高温超导体的核磁共振最新研究进展

核磁共振作为一种重要的谱学研究手段,在高温超导体的机理研究中发挥了极其重要的作用.近年来,随着新型铁基高温超导材料家族的发现以及基于强磁场下核磁共振技术的发展,相关高温超导方面的核磁共振研究也有了许多新的进展,这些工作对高温超导电性的机理研究起到了积极的推动作用.本文将就核磁共振技术在铜氧化物高温超导体和铁基高温超导体这两大类高温超导材料中的若干最新研究进展进行一个有针对性的概述和梳理,希望对后续高温超导电性的机理研究以及材料探索能起到一些启示作用.     

非常规超导体的核磁共振研究新进展

核磁共振作为一种重要的谱学研究手段,在非常规超导体的机理研究中发挥了极其重要的作用.近年来随着新型非常规超导材料的发现,对应的核磁共振研究也有了许多新的进展,这些工作对非常规超导电性的机理研究起到了积极的推动作用.本文将就核磁共振技术在奇宇称超导体、铜基高温超导体和笼目结构超导体这三类超导材料中的若干最新研究进展进行一个有针对性的概述和梳理.在奇宇称超导体研究方面,将重点介绍铬基超导家族A₂Cr₃As₃中铁磁量子临界点顺磁侧的超导相图的研究和自旋三重态超导的实验证据,非中心超导体YPtBi中反铁磁自旋涨落及非常规的自旋单态和自旋三重态混合的超导态的发现.在铜氧化物超导体和笼目结构超导体研究方面,将重点介绍YBa₂Cu₃O_y中强磁场诱导的电荷密度波序出现3倍晶胞(λ=3b)公度性的微观实验证据,笼目结构超导体CsV₃Sb₅中电荷密度波序和电子关联随压力的演化.希望本文对后续超导电性的机理研究、材料探索及实际应用能起...     

中国科学院物理研究所超导国家重点实验室

为适应高温超导研究的迅速发展,国家计委于1987年批准在中国科学院物理研究所建立国家超导实验室,1988年开始筹建,1991年4月实验室通过验收,列入国家重点实验室系列,并正式向国内外开放.1995年8月通过第1次评估,获B类第1名,2000年5月通过第2次评估,被评为优秀(A类)国家重点实验室. 1研究方向 本实验室的研究方向为超导体新材料,新合成工艺的探索和研究,高温超导体物理性质和与高温超导电性机理相关的实验及理论问题的研究,高温超导薄膜及器件的物理研究,同时开展和其他相关材料、相关物理问题的交叉学科的研究,解决超导应用中的关键技术问题,推动超导技术向产业部门转移.     

铜氧化物超导体中压致超导-绝缘体量子相变

按照固体能带理论,固体的导电性质通常是由其能带结构所决定的.对于具有能隙的绝缘体或半导体,在压力的作用下其能带的展宽可以使能隙闭合,从而使系统发生绝缘体-金属相变,甚至在低温下呈现出超导电性.这种绝缘体-金属相变被称为“威尔森相变”.而“反威尔森相变”,即在压力的作用下产生金属(或超导体)-绝缘体转变是经典理论不能预测或解释的问题.本文将主要介绍最近在空穴掺杂铋系铜氧化物高温超导体中发现的压力导致的超导-绝缘体量子相变,并对其形成机制和生成绝缘相的性质进行了简要讨论.新发现的铜氧化物高温超导体中压致超导-绝缘体量子相变不仅提供了一个强关联电子系统在压力下产生奇异量子态的新范例,也说明了超导与其紧邻量子态在压力调制参量作用下所表现出的“同源性”,这为深刻理解强关联电子系统中超导态与其他各种量子态之间的关系提供了新的实验依据.此外,分析了这种超导-绝缘体量子相变的普适性,并提出了在此方面开展进一步研究的一些关键问题.作者希望通过本文的介绍能使读者对铜氧化物高温超导体中高压导致的超导-绝缘体相变实验研究方面的新进展和其可能存在的普适意义有所了解,同时希望能对高温超导机理的深入理解及为最终高温...     

铁基超导体初期部分研究工作介绍

高温超导电性是一个有巨大应用前景和重要科学意义的研究课题。1986年铜氧化物高温超导体的发现，在世界范围内掀起了研究和探索高温超导电性的热潮，时至今日依然是凝聚态物理领域最受关注的问题之一。     

AlB_2型结构WB_2点阵动力学的第一性原理研究

对Al B2型结构的二硼化物的超导进行了大量研究,试图寻找新的高温超导体。为了研究硬材料WB2的超导电性,利用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理计算,研究了Al B2型结构WB2的点阵动力学性质,并与高温超导体Mg B2的相关性质作了比较。WB2的能带在费米能级沿Γ-A方向有两条双重简并的能带。带心声子计算结果表明,声子频率全部来源于B原子振动关联模式的贡献。高频率的B1g和E2g两种声学模式的电声耦合作用较强且对超导电性起着决定性的作用。WB2有着与Mg B2类似的高温超导性质。     

超导电性理论特征

超导材料的种类非常广泛,有单质金属、合金材料、有机化合物、非金属单质、金属与非金属掺杂材料、金属氧化物等.从超导电性特征又分为非常规超导材料和常规超导材料.因此从超导电性的起源研究超导电性理论的特征具有重要的意义,既是重要的理论研究,又对合成、制备各种新型超导材料具有指导意义.分析研究了超导电性的本征特点,分别从超导的基本物理图像、同位素效应、超导转变温度计算公式表示等方面给出了常规超导体和非常规超导体的全面描述.同时理论上计算了一种有机复合超导材料.     

脉冲激光沉积YBa_2Cu_3O_(7-δ)薄膜表面形态研究

用脉冲激光沉积法,在SrTiO3基板上获得YBa2Cu3O7-δ超导薄膜．对其超导性能、晶体结构、原子尺度的平面形态和均匀性等进行研究．观察到YBa2Cu3O7-δ超导薄膜的原子图像．     

超导理论与应用研究的最新进展

介绍了超导理论与应用研究近况，特别是2001年的最新进展。在高温超导体微观机理的重新认识方面，已有证据显示，在高温超导体中存在很强的电子－声子耦合作用；在新型超导材料探索方面，主要有二硼化镁（MgB2），有机聚合物（P3HT），碳60等。超导材料具有现实和潜在的良好应用前景，特别是在能源、电力、交通、微波通信、计算机、医学和各种检测器等领域。     

拓扑绝缘体与低维超导体的电输运特性

拓扑绝缘体这种具有新奇量子特性的物质和具有百余年研究历史的超导体都是当前凝聚态物理学领域的研究热点．本文简要介绍了拓扑绝缘体、超导体的研究背景和基本特性,重点回顾了拓扑绝缘体、超导薄膜及纳米桥、超导纳米线以及纳米尺度下拓扑绝缘体．超导异质结构的电输运特性．并对该领域的进一步发展做出了展望．     

铁硒基超导体的高压研究进展

FeSe及其衍生化合物因表现出奇特的正常态和超导态性质,成为近年来铁基超导领域的研究热点,其中高压技术在揭示FeSe中的竞争电子序和调控高温超导方面发挥了重要作用.本文概述了利用六面砧装置对FeSe基超导体的高压研究进展,主要内容包括:(1)通过建立FeSe的完整温度-压力相图,观察到圆拱形的反铁磁相界并详细揭示了电子向列序、长程反铁磁序和超导相之间的竞争关系,结合高压下的霍尔效应测试进一步表明反铁磁临界涨落对实现高温超导具有重要作用;(2)在多个插层FeSe高温超导体中,普遍发现高压会首先抑制超导I相,然后在临界压力之上诱导出高温超导Ⅱ相,呈现出双拱形超导相图,而且最高临界温度突破50 K;(3)结合高压X射线衍射和霍尔效应测试,指出超导Ⅱ相的出现和伴随的载流子浓度提高很可能源于压力诱导的费米面重构.     

Nanoengineering of Flux Pinning Sites in High-Tc Superconductors

Volume pinning forces were determined for a variety of bulk high-Tc superconductors of the 123-type from magnetization measurements. By means of scaling of the pinning forces, the acting pinning mechanisms in various temperature ranges were identified. The Nd-based superconductors and some YBCO crystals exhibited a dominating pinning of the δTc-type (i.e. , small, superconducting pinning sites). In contrast to this, the addition of insulating 211 particles provided pinning of the δ/-type; providing effective pinning in the entire temperature range acting as a "background" pinning mechanism for the peak effect. Due to the small coherence lengths of the high-Tc compounds, effective pinning sites are defects or particles of nanometer size relative to ζ3. Integral magnetic measurements of the magnetization as a function of temperature in large applied magnetic fields (up to 7 T) revealed that practically all high-Tc compounds were spatially inhomogeneous, which could be caused by oxygen deficiency (YBCO)     

镍氧化物超导体的发现与研究进展

镍氧化物超导材料的发现,激发起研究人员新一轮对近似铜氧化物新型超导材料的探寻以及对高温超导机理中有关晶体结构-电子结构密切关系的研究兴趣.本文重点从具有无限层结构的掺杂镍氧化物(Nd_0.8Sr_0.2NiO₂)超导体的发现、目前的实验研究进展、对其电子结构及物理机制的研究等方面概述这类新型超导材料的基本特性,并在结尾对镍基超导体系的构建、一些亟待解决的物理和材料问题以及今后研究的方向等作开放性讨论.     

Imaging and dynamics of light atoms and molecules on graphene

Observing the individual building blocks of matter is one of the primary goals of microscopy. The invention of the scanning tunnelling microscope revolutionized experimental surface science in that atomic-scale features on a solid-state surface could finally be readily imaged. However, scanning tunnelling microscopy has limited applicability due to restrictions in, for example, sample conductivity, cleanliness, and data acquisition rate. An older microscopy technique, that of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), has benefited tremendously in recent years from subtle instrumentation advances, and individual heavy (high-atomic-number) atoms can now be detected by TEM even when embedded within a semiconductor material. But detecting an individual low-atomic-number atom, for example carbon or even hydrogen, is still extremely challenging, if not impossible, via conventional TEM owing to the very low contrast of light elements. Here we demonstrate a means to observe, by conventional TEM, even the smallest atoms and molecules: on a clean single-layer graphene membrane, adsorbates such as atomic hydrogen and carbon can be seen as if they were suspended in free space. We directly image such individual adatoms, along with carbon chains and vacancies, and investigate their dynamics in real time. These techniques open a way to reveal dynamics of more complex chemical reactions or identify the atomic-scale structure of unknown adsorbates. In addition, the study of atomic-scale defects in graphene may provide insights for nanoelectronic applications of this interesting material.     

Superinsulator and quantum synchronization

Synchronized oscillators are ubiquitous in nature, and synchronization plays a key part in various classical and quantum phenomena. Several experiments have shown that in thin superconducting films, disorder enforces the droplet-like electronic texture--superconducting islands immersed into a normal matrix--and that tuning disorder drives the system from superconducting to insulating behaviour. In the vicinity of the transition, a distinct state forms: a Cooper-pair insulator, with thermally activated conductivity. It results from synchronization of the phase of the superconducting order parameter at the islands across the whole system. Here we show that at a certain finite temperature, a Cooper--air insulator undergoes a transition to a superinsulating state with infinite resistance. We present experimental evidence of this transition in titanium nitride films and show that the superinsulating state is dual to the superconducting state: it is destroyed by a sufficiently strong critical magnetic field, and breaks down at some critical voltage that is analogous to the critical current in superconductors.     

Non-quantized penetration of magnetic field in the vortex state of superconductors

As first pointed out by Bardeen and Ginzburg in the early sixties, the amount of magnetic flux carried by vortices in superconducting materials depends on their distance from the sample edge, and can be smaller than one flux quantum, phi0 = h/2e (where h is Planck's constant and e is the electronic charge). In bulk superconductors, this reduction of flux becomes negligible at submicrometre distances from the edge, but in thin films the effect may survive much farther into the material. But the effect has not been observed experimentally, and it is often assumed that magnetic field enters type II superconductors in units of phi0. Here we measure the amount of flux introduced by individual vortices in a superconducting film, finding that the flux always differs substantially from phi0. We have observed vortices that carry as little as 0.001phi0, as well as 'negative vortices', whose penetration leads to the expulsion of magnetic field. We distinguish two phenomena responsible for non-quantized flux penetration: the finite-size effect and a nonlinear screening of the magnetic field due to the presence of a surface barrier. The latter effect has not been considered previously, but is likely to cause non-quantized penetration in most cases.     

Superconductivity in CaCuO2 as a result of field-effect doping.

Understanding the doping mechanisms in the simplest superconducting copper oxide-the infinite-layer compound ACuO2 (where A is an alkaline earth metal)-is an excellent way of investigating the pairing mechanism in high-transition-temperature (high-Tc) superconductors more generally. Gate-induced modulation of the carrier concentration to obtain superconductivity is a powerful means of achieving such understanding: it minimizes the effects of potential scattering by impurities, and of structural modifications arising from chemical dopants. Here we report the transport properties of thin films of the infinite-layer compound CaCuO2 using field-effect doping. At high hole- and electron-doping levels, superconductivity is induced in the nominally insulating material. Maximum values of Tc of 89 K and 34 K are observed respectively for hole- and electron-type doping of around 0.15 charge carriers per CuO2. We can explore the whole doping diagram of the CuO2 plane while changing only a single electric parameter, the gate voltage.     

The origin of multiple superconducting gaps in MgB2

Magnesium diboride, MgB2, has the highest transition temperature (T(c) = 39 K) of the known metallic superconductors. Whether the anomalously high T(c) can be described within the conventional BCS (Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer) framework has been debated. The key to understanding superconductivity lies with the 'superconducting energy gap' associated with the formation of the superconducting pairs. Recently, the existence of two kinds of superconducting gaps in MgB2 has been suggested by several experiments; this is in contrast to both conventional and high-T(c) superconductors. A clear demonstration of two gaps has not yet been made because the previous experiments lacked the ability to resolve the momentum of the superconducting electrons. Here we report direct experimental evidence for the two-band superconductivity in MgB2, by separately observing the superconducting gaps of the sigma and pi bands (as well as a surface band). The gaps have distinctly different sizes, which unambiguously establishes MgB2 as a two-gap superconductor.