氢元素在镍氧化物超导体中的重要作用

氢(H)是宇宙中最轻的元素,对大多数最先进的表征技术不敏感,因此很难确定其在材料中的存在和分布.但H元素就像一把“隐形的钥匙”,在材料科学中开启着不同寻常的物理性质. 2019年,无限层结构镍氧化物超导材料(镍基超导)的发现,激励了研究人员寻求更多类似于铜氧化物的新型高温超导材料,以及探究高温超导机理中晶体结构和电子结构的关联.目前,镍氧化物超导体主要通过金属氢化物的拓扑还原制得,随之而来的问题是:在镍基超导中CaH₂辅助的拓扑还原是否会在薄膜中引入“额外”的H元素,并影响其超导态?本文着重回顾了H元素对材料物理性能的影响规律,重点介绍了近年来镍氧化物中H存在的痕迹、H元素在材料内部的原子占据位置,详细分析了H元素对镍基材料超导电性的影响机制,并对今后该领域的研究方向和重点展开了开放性讨论.     

Nd4Ni3O10的红外光谱研究

无限层平面四方相镍氧化物薄膜以及高压下双层Ruddlesden-Popper(RP)相镍氧化物单晶中相继发现的超导电性引起了超导领域的广泛兴趣.常压下RP相镍氧化物中迄今未观测到超导电性,但双层和三层RP相镍氧化物中存在金属-金属转变.本文对三层RP相镍氧化物Nd₄Ni₃O₁₀进行了红外光谱研究,发现低频的光电导谱存在Drude响应,和材料的金属性相符.低频的光电导谱需要两个Drude分量来描述,说明材料中有多个能带穿过费米能级.在金属-金属转变温度T^*以下,低频的光电导谱被压制,表明费米面上有能隙打开;丢失的谱重被转移到很高的能量范围,表明电子强关联效应在金属-金属转变中起重要作用.本文的实验结果为理解RP相镍氧化物中金属-金属转变的本质提供关键信息.     

单层FeSe/氧化物界面超导的ARPES研究

单层FeSe/氧化物界面存在高温超导是近年来凝聚态物理领域的重要发现之一.在氧化物衬底上的单层FeSe有着远高于FeSe块材的超导配对强度,这是迄今为止最薄的高温超导体.更为新奇的是,这种超导配对强度的大幅增加仅发生在FeSe为单个晶胞层时,而SrTiO3衬底上的第二层FeSe则不具有超导电性,这些新奇的现象及其背后的物理机理引发了广泛的关注,其中原位界面调控与ARPES研究的结合在推动对界面超导机理的理解和对超导配对的提升方面均扮演着重要的角色.本文主要对单层FeSe/氧化物界面超导的原位调控与ARPES研究进展进行综述,并从基本电子结构与超导能隙特征、界面调控揭示超导增强机理、界面氧化物的调控与超导配对温度的提升三个方面进行分析,这些实验结果为理解和提升界面高温超导提供了线索.     

铜氧化物高温超导体电子结构和超导机理的角分辨光电子能谱研究

与单质金属或者合金为代表的常规超导体不同,以铜氧化合物高温超导体为代表的非常规超导体的超导机理超出了BCS理论的解释范畴,已经成为凝聚态物理领域的重大科学问题.角分辨光电子能谱技术以其独特的电子能量/动量分辨的优势,在铜氧化物高温超导体的能带结构、能隙行为、多体相互作用等相关物理和超导机理的研究方面发挥着重要作用.角分辨光电子能谱实验技术的提高和数据分析方法的发展,不仅丰富了铜氧化物超导体的电子相图,并且不断加深了人们对其内在物理本质的认知.本文总结了近年来角分辨光电子能谱技术的最新进展,并集中讨论了其在铜氧化物高温超导体研究中对能带结构演化、超导能隙行为和电子-声子相互作用等方面取得的最新研究进展,最后介绍了使用Eliashberg函数数值分析研究高温超导体超导机理的方法.     

非常规超导体的核磁共振研究新进展

核磁共振作为一种重要的谱学研究手段,在非常规超导体的机理研究中发挥了极其重要的作用.近年来随着新型非常规超导材料的发现,对应的核磁共振研究也有了许多新的进展,这些工作对非常规超导电性的机理研究起到了积极的推动作用.本文将就核磁共振技术在奇宇称超导体、铜基高温超导体和笼目结构超导体这三类超导材料中的若干最新研究进展进行一个有针对性的概述和梳理.在奇宇称超导体研究方面,将重点介绍铬基超导家族A₂Cr₃As₃中铁磁量子临界点顺磁侧的超导相图的研究和自旋三重态超导的实验证据,非中心超导体YPtBi中反铁磁自旋涨落及非常规的自旋单态和自旋三重态混合的超导态的发现.在铜氧化物超导体和笼目结构超导体研究方面,将重点介绍YBa₂Cu₃O_y中强磁场诱导的电荷密度波序出现3倍晶胞(λ=3b)公度性的微观实验证据,笼目结构超导体CsV₃Sb₅中电荷密度波序和电子关联随压力的演化.希望本文对后续超导电性的机理研究、材料探索及实际应用能起...     

铁基高温超导材料的角分辨光电子能谱研究

高温超导电性是近代凝聚物理关注的核心问题.高温超导的研究一方面具有重大的应用前景,另一方面推动了多体关联凝聚态物理理论和计算的发展.铁基高温超导材料是除铜氧化物高温超导外的第二类常压条件下的高温超导材料.在对铁基高温超导的研究过程中,研究者利用角分辨光电子能谱技术对铁基高温超导材料的电子结构、对称破缺相、超导能隙等进行了详细的研究,为揭示铁基高温超导配对机制提供了重要的实验依据.近些年,角分辨光电子能谱实验更是在一些铁基高温超导材料中发现了拓扑超导存在的证据.本文将对铁基高温超导材料的角分辨光电子能谱相关工作进行总结.     

基于第一性原理计算Co基尖晶石MCo2O4(M=Fe,Mn, Cu,Ni)磁性和电性

利用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的第一性原理对Co基尖晶石氧化物MCo₂O₄(M=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu)的电子结构和磁学性质进行了计算，得出Co基尖晶石氧化物的稳定结构，总结了这些化合物呈正尖晶石和反尖晶石分布时的电子结构和磁构型.比较计算CoFe₂O₄和FeCo₂O₄发现改变阳离子的分布会影响材料的电学性质，通过研究得出，Co基尖晶石氧化物结构为正尖晶石的材料都具备铁磁性，结构为反尖晶石的材料都具备亚铁磁性.     

镍锰氧化物电极材料用于超级电容器的电化学性能研究

目的研究镍锰氧化物电极材料的形貌及相组成对超级电容器电化学性能的影响。方法分别采用模板法、水热法及旋转蒸发方法制备了不同形貌的镍锰氧化物,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)手段对材料的物相、晶体结构以及微观形貌进行表征,采用三电极体系测试其作为超级电容器电极材料的电化学性能。结果循环伏安和电化学性能循环测试结果表明,在0.1 A/g电流密度下,空心球、微米球及纳米颗粒3种不同形貌的镍锰氧化物电极材料的的放电容量分别是90.57,36.4和8.72 F/g。空心球状镍锰氧化物电极材料显示出较优异的电容特性。充放电循环1 000次后,其放电容量保持率为85.28%。结论独特的空心球状结构有利于增强电极材料的电化学性能。     

高分散Ni/Al2O3-CeO2催化剂的制备及其甲烷干重整性能研究

以离子交换逆负载法合成了以氧化铝和氧化铈为载体的高分散镍基催化剂,通过溶度积的(Ksp)驱动将Ni负载在氧化物载体上,得到了用于甲烷干重整的高分散催化剂.采用XRD、TEM、N₂物理吸附-脱附等表征手段表征了催化剂的物理化学性质,使用固定床反应器评价其催化性能,研究了催化剂中CeO₂含量对甲烷干重整性能的影响.结果表明：在低CeO₂含量时(Ce质量分数为3.4%),催化剂具有较高活性和稳定性,产物H₂/CO比约等于1,反应后催化剂活性金属轻微烧结,积碳最少.     

准一维Mn基超导材料研究进展

探索新的高温超导材料与揭示非常规超导机理一直是凝聚态物理研究的重点.除了铜氧化物超导体和铁基超导体这两大家族之外,其他过渡金属基非传统超导材料相对较少,其中锰基超导材料尤其稀少.晶格维度的降低通常会抑制磁有序并增强自旋涨落,可以以此为思路探索新的锰基超导体.近年来,一个新的准一维锰基材料家族AMn₆Bi₅(A=Na, K, Rb和Cs)被发现.其中, AMn₆Bi₅(A=K, Rb和Cs)在高压下表现出非常规超导电性,加深了人们对于非常规超导与反铁磁关联的认识.     

高温超导体的核磁共振最新研究进展

核磁共振作为一种重要的谱学研究手段,在高温超导体的机理研究中发挥了极其重要的作用.近年来,随着新型铁基高温超导材料家族的发现以及基于强磁场下核磁共振技术的发展,相关高温超导方面的核磁共振研究也有了许多新的进展,这些工作对高温超导电性的机理研究起到了积极的推动作用.本文将就核磁共振技术在铜氧化物高温超导体和铁基高温超导体这两大类高温超导材料中的若干最新研究进展进行一个有针对性的概述和梳理,希望对后续高温超导电性的机理研究以及材料探索能起到一些启示作用.     

超导体化学

自发现汞的超导性以来,到现在已发现了一千多种超导材料。但是具有实用价值的只是那些临界值较高的超导材料。按其组成和结构可分类为:元素超导体、合金超导材料,化合物超导材料,非晶质超导材料及有机超导材料。本文重点讨论这些材料的开发状况及其合成方法。     

Superconductivity in molecular crystals induced by charge injection

Progress in the field of superconductivity is often linked to the discovery of new classes of materials, with the layered copper oxides being a particularly impressive example. The superconductors known today include a wide spectrum of materials, ranging in complexity from simple elemental metals, to alloys and binary compounds of metals, to multi-component compounds of metals and chalcogens or metalloids, doped fullerenes and organic charge-transfer salts. Here we present a new class of superconductors: insulating organic molecular crystals that are made metallic through charge injection. The first examples are pentacene, tetracene and anthracene, the last having the highest transition temperature, at 4 K. We anticipate that many other organic molecular crystals can also be made superconducting by this method, which will lead to surprising findings in the vast composition space of molecular crystals.     

Superconductivity at 43 K in SmFeAsO1-xFx

Since the discovery of high-transition-temperature (high-T(c)) superconductivity in layered copper oxides, extensive effort has been devoted to exploring the origins of this phenomenon. A T(c) higher than 40 K (about the theoretical maximum predicted from Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory), however, has been obtained only in the copper oxide superconductors. The highest reported value for non-copper-oxide bulk superconductivity is T(c) = 39 K in MgB(2) (ref. 2). The layered rare-earth metal oxypnictides LnOFeAs (where Ln is La-Nd, Sm and Gd) are now attracting attention following the discovery of superconductivity at 26 K in the iron-based LaO(1-x)F(x)FeAs (ref. 3). Here we report the discovery of bulk superconductivity in the related compound SmFeAsO(1-x)F(x), which has a ZrCuSiAs-type structure. Resistivity and magnetization measurements reveal a transition temperature as high as 43 K. This provides a new material base for studying the origin of high-temperature superconductivity.     

Study on Growth of GdBaSrCu_3O_(7-δ) Single Crystal

1 Results It is generally known that CuO2 planes of layered cuprate superconductors play a major role on the variation of critical temperature,Tc.In order to investigate their microscopic and electronic properties,preparation of such materials in single crystal form with highly structure orientation is very important.Crystal growth techniques for copper oxide materials have greatly improved since the discovery of high Tc superconductor materials[1].However,a strong reaction between CuO flux and crucible material has been a serious problem in crystal growth by using crucible,especially in a self-flux slow cooling method that needs long time.It is important to avoid the contamination from crucible material and also the ‘creeping out' problem of CuO flux during long time and high sintering temperature.In this study,we attempted to grew the GdBaSrCu3O7-δ single crystals via self-flux slow cooling technique.They were grown from CuO-rich nonstoichiometric solutions as similar as the YBCO case with approximately cation and powder ratio used as reported before[2-3].     

Electronic structure of the iron-based superconductor LaOFeP

The recent discovery of superconductivity in the iron oxypnictide family of compounds has generated intense interest. The layered crystal structure with transition-metal ions in planar square-lattice form and the discovery of spin-density-wave order near 130 K (refs 10, 11) seem to hint at a strong similarity with the copper oxide superconductors. An important current issue is the nature of the ground state of the parent compounds. Two distinct classes of theories, distinguished by the underlying band structure, have been put forward: a local-moment antiferromagnetic ground state in the strong-coupling approach, and an itinerant ground state in the weak-coupling approach. The first approach stresses on-site correlations, proximity to a Mott-insulating state and, thus, the resemblance to the high-transition-temperature copper oxides, whereas the second approach emphasizes the itinerant-electron physics and the interplay between the competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic fluctuations. The debate over the two approaches is partly due to the lack of conclusive experimental information on the electronic structures. Here we report angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) of LaOFeP (superconducting transition temperature, T(c) = 5.9 K), the first-reported iron-based superconductor. Our results favour the itinerant ground state, albeit with band renormalization. In addition, our data reveal important differences between these and copper-based superconductors.     

Superconductors: unusual oxygen isotope effects in cuprates?

The possibility that a pairing boson might act as the 'glue' to bind electrons into a Cooper pair in superconductors with a high critical temperature (T(c)) is being actively pursued in condensed-matter physics. Gweon et al. claim that there is a large and unusual oxygen-isotope effect on the electronic structure, indicating that phonons have a special importance in high-temperature superconductors. However, we are unable to detect this unusual oxygen-isotope effect in new data collected under almost identical material and experimental conditions. Our findings point towards a more conventional influence of phonons in these materials.     

Plutonium-based superconductivity with a transition temperature above 18 K

Plutonium is a metal of both technological relevance and fundamental scientific interest. Nevertheless, the electronic structure of plutonium, which directly influences its metallurgical properties, is poorly understood. For example, plutonium's 5f electrons are poised on the border between localized and itinerant, and their theoretical treatment pushes the limits of current electronic structure calculations. Here we extend the range of complexity exhibited by plutonium with the discovery of superconductivity in PuCoGa5. We argue that the observed superconductivity results directly from plutonium's anomalous electronic properties and as such serves as a bridge between two classes of spin-fluctuation-mediated superconductors: the known heavy-fermion superconductors and the high-T(c) copper oxides. We suggest that the mechanism of superconductivity is unconventional; seen in that context, the fact that the transition temperature, T(c) approximately 18.5 K, is an order of magnitude greater than the maximum seen in the U- and Ce-based heavy-fermion systems may be natural. The large critical current displayed by PuCoGa5, which comes from radiation-induced self damage that creates pinning centres, would be of technological importance for applied superconductivity if the hazardous material plutonium were not a constituent.     

高温超导体的结构与超导电性

论述几种典型铜氧化物高温超导体的基本结构特征和结构缺陷对超导电性的影响,最后对高温超导体的结构与超导电性研究展望.     

Oscillatory motion: quantum whistling in superfluid helium-4

Fundamental considerations predict that macroscopic quantum systems such as superfluids and the electrons in superconductors will undergo oscillatory motion when forced through a small constriction. Here we induce these oscillations in superfluid helium-4 (4He) by pushing it through an array of nanometre-sized apertures. The oscillations, which are detected as an audible whistling sound, obey the so-called Josephson frequency relation and occur coherently among all the apertures. The discovery of this property in 4He at the relatively high temperature of 2 K (2,000 times higher than the temperature at which a related but different phenomenon occurs in 3He) may pave the way for a new class of practical rotation sensors of unprecedented precision.