微生物浸矿技术在我国的研究现状及发展前景

As the world’s second largest economy experiencing rapid economic growth, China has a huge demand for metals and energy. In recent years, China ranks first, among all the countries in the world, in the production and consumption of several metals such as copper, gold, and rare earth elements. Bioleaching, which is an approach for mining low grade and refractory ores, has been applied in industrial production, and bioleaching has made great contributions to the development of the Chinese mining industry. The exploration and application of bioleaching in China are reviewed in this study. Production and consumption trends of several metals in China over the past decade are reviewed. Technological processes at key bioleaching operations in China, such as at the Zijinshan Copper Mine and Mianhuakeng Uranium Mine, are presented. Also, the current challenges faced by bioleaching operations in China are introduced. Moreover, prospects such as efficiency improvement and environmental protection are proposed based on the current situation in the Chinese bioleaching industry.     

不同结构和形态的天然镁硅酸盐:与K反应制备生物柴油的K2MgSiO4催化剂

In this work, different magnesium silicate mineral samples based on antigorite, lizardite, chrysotile (which have the same general formula Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄), and talc (Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂) were reacted with KOH to prepare catalysts for biodiesel production. Simple impregnation with 20wt% K and treatment at 700–900°C led to a solid-state reaction to mainly form the K₂MgSiO₄ phase in all samples. These results indicate that the K ion can diffuse into the different Mg silicate structures and textures, likely through intercalation in the interlayer space of the different mineral samples followed by dehydroxylation and K₂MgSiO₄ formation. All the materials showed catalytic activity for the transesterification of soybean oil (1:6 of oil : methanol molar ratio, 5wt% of catalyst, 60°C). However, the best results were obtained for the antigorite and chrysotile precursors, which are discussed in terms of mineral structure and the more efficient formation of the active phase K₂MgSiO₄.     

烧结铁矿中FeO含量对其在富氢高炉中还原行为的影响

Japan started the national project “COURSE 50” for CO₂ reduction in the 2000s. This project aimed to establish novel technologies to reduce CO₂ emissions with partially utilization of hydrogen in blast furnace-based ironmaking by 30% by around 2030 and use it for practical applications by 2050. The idea is that instead of coke, hydrogen is used as the reducing agent, leading to lower fossil fuel consumption in the process. It has been reported that the reduction behavior of hematite, magnetite, calcium ferrite, and slag in the sinter is different, and it is also considerably influenced by the sinter morphology. This study aimed to investigate the reduction behavior of sinters in hydrogen enriched blast furnace with different mineral morphologies in CO–CO₂–H₂ mixed gas. As an experimental sample, two sinter samples with significantly different hematite and magnetite ratios were prepared to compare their reduction behaviors. The reduction of wustite to iron was carried out at 1000, 900, and 800°C in a CO–CO₂–H₂ atmosphere for the mineral morphology-controlled sinter, and the following findings were obtained. The reduction rate of smaller amount of FeO led to faster increase of the reduction rate curve at the initial stage of reduction. Macro-observations of reduced samples showed that the reaction proceeded from the outer periphery of the sample toward the inside, and a reaction interface was observed where reduced iron and wustite coexisted. Micro-observations revealed three layers, namely, wustite single phase in the center zone of the sample, iron single phase in the outer periphery zone of the sample, and iron oxide-derived wustite FeO and iron, or calcium ferrite-derived wustite 'FeO' and iron in the reaction interface zone. A two-interface unreacted core model was successfully applied for the kinetic analysis of the reduction reaction, and obtained temperature dependent expressions of the chemical reaction coefficients from each mineral phases.     

Mg和La对Ca–Ti 处理钢中夹杂物演变和组织的影响

The evolution of inclusions and the formation of acicular ferrite (AF) in Ca–Ti treated steel was systematically investigated after Mg and La addition. The inclusions in the molten steel were Ca–Al–O, Ca–Al–Mg–O, and La–Mg–Ca–Al–O after Ca, Mg, and La addition, respectively. The type of oxide inclusion in the final quenched samples was the same as that in the molten steel. However, unlike those in molten steel, the inclusions were Ca–Al–Ti–O + MnS, Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS, and La–Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS in Mg-free, Mg-containing, and La-containing samples, respectively. The inclusions distributed dispersedly in the La-containing sample. In addition, the average size of the inclusions in the La-containing sample was the smallest, while the number density of inclusions was the highest. The size of effective inclusions (nucleus of AF formation) was mainly in the range of 1–3 μm. In addition, the content of ferrite side plates (FSP) decreased, while the percentage of AF increased by 16.2% due to the increase in the number of effective inclusions in the La-containing sample in this study.     

PLGA/硬石复合涂层镁基纳米复合材料在植入应用时的体外生物活性和腐蚀行为

A type of polymer/ceramic coating was introduced on a magnesium-based nanocomposite, and the nanocomposite was evaluated for implant applications. The microstructure, corrosion, and bioactivity of the coated and uncoated samples were assessed. Mechanical alloying followed by sintering was applied to fabricate the Mg–3Zn–0.5Ag–15NiTi nanocomposite substrate. Moreover, different contents of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) coatings were studied, and 10wt% of PLGA content was selected. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the bulk nanocomposite showed an acceptable homogenous dispersion of the NiTi nanoparticles (NPs) in the Mg-based matrix. In the in vitro bioactivity evaluation, following the immersion of the uncoated and coated samples in a simulated body fluid (SBF) solution, the Ca/P atomic ratio demonstrated that the apatite formation amount on the coated sample was greater than that on the uncoated nanocomposite. Furthermore, assessing the corrosion resistance indicated that the coatings on the Mg-based substrate led to a corrosion current density (i_corr) that was considerably lower than that of the substrate. Such a condition revealed that the coating would provide an obstacle for the corrosion. Based on this study, the PLGA/hardystonite (HT) composite-coated Mg–3Zn–0.5Ag–15NiTi nanocomposite may be suitably applied as an orthopedic implant biomaterial.     

矿山尾矿作为碱活化原料的研究进展

The mining industry produces billions of tons of mine tailings annually. However, because of their lack of economic value, most of the tailings are discarded near the mining sites, typically under water. The primary environmental concerns of mine tailings are related to their heavy metal and sulfidic mineral content. Oxidation of sulfidic minerals can produce acid mine drainage that leaches heavy metals into the surrounding water. The management of tailing dams requires expensive construction and careful control, and there is the need for stable, sustainable, and economically viable management technologies. Alkali activation as a solidification/stabilization technology offers an attractive way to deal with mine tailings. Alkali activated materials are hardened, concrete-like structures that can be formed from raw materials that are rich in aluminum and silicon, which fortunately, are the main elements in mining residues. Furthermore, alkali activation can immobilize harmful heavy metals within the structure. This review describes the research on alkali activated mine tailings. The reactivity and chemistry of different minerals are discussed. Since many mine tailings are poorly reactive under alkaline conditions, different pretreatment methods and their effects on the mineralogy are reviewed. Possible applications for these materials are also discussed.     

动态应变时效的应力状态依赖性:热硬化和蓝脆

This study aims to discover the stress-state dependence of the dynamic strain aging (DSA) effect on the deformation and fracture behavior of high-strength dual-phase (DP) steel at different deformation temperatures (25–400°C) and reveal the damage mechanisms under these various configurations. To achieve different stress states, predesigned specimens with different geometric features were used. Scanning electron microscopy was applied to analyze the fracture modes (e.g., dimple or shear mode) and underlying damage mechanism of the investigated material. DSA is present in this DP steel, showing the Portevin–Le Chatelier (PLC) effect with serrated flow behavior, thermal hardening, and blue brittleness phenomena. Results show that the stress state contributes distinctly to the DSA effect in terms of the magnitude of thermal hardening and the pattern of blue brittleness. Either low stress triaxiality or Lode angle parameter promotes DSA-induced blue brittleness. Accordingly, the damage mechanisms also show dependence on the stress states in conjunction with the DSA effect.     

关于钢水质量窄窗口稳定控制的思考

In order to promote the intelligent transformation and upgrading of the steel industry, intelligent technology features based on the current situation and challenges of the steel industry are discussed in this paper. Based on both domestic and global research, functional analysis, reasonable positioning, and process optimization of each aspect of steel making are expounded. The current state of molten steel quality and implementation under narrow window control is analyzed. A method for maintaining stability in the narrow window control technology of steel quality is proposed, controlled by factors including composition, temperature, time, cleanliness, and consumption (raw material). Important guidance is provided for the future development of a green and intelligent steel manufacturing process.     

不同应变速率下Mg?B4C纳米复合材料的力学性能表征

Magnesium has wide application in industry. The main purpose of this investigation was to improve the properties of magnesium by reinforcing it using B₄C nanoparticles. The reinforced nanocomposites were fabricated using a powder compaction technique for 0, 1.5vol%, 3vol%, 5vol%, and 10vol% of B₄C. Powder compaction was conducted using a split Hopkinson bar (SHB), drop hammer (DH), and Instron to reach different compaction loading rates. The compressive stress–strain curves of the samples were captured from quasi-static and dynamic tests carried out using an Instron and split Hopkinson pressure bar, respectively. Results revealed that, to achieve the highest improvement in ultimate strength, the contents of B₄C were 1.5vol%, 3vol%, and 3vol% for Instron, DH, and SHB, respectively. These results also indicated that the effect of compaction type on the quasi-static strength of the samples was not as significant, although its effect on the dynamic strength of the samples was remarkable. The improvement in ultimate strength obtained from the quasi-static stress–strain curves of the samples (compared to pure Mg) varied from 9.9% for DH to 24% for SHB. The dynamic strength of the samples was improved (with respect to pure Mg) by 73%, 116%, and 141% for the specimens compacted by Instron, DH, and SHB, respectively. The improvement in strength was believed to be due to strengthening mechanisms, friction, adiabatic heating, and shock waves.     

摩擦焊接碳钢（EN24）和镍基高温合金（IN718）的显微组织和力学性能

Continuous-drive rotary friction welding was performed to join cylindrical specimens of carbon steel (EN24) and nickel-based superalloy (IN718), and the microstructures of three distinct weld zones—the weld interface (WI)/thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the base metal—were examined. The joint was observed to be free of defects but featured uneven flash formation. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis showed substantial changes in high-angle grain boundaries, low-angle grain boundaries, and twin boundaries in the TMAZ and HAZ. Moreover, significant refinement in grain size (2–5 μm) was observed at the WI/TMAZ with reference to the base metal. The possible causes of these are discussed. The microhardness profile across the welded joint shows variation in hardness. The changes in hardness are ascribed to grain refinement, phase transformation, and the dissolution of strengthening precipitates. The tensile test results reveal that a joint efficiency of 100% can be achieved using this method.     

草原火烧后植物群落生产及其产量空间结构的变化

研究了草原火烧后植物群落生产及其产量空间结构的变化。结果表明,草原春季火一,由于当降水充分,火烧地植物群落产生提高;第二年降水不足,火 植物群落产量低于未烧地。火烧地植群落地上生产量的绝对增长率高于未烧地。火 植物群落地下生物量在火烧后当年升高,第二年降低。     

浙江温州、镇海和福建九龙江沉积微型硅藻的初步研究

利用透射电镜研究了温州早、中全新世剖面,九龙江地区晚全新世中期剖面和镇海晚全新世剖面的微型硅藻(细胞大小为2～20μm)的组成和丰度.共计硅藻14属20种(包括变种).Cyclotellacaspia是九龙江地区晚全新世中期剖面中的优势种;温州中全新世剖面的优势种为Cyclotellastriata;温州早全新世剖面和镇海晚全新世剖面中Thalassionemanitzschioides是优势种.微型硅藻在几个剖面中所占的比例变化较大,以在九龙江地区晚全新世中期剖面所占的比例最高,可达77.4%,表明微型硅藻在沉积硅藻中占有重要的地位.     

仁爱、道爱、兼爱－儒、道、墨爱观比较

儒、道、墨三家之爱作为共同效忠于先秦社会的哲学流派,在人性基础,修养方式,政治思想,爱的最高境界方面存在共同点,然从其各自特性上,不难发现三家之爱在立足点,群已关系,爱的方式,最终目的,意识导向又有其独立之外。无论在理论上还是在实践上,三家之爱都突显了各自的价值。     

饱和含水土壤埋地原油管道冬季停输温降

建立了饱和含水土壤埋地原油管道在低于冰点环境温度下的停输流动和传热模型，该模型不仅考虑土壤水分结冰和管内原油凝固相变过程与初始温度场和流场的影响，而且考虑了水分在土壤多孔介质中和管内原油的自然对流。通过数值模拟，获得了停输期间温度场、流场以及土壤水分结冰界面和管道中原油凝固界面的分布情况。结果表明，停输期间越靠近管壁正上方的土壤，其温度梯度越大；受温度分布的影响，土壤水分和管内原油产生沿y轴对称线自下而上的自然对流；土壤水分结冰界面和管道中原油凝固界面随停输时间向埋深方向推进，管道顶部土壤中的结冰界面推进速度较远离管道土壤中的结冰界面缓慢，管内原油凝固界面也向埋深方向偏移。     

广西北海海域潮下带底栖贝类物种组成及时空分布

为了解北海海域潮下带底栖贝类的分布特征，给底栖贝类的保护、开发和利用提供参考，本研究采用潜水员水肺潜水、海底样方定量采集方法，对北海市廉州湾、侨港、白龙和营盘等4个海区潮下带底栖贝类的种类、数量及时空分布特征进行调查。结果表明，北海海域4个海区潮下带底栖贝类有2纲9目31科60属102种，其中腹足纲(Gastropoda)13科14属17种，双壳纲(Bivalvia)18科46属85种。春季有55种底栖贝类，秋季有76种，春季和秋季共有的种类有29种。秋季的廉州湾海区底栖贝类种类数和个体数都是最少的，秋季的侨港海区出现的底栖贝类种类数最多，个体数最多的出现在春季的营盘海区。平均栖息密度最高的是春季的营盘海区，达到27.35个/m²，平均栖息密度最低的是春季的廉州湾海区，只有1.00个/m²。春、秋两季4个海区的优势种差异较大。多项生物多样性指数结果表明,春季的营盘海区底栖贝类生物多样性差，底栖贝类群落结构处于重度受干扰状态；秋季的4个海区底栖贝类生物多样性较丰富，秋季的底栖贝类群落结构总体处于比较健康的状态。     

和谐--最高的审美理想

和谐是中国人最高的审美理想，其表现是：认为美存在于和谐之中，美的本质是和谐；追求人与自然的和谐，把“天人合一”作为最高的审美境界；追求和谐的社会关系，要求人与社会的关系和谐，要使家庭和谐，要使人与人之间的关系和谐；追求和谐的艺术，认为艺术的本质是和谐，艺术的作用是对人的心理与社会进行调节，使人的心理与社会关系和谐，文艺作品追求和谐的美。     

广西4个港湾海洋环境质量现状调查

分别在1996年夏冬季对广西沿岸铁山港、廉洲湾、钦州湾、防城湾海洋环境质量现状进行调查,调查测站29个,其中河口区3个,港口区5个,养殖区7个,浅海区14个。调查项目包括PH值、溶解氧、化学耗氧量、油类、Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Hg,无机磷、无机氮、硫化物和有机质。除近岸局部区域外,大部分海域的水质符合一类海洋水水质标准,港湾沉积物和生物体污染较轻,海洋环境质量状况良好。廉洲湾海域的污染要比其他3个港湾的严重。     

我国南北烟区烤烟产量和营养特性研究

试验连续3年在我国南北烟区7省10县,选择代表性植烟土壤,采用规范化栽培技术,研究了烤烟生长、氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、硫、氯的营养特性.结果表明,烟株生长和养分吸收速率前期缓慢,中期最快,后期降低.北方烟株后期的生长、氮、磷、钾吸收速率显著高于南方.养分吸收速率的变异系数氮≈钾磷,中微量元素表现出多样性.在烟株各器官中,营养元素的分配比例叶茎≥根.叶片养分含量南北差异最大,根系次之,茎南北相似,说明前者易受环境条件的影响,但后者比较稳定,对外界环境不敏感.从总体上看,养分吸收速率、分配比例及叶片含量因养分种类和南北地域不同而异,估计与土壤气候等生态环境有关,这可能是我国烤烟质量风各异的原因之一.值得注意的是,北方烤烟含氯量高而稳定,含氮量北方高于南方,可能导致北方烟叶蛋白质和烟碱含量增加.     

尼罗罗非鱼在淡、海水中Na~+-K~+-ATPase活性变化

用ATPase活性测试盒测定了尼罗罗非鱼鳃和肾中Na+-K+-ATPase活性在海、淡中的变化.从淡水到海水中,尼罗罗非鱼鳃和肾Na+-K+-ATPase活性分别增强了1.61倍和1.41倍;把尼罗罗非鱼由淡水直接放入海水,鳃中的Na+-K+-ATPase活性升高较剧烈,在前期(0.5 h)最高,在鱼即将死亡的后期(8 h)次之,在中期(3 h)较低;肾中Na+-K+-ATPase活性升高较缓慢,在前期较小,中期较高,后期最高.除了在淡水中,肾的Na+-K+-ATPase活性高于鳃外,在海水中以及海水的前期、中期和后期中,鳃的Na+-K+-ATPase活性都高于肾,与肾相比,鳃对肾盐协迫更为敏感.     

临夏回族青少年头发和指甲微量元素含量对比分析

对500名(男246,女254)13～17岁临夏回族青少年头发和指甲中的Fe、Cu、Ni、Zn、Mn、Pb、Cd、Mo、Se和Ca元素的含量进行了对比分析。结果表明这十种元素在人体的头发和指甲中均存在,但男女之间有差异,其共同特点是头发中的Cu、Zn高于指甲,Cd、Mo和Se元素的含量男女均极少,且无差异(p>0.05),男女指甲中的Pb、Fe含量均高于头发(p<0.05);男性指甲中的Mn高于头发(p<0.05),而在女性无显著差异;Ca作为一种常量元素,男女指甲中的含量均极显著地高于头发(p<0.01)。证实测定人体微量元素时,只测定头发中的含量不能完全代表元素的分布特征和变化情况,指甲和头发对于研究人体微量元素具有同等重要的意义。