转发式测距和直发式伪距的GEO卫星联合定轨

GEO卫星是区域卫星导航系统空间段的重要组成部分.仿真模拟表明,在星座组网运行时通过差分策略可消除卫星钟差,但对只有GEO在轨运行的单星模式需要引进其他测轨技术才可能获得高精度的GEO轨道和钟差信息.本文提出联合转发式测距和直发式伪距数据的GEO卫星联合定轨和钟差估计方案,克服了转发式跟踪站数量和测距数据有限的问题,实现了对直发式伪距跟踪站星地组合钟差的估计,并且保持了卫星星历与钟差的自洽性.利用我国区域跟踪网对GEO卫星的实测数据进行了联合定轨试验,开展了详细的误差协方差分析说明了转发式和直发式两种测轨技术的贡献,结果表明：转发式测距数据的定轨残差为0.203m,直发式伪距的定轨残差为0.408m.定轨弧段内激光外符视向精度为0.076m,预报2h激光外符视向精度为0.404m,星地钟差估计精度约为1.38ns.对于基于单个转发跟踪站的转发直发联合定轨,激光外符视向精度为0.280m,预报2h激光外符视向精度为0.888m,星地钟差估计精度约为1.55ns.相关指标满足了导航服务的需求.     

GEO导航卫星多种观测资料联合精密定轨

针对跟踪站少、观测几何条件差以及轨道机动后GEO导航卫星精密定轨问题,提出了用激光观测数据解算无线电测距离观测数据设备时延、用CODE模型参数和多频载波相位数据进行电离层延迟精确修正的精密定轨和轨道快速恢复的处理体制.通过在轨实测数据实验证明,利用激光标定的距离观测数据组合设备时延精度优于1ns;基于3站观测数据GEO卫星精密定轨结果,RMS为0.25m;24h数据定轨结果重叠12小轨道径向互差0.55m,位置互差约1.62m;预报12h轨道重叠弧段互差为径向3.63m,位置互差8.51m;定轨结果与激光比对残差约0.10m,预报2h轨道比对残差约0.18m,预报24h轨道比对残差约2.04m.GEO卫星轨道机动后2～3h,动力学定轨结果能够恢复到与激光比对残差小于1m、与精密定轨结果比对位置互差约30m的水平.试验及分析结果表明,所提出的GEO精度定轨技术方案可靠、稳定.     

利用CAPS测距数据确定GEO卫星变轨期间的轨道

为调整轨道或者姿态,卫星每隔一段时间会进行喷气或者动量轮卸载,相当于对卫星产生了附加推力．由于变轨过程的复杂性和变轨加速度测量的不确定性,在一般的定轨过程中,通常是不采用变轨期间的测轨数据．但是在特殊情况下如导航卫星的RDSS服务需要提供不间断的包含变轨弧段在内的连续星历．文中利用高精度高采样率的CAPS测距资料,对某GEO卫星包含变轨弧段在内的6天长弧段进行了定轨分析,着重讨论如何利用变轨期间的遥测数据建立变轨推力模型,并将推力模型加入到定轨的动力学模型中,进行长弧段定轨．研究还表明,即使没有准确的遥测信息,基于CAPS系统的高精度高采样率测轨数据,可以解算推力参数．计算结果表明两种方案均取得了良好的数据拟合效果,变轨弧段的轨道位置误差最大约为20m．     

星载GPS非差精密定轨精度分析

采用一种变相的“非差”动力定轨方法，建立了相应的数学模型，编制了星栽GPS低轨卫星的定轨软件，并以此分析了定轨过程中各主要误差源对定轨的影响以及所能达到的定轨精度和预报精度。该方法以相位平滑伪距为观测值，通过对同一历元的现测值进行卫星间求差，消除了星栽GPS接收机钟差，模型简单，求解参数少。在只估计初始坐标和速度参数、考虑各种误差的综合影响时，定轨一天的径向精度约为3m，能满足一定的定轨精度要求。     

基于高/低轨监视平台的GEO卫星定轨精度比较

针对传统地基监视系统对地球同步轨道(GEO)卫星静地测量模式不利于获取其态势信息,而空间目标监视平台利用其快速轨道运动、增强观测几何强度和GEO卫星动力学模型的约束作用,有利于对GEO卫星环带的跟踪、监视和编目处理这一问题,分析了高、低轨平台与其观测模式,采用了数值微分法计算变分方程系数阵的定轨算法,统计了光学观测误差对定轨结果的影响.仿真计算表明,高、低轨平台对GEO卫星的定轨精度均在公里级,低轨平台对GEO卫星的定轨精度好于高轨监视平台,观测系统误差是定轨误差的主要来源.     

北斗GEO卫星微动条件下的GNSS-R土壤湿度反演

全球定位系统GPS发射的L波段导航信号源已被用于估测地球表面的土壤湿度,但由于卫星具有一定的重返周期,所以对固定区域土壤湿度反演的性能受到不断变化的星下点轨迹的限制。北斗GEO（geostationary earth orbit）卫星是地球静止轨道卫星,同时又存在着周期性的微动,利用它的反射信号来反演土壤湿度受到其微动特性的影响。针对这个问题,本文研究了利用GEO卫星反射信号功率进行固定区域内土壤湿度反演的可行性。本文首先分析了GEO卫星的微动特征和反射区域的变化;然后采用包络提取和三次多项式插值的方法来恢复SNR的趋势变化规律,以消除因为GEO卫星轻微运动带来的周期性波动和噪声,并且根据现场收集的部分实验数据确定的校准参数值对反射系数进行校正;最后,我们使用测试数据进行土壤湿度反演,得到每半小时固定区域的连续土壤湿度反演值。结果表明,土壤湿度反演值与原位土壤湿度值的变化趋势基本一致,反演的平均绝对误差小于4.63％。可见,BDS GEO卫星信号可以作为GNSS反射计的重要数据来源。     

一种利用星敏感器的卫星自主定轨方法

研究了一种利用星敏感器的自主定轨方法，通过建立较为完善的仿真模型，包括卫星的姿态运动仿真以及对背景恒星的观测仿真等，进行了这种自主定轨方法的模拟计算，证实了该方法的可行性，并对星敏感器在星体坐标系中的取向与自主定轨精度的关系进行了理论和计算分析．     

基于国家测绘局GPS连续运行参考站的定轨

为了解决采用地面GPS连续运行参考站进行高精度定轨问题,采用轨道积分方法,利用国家测绘局8个GPS连续运行参考站和9个中国周边IGS连续运行参考站,设计了多种天数的区域性定轨计算方案,研究了轨道确定的理论、步骤和参数设置规律.结果表明:3天轨道解的平均精度为0.19 m,5天轨道解的平均精度为O.21 m,7天轨道解的平均精度为O.28 m,3天解平均定轨精度最高,优于0.2 m,证明了并非随着地面数据天数的增加而精度随之增加,可以用最少的数据量获得最优的定轨结果.定轨试验计算的是区域性轨道,与全球轨道相比,存在一定的偏差.该成果对我国定轨研究特别是未来的广域增强系统轨道预测具有一定的指导意义和参考价值.     

基于星载GPS非差数据的COSMIC卫星几何定轨研究

COSMIC的大地测量任务重点在于解算地球重力场模型以及低阶重力场时变规律研究,这需要卫星精密几何轨道．文中根据CODE的GPS卫星精密星历和时钟,COSMIC卫星设计轨道和定轨GPS天线设计,模拟了COSMIC星载GPS观测量．利用运动学原理,研究了基于星载GPS非差数据的COSMIC几何定轨能力．COSMIC具有两个定轨天线（POD＋X和-X）,单独利用一个天线观测的几何定轨结果精度基本一致,都大于模拟时给定的随机误差．这主要是由卫星设计的POD天线位置造成的,两个天线的视准向量与天顶方向之间的夹角不同,同时POD＋X位于卫星飞行方向,而POD—X背向卫星飞行方向．为了改善几何定轨精度,利用POD＋X和一X天线构成一个虚拟天线,将两个POD天线的观测归算到虚拟天线．利用虚拟天线的观测,进行精密几何定轨,通过与参考轨道的比较,定轨精度与给定的模拟随机误差基本一致．     

基于星敏感器和星间链路的卫星星座自主定轨研究

以对地定位观测三星星座为例, 研究了联合星敏感器和星间链路测量信息的卫星星座自主定轨方法. 通过仿真三星星座星间链路观测和CCD星敏感器对背景恒星的观测, 生成两种类型的仿真观测资料, 基于这些资料建立了星座联合自主定轨的测轨方程, 在此基础上进行了星座自主定轨的仿真计算. 综合考虑各种定轨方案以及潜在的各种测量误差的影响, 对卫星星座自主定轨精度进行了比较和分析, 结果表明所采用技术手段应用于卫星星座自主定轨是可行的, 并形成了若干研究结论, 对于这种自主定轨技术拓展应用于更广泛意义下的卫星编队星座具有重要的参考价值.     

Precise orbit determination for geostationary satellites with multiple tracking techniques

A new precise orbit determination (POD) strategy based on the combination of satellite laser ranging (SLR) and C-band transfer ranging for geostationary satellites (GEO) is presented.Two approaches to calibrate ranging biases of the C-band ranging system are proposed,namely the two tracking system co-location comparison and the combined POD method,with calibration accuracies estimated to be 0.5 ns and 1 ns respectively.Using data from a C-band tracking network in China,POD experiments indicate that meter-le...     

Precision ERS-2 orbit determination combining multiple tracking techniques

Both of the oceanographic research by using altimetry and the application of InSAR of ERS-2 satellite need the precise ephemerides of the satellite. In this note, the ERS-2 orbit is precisely determined by using SLR and PRARE observations to take advantage of the high accuracy of SLR and the widespread data coverage of PRARE. Based on the software system SODS-VCE established by us, the ERS-2 orbits in 1997 are calculated. The evaluation from tracking data fits, endpoint consistency of orbital arcs and comparison with independent orbit implies an orbit accuracy of 5–6 cm in radial component which can satisfy the requirement of being better than 10 cm in oceanographic research by altimetry, being less than 20 cm in cross-track component which can meet the requirement of InSAR. In orbit computation, the method of variance component estimation is employed to weight the SLR, PRARE range and Doppler measurements properly. The results indicate that the application of the method can improve the computation accuracy efficiently.     

Precise orbit determination for Jason-1 satellite using on-board GPS data with cm-level accuracy

The joint US/French Jason-1 satellite altimeter mission, launched from the Vandenberg Air Force Base on December 7, 2001, continues the time series of centimeter-level ocean topography observations as the follow-on to the highly successful T/P radar altimeter satellite. Orbit error especially the radial orbit error is a major component in the overall budget of all altimeter satellite missions, in order to continue the T/P standard of observations. Jason-1 has a radial orbit error budget requirement of 2.5 cm. In this work, two cycles (December 19, 2002 to January 7, 2003) of the Jason-1 on-board GPS data were processed using the zero-difference (ZD) dynamic precise orbit determination (POD) technique. The resulting Jason-1 orbit accuracy was assessed by comparison with the precise orbit ephemeris (POE) produced by JPL, orbit overlaps and SLR residuals. These evaluations indicate that the RMS radial accuracy is in the range of 1－2 cm.     

Variation of satellite transponder delay

For precise orbit determination of geosynchronous earth orbit(GEO)satellites using transfer ranging observations,it is generally assumed that the variation of the satellite transponder delay is very small and that it can be solved as a constant parameter together with satellite orbit parameters.However,this assumption is too general and it reduces the accuracy of orbit determination for GEO satellites.To study and analyse the impact of the satellite transponder delay on GEO satellites orbit determination,two schemes were proposed.First,the satellite transponder delay was eliminated by forming single-difference observations between two ground stations;second,the satellite transponder delay was described as a constant parameter.The preliminary results demonstrate a difference of about1–2 m between the two schemes when used for precise orbit determination of GEO satellites.By fixing the GEO satellite orbit and other relevant parameters estimated by single-difference model,we inversed the instantaneous transponder delay from non-difference observation.It was found that the satellite transponder delay has a distinct diurnal variation,with an amplitude of 3–4 m.The findings of this paper are helpful in establishing an accurate model of satellite transponder delay and in improving the accuracy of GEO satellites orbit determinations and predictions.     

地球静止轨道卫星数对广域增强系统性能的影响

为了评估广域增强系统(wide area augmentation system,WAAS)中地球静止轨道(geostationary earth orbit,GEO)卫星数对WAAS性能的影响,正确解码WAAS报文,对比分析GEO卫星和全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)卫星的伪距改正值和用户差分距离误差指数;将GEO卫星纳入导航定位解算,并基于WAAS监测站实测数据,解算分析GEO卫星数对WAAS报文延迟、中断和导航性能的影响.结果表明:当现有GPS卫星均正常工作时,GEO卫星数的增加可有效降低报文的延迟和中断,但对WAAS定位精度和完好性的提升并不明显.星基增强系统(satellite-based augmentation system,SBAS)中有两颗正常工作的GEO卫星是比较理想的状况.     

Mars Express tracking and orbit determination trials with Chinese VLBI network

With strong support from European Space Agency (ESA), Shanghai Astronomical Observatory (SHAO) organized a tracking and orbit determination trails using Chinese VLBI Network (CVN) to track Mars Express, the first Mars probe launched by ESA. Using a high-resolution VLBI software correlator and Doppler measurement system developed in-house, two sets of tracking data, VLBI and Doppler, were acquired. The trials represent the first successful foray held in China to track a probe about 360 million kilometers away from the Earth. The tracking data are analyzed using a Mars satellite orbit determination software system developed at SHAO. The results show that the accuracy of 5 s integrated three-way-Doppler data is about 0.3 mm/s, or roughly the same accuracy as ESA’s tracking data. Position discrepancies between the Doppler-based orbit solution of 8 h arc-length (about 1 orbital revolution) and ESA’s reconstructed orbit are of the order of several hundred meters. In preparing for the Russia-China co-sponsored Mars exploration mission Phobos-Grunt-YingHuo, simulations were carried out to evaluate the achievable orbital accuracy levels and the contributions of VLBI and Doppler data respectively. Results show that Doppler data provide better orbit accuracy, so that for VLBI to be able to provide kilometer level orbit solutions, the accuracy of VLBI measurement needs to be improved by at least one order of magnitude.     

Zero-difference and single-difference precise orbit determination for LEO using GPS

Various methods for precise orbit determination (POD) of low earth orbiters (LEO) are briefly intro-duced in this paper. Based on the software named SHORD-Ⅲ developed by our institute,sin-gle-difference (SD) and zero-difference (ZD) dynamic POD based on LEO carrying an on-board GPS receiver is mainly discussed. The approaches are tested using real GRACE data (November 5―25,2002) and independently validated with Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) measurements over the same 21 days. Comparisons with the scientific orbits provided by GFZ indicate that the SD POD RMS accuracy can achieve 5,10 and 6 cm in radial,along and cross the track,and the ZD POD RMS accuracy can achieve 4,8 and 4 cm in radial,along and cross the track. SLR validation shows that SD POD accuracy is better than 8 cm in distance,and ZD POD accuracy is better than 6 cm.     

Improvement of orbit determination for geostationary satellites with VLBI tracking

China’s COMPASS satellite navigation system consists of five or more geostationary (GEO) satellites.The roles of GEO satellites are to improve the regional user’s positioning accuracy and provide the continuous Radio Determination Satellite Service.The motion of GEO satellites relative to a ground tracking station is almost fixed,and regular orbit maneuvers are necessary to maintain the satellites’ allocated positions above the equator.These features present difficulties in precise orbit determination (POD).C-band ranging via onboard transponders and the L-band pseudo-ranging technique have been used in the COMPASS system.This paper introduces VLBI tracking,which has been successfully employed in the Chinese lunar exploration programs Chang’E-1 and Chang’E-2,to the POD of GEO satellites.In contrast to ranging,which measures distances between a GEO satellite and an observer,VLBI is an angular measurement technique that constrains the satellite’s position errors perpendicular to the satellite-to-observer direction.As a demonstration,the Chinese VLBI Network organized a tracking and orbit-determination experiment for a GEO navigation satellite lasting 24 h.This paper uses the VLBI delay and delay-rate data,in combination with C-band ranging data,to determine the GEO satellite’s orbit.The accuracies of the VLBI delay and delay rate data are about 3.6 ns and 0.4 ps/s,respectively.Data analysis shows that the VLBI data are able to calibrate systematic errors of the C-band ranging data,and the combination of the two observations improves orbit prediction accuracy with short-arc data,which is important for orbital recovery after maneuvers of GEO satellites.With the implementation of VLBI2010,it is possible for VLBI to be applied in the COMPASS satellite navigation system.     

High-precision orbit prediction and error control techniques for COMPASS navigation satellite

A new satellite orbit prediction method based on artificial neural network （ANN） model is proposed to improve the precision of orbit prediction. In order to avoid the difficulty of amending the dynamical model, it is attempted to use ANN model to learn the variation of orbit prediction error, and then the prediction result of ANN model is used to compensate the predicted orbit based on dynamic model to form a final predicted orbit. The experiment results showed that the orbit prediction error based on ANN model was less than that based on dynamical model, and the ent satellites and different improvement effects for differtime were different. The maximum rates of improvement of predicting 8, 15, 30 d were respectively 80 %, 77.77 %, 85 %. The orbit prediction error control technique based on the method of back overlap arc compare was brought forward to avoid the risk that the precision of predicted orbit is even worse after it is compensated by ANN model. The phenomena of failure were basically eliminated based on this technique, and the rate of failure was reduced from 30 % to 5 %. This technique could ensure that the engineering application of ANN model could come true.