超临界条件下C4烷基化催化剂失活动力学的研究

在对工业混合C4为原料的烷基化反应研究的基础上，对La2O3-SO4^2--Fe2O3/Hβ-Al2O3催化剂的失活动力学进行了研究，建立了该催化剂在超临界烷基化反应条件下的失活动力学方程，并对失活因子与超临界流体的密度进行了关联。     

超临界苯烷基化催化剂的失活研究

通过在色－质联用机上对苯－乙烯烷基化液相反应产物和超临界反应产物的分析，证实超临床界反应产物带走了更多的反应过程中生成焦前体。催化剂的表征测试分析及催化剂碳氢含量分析均表明，超临界反应条件下催化剂的表面结构、微孔结构的变化程度以及含碳量均较液相反应的小，从微观角度证实了超临界反应能降低催化剂失活速率，延长催化剂寿命。     

一种新型三氯化铝固载型烷基化反应催化剂

烷基化反应为Friedel-Crafts反应的一种，多数是在具有路易斯酸性的AlCl3催化作用下完成的．但由于AlCl3具有腐蚀性，在空气中难以保存等缺点，使其应用受到了限制．为解决上述问题，人们对其固载化进行了长达50多年的研究．研究的重点是将AlCl3固载到，γ-Al2O3和SiO2等载体上或研制代替AlCl3的烷基化反应催化剂，如以HCl，HgCl2活化金属铝作催化剂，或在微量AlCl3存在下，铝作为烷基化反应催化剂.     

固载化AlCl 3催化合成二苯基甲烷反应动力学研究

以3种不同孔径γ-Al2O3为载体制备固载化AlCl3/γ-Al2O3催化剂,考察了各催化剂在苯与苄基氯烷基化合成二苯基甲烷反应中的催化活性及产物选择性,并同纯AlCl3催化剂进行了比较.采用气相色谱法分析反应产物组成,获得了不同催化剂在不同反应温度下的烷基化反应试验数据,在确定反应动力学方程及消除外扩散影响前提下,计算了反应速率常数、反应表观活化能和扩散系数.结果表明,同均相纯AlCl3催化剂相比,在固载化AlCl3催化剂上反应速率较低而且存在诱导期,且载体孔径越小,该现象越明显.动力学分析认为产生这一现象的主要原因是载体对反应内扩散的影响.     

甲苯歧化催化剂TA-3丝光沸石的失活动力学

采用MRGC-80型高压微反色谱联合装置,在400～470℃、3MPa下研究了文题。建立了数学模型,得到了反应速率常数和失活速率常数、反应级数和失活级数、反应和失活表观活化能。结果表明,催化剂失活为独立失活,失活级数随过程变化。从失活级数推测其失活机理为平行连串失活,反应物甲苯、产物苯和二甲苯均能引起催化剂失活。反应压力在一定范围内对催化剂失活速率无明显影响,故可在较低的反应压力下研究催化剂失活动力学。温度对催化剂失活速率的影响不大,表明在所用温度范围内提高反应温度,对甲苯歧化反应过程是有利的。     

高活性N_2O分解催化剂BaCo_6Al_(2.3)研究

用共沉淀法制备了BaCO3修饰的NiO和Co3O4,用于N2O分解反应的催化剂.研究发现,有最佳组成的BaCo6催化剂比BaxNi6(x=0~2)催化剂活性更高.对于BaCo6催化剂,加入了适量作为黏结剂的勃姆石以增加催化剂的力学强度.所得BaCo6Al2.3催化剂,既有很好的力学强度又有较高的催化活性.在450℃,该BaCo6Al2.3催化剂在含0.2%N2O、5%O2、2%H2O、0.01%NO的Ar气氛中,表现出非常稳定的催化活性.     

一步法烷基化制备均三甲基苯胺工艺研究

目的考察反应温度、压力、进料组成、液空时速对邻甲苯胺烷基化制备均三甲基苯胺反应的影响,并推测反应机理。方法以邻甲苯胺和甲醇为原料,在催化剂(V2O5或者V2O5-Cr2O3复合体)作用下通过烷基化反应,一步生成均三甲基苯胺。结果与结论以V2O5-Cr2O3复合体为催化剂活性成分,在350℃左右,邻甲苯胺∶甲醇=1∶3.0～1∶3.5(mol/mol),液空时速为0.3～0.4 h-1时,均三甲基苯胺有较高的收率(>31%)和选择性(>34%),并对其反应机理进行了分析。     

X型沸石改性及失活的研究——催化甲醇与甲苯侧链烷基化反应

本文研究了在甲醇与甲苯侧链的烷基化反应中,K_2B_4O_7(Ⅰ)与H_3BO_3-MgO(Ⅱ)对X型沸石催化剂的改性规律。用Ⅰ对KX沸石进行改性,当每100gKX沸石含3.12×10~(-2)mol K_2B_4O_7时,甲醇的选择性较好;用Ⅱ进行改性,每100gKX沸石含0.8mol MgO及0.19mol H_3BO_3时,产品中苯乙烯的含量及苯乙烯与乙苯的产率都较高。当采用H_3BO_3-MgO-Cs X型催化剂时,甲醇转化率和选择性分别达到88%及27%,苯乙烯及乙苯的产率达到0.63(g/gCat·h)。同时对X型沸石催化剂失活进行了研究,认为除了结焦导致失活外,反应过程中产生的水蒸汽使沸石的结构和性能受到破坏,亦导致失活。     

复合固体酸SO_4~(2-)/Fe_2O_3-SnO_2催化合成乙酸乙酯

合成了固体酸催化剂 SO2 -4/Fe2 O3- Sn O2 ,考察了该催化剂在乙酸乙酯合成中的催化活性 ,并与 SO2 -4/Zr O2 、浓 H2 SO4 催化剂进行了比较 ,同时对酯化反应的影响因素诸如催化剂的制备、用量及反应时间等进行了研究     

Fe_2(SO_4)_3·xH_2O催化酯化反应及其在酯内残留的研究

本文对用Fe2（SO4）3·xH2O做催化剂催化酯化反应进行了研究,首次报道了Fe2（SO4）3·xH2O在酯内的残留问题,为使用及改进Fe2（SO4）3·xH2O做为实用催化剂提供帮助．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to