方向至北非的水汽输送异常和自印度洋向西至北非的水汽输送异常, 造成北非大气水汽含量增加和水汽辐合增强, 降水增多。然后, 当海洋环流调整到准平衡态时, 北大西洋海表温度降低, 南大西洋海表温度升高, 地表大气温度也发生相应的变化。在南北温度梯度的影响下, 原本由热带大西洋向北非的水汽输送发生转向, 导致北非的水汽含量减少和水汽辐合减弱, 使得降水比前一阶段减少。即便如此, 在没有青藏高原的试验中, 当海洋环流调整到平衡态时, 北非大部分区域水汽辐合仍然强于有青藏高原的真实地形试验, 区域平均降水也增多。结果表明, 青藏高原的隆升可能在一定程度上加剧了北非的干旱化。     

Classification of Tibetan lakes based on variations in seasonal lake water temperature

Widespread lakes on the Tibetan Plateau （TP） are valuable archives for investigating climate and environment changes, which could provide essential information on the mechanisms of past climate changes on the TP and their interaction with the global climate systems. However, there is a lack of in-depth investigation of modern limnological processes in the Tibetan lakes, which hampers the understanding of paleolimnological records and lake ecosystem succession. In this study, we performed continuous temperature monitoring at two lakes, Bangong Co, a freshwater lake in the western TP, and Dagze Co, a brackish lake in the central TP, in order to characterize the patterns of seasonal temperature variability, stratification, and mixing. Temperature data for an entire hydrological year demonstrate that Bangong Co is a dimictic lake and that Dagze Co is a meromictic lake. The higher salinity in the deep water at Dagze Co prevents the lake from overturning completely, and this finding is supported by simulations using a physical limnological model Lake Analyzer. Continuous lake water temperature monitoring provides fundamental data for classifying Tibetan lakes, as well as the hydrological basis for understanding their pa- leolimnological records and ecosystem succession.     

Thawing and freezing processes of active layer in Wudaoliang region of Tibetan Plateau

The interaction between permafrost and atmosphere is accomplished through transfer of heat and moisture in the overlay active layer. Thus, the research on the thermal and hydrodynamics of active layer during the thawing and freezing processes was considered a key to revealing the heat and moisture exchanges between permafrost and atmosphere. The monitoring and research on active layer were conducted because permafrost occupies about two thirds of the total area of the Tibetan Plateau. Based on the analysis of the ground temperature data and soil moisture data of monitoring near the Wudaoliang region of the Tibetan Plateau, the thawing and freezing processes of active layer were divided into four stages, i.e. summer thawing stage (ST), autumn freezing stage (AF), winter cooling stage (WC) and spring warming stage (SW). Coupled heat and water flow is much more complicated in ST and AF, and more amount of water is migrating in these two stages. Heat is transferred mainly via conductive heat flow in the other two stages, and less water migrated. Four water migration and coupled heat flow processes were addressed for the thawing and freezing stages, which are water infiltration driven by gravity, moisture advection and distillation driven by temperature and osmotic gradients, water migration driven by capillarity and unfrozen water migration driven by temperature gradient. The water content near the permafrost table tends to increase after one thawing and freezing cycle, which is the main reason for the development of thick ground ice layer near permafrost table.     

初夏南亚高压中心经向位置年际变化的一个关键预测信号

基于欧洲中期天气预报中心的ERA-interim再分析资料,应用统计和动力诊断方法,分析了初夏南亚高压（SAH）中心位置年际变化规律及其与青藏高原东南部热源异常的联系.结果显示：初夏SAH中心位置具有显著的准6 a变化特征,但仅有其经向位置与初春青藏高原东南部（SETP）大气潜热活动存在显著的负相关关系;与偏强的初春SETP潜热活动相联系,异常的西风出现在青藏高原的南侧20°N附近,偏西风异常北侧的正涡度异常及其南侧的负涡度异常,加强了青藏高原附近的异常气旋以及印度次大陆半岛及印度洋上空的异常反气旋,这一异常环流形势可以从初春一直维持到初夏,不利于SAH向北移动,最终导致初夏SAH中心位置偏南;反之,初春SETP异常偏弱的潜热活动将以大致相反的物理过程,最终使得初夏SAH中心位置偏北.冬末春初的SETP潜热活动是预报初夏SAH中心经向位置年际变化的一个关键信号.     

Turbulent flux exchange characteristics of air-ice-sea above the Arctic Ocean during the polar day period

Chinese “Xue Long” breaker made its first voyage to the Arctic Ocean for scientific expedition from July to September, 1999. The tethersonde meteorological tower (TMT) sounding system was used to probe the temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind direction and wind speed on different underlying surfaces above the Arctic Ocean. The probed data were used for calculating the roughness length z0, momentum flux M, drag coefficient CDD, sensible heat flux Hss, bulk transfer coefficient CHH for sensible heat, latent heat flux HLL, and bulk transfer coefficient CEE for latent heat of air-ice-sea on different underlying surfaces. They vary within the ranges of (0.2 ～ 1.0) mm, (1.14～9.19) ×10-2N/m2, (0.87～ 1.76) × 10-3,-(4.2～ 12.5) W/m2, (0.84～ 1.37) x 10-3,-6.6～ 23.6 W/m2 and (0.85 ～ 1.40) x 10-3, respectively. It shows that the drag coefficient is greater than the latent heat transfer coefficient, and again the latent heat transfer coefficient is larger than the sensible heat transfer coefficient. Besides, the fluxes of momentum, sensible and latent heat are apparently correlated to the mean wind speed and the mean potential temperature difference and mean specific humidity difference.