硼分布对Ni_3Al晶界的影响

用径迹显微照相技术(PTA)和TEM研究了含0.065wt％B的Ni_3Al合金中的硼分布对其晶界的影响。研究表明,当该合金于700、850、1000℃保温并空冷时,存在硼的晶界偏聚,且偏聚量随着保温温度的升高而减少,保温温度为1000℃时,偏聚量很少;保温温度为700℃或850℃时,偏聚量较大。硼晶界偏聚对该合金晶界内聚力的提高起着关键作用,硼的偏聚量较大时,合金呈完全穿晶断裂;硼的偏聚量较少时,合金呈完全沿晶断裂。     

含硼Fe-30wt％Ni奥氏体合金中硼的晶界平衡偏聚

采用径迹显微照相技术(PTA)研究了硼在Fe-30wt％Ni奥氏体合金中的分布。结果表明,该合金在650～950℃之间保温急冷时,存在着硼的晶界平衡偏聚,而在1050℃以上保温急冷时没有硼的偏聚。     

硼在奥氏体晶界的两种偏聚形式

用PTA方法研究了Fe-30％Ni合金中硼在晶界的偏聚行为。实验表明在550-1200℃保温后用不同方式冷却的试样中存在平衡与非平衡两类硼偏聚,它们各自的形成机制不同,试验条件对它们的影响不同。平衡偏聚在保温时形成,在低温区淬火时起主要作用。在高温加热后,用通常冷却速度淬火时,晶界偏聚主要来源于冷却过程中产生的非平衡偏聚,实际瘁火试样中观察到的硼偏聚是这两类偏聚的叠加。试验指出,Fe-30％Ni合金中偏聚方式有一个转折温度区,这温度受冷却速度影响,在通常冷却速度下,这个转折温度在650～750℃之间。     

硼在奥氏体晶界的非平衡偏聚

作者应用径迹显微照相技术(PTA)研究了硼在奥氏体晶界的非平衡偏聚。实验结果表明,含硼10ppm的Fe-30wt%Ni奥氏体合金,在1050℃以上,不产生硼的平衡晶界偏聚和硼化物析出;但当该合金试样从1050℃以上温度水冷和空冷时,产生硼的非平衡晶界偏聚。这种偏聚是在试样的冷却过程中产生的,其特点是,在一定的冷却速度下,冷却开始温度越高,偏聚量越大;而在一定的冷却开始温度下,试样的冷却速度越小,偏聚量越大。     

稀土、磷等元素在淬火钢回火时的晶界偏聚

本文应用电镜和扫描电镜观察了DZ-40钢和重轨钢淬火高温回火脆化断口,对断口进行了稳定电位测定及微量磷的化学分析,用离子探针对断口上磷、稀土元素铈和锰等的深度分布进行测定。实验证实了磷、铈在淬火钢高温回火时在原奥氏体晶界发生偏聚,锰也在原奥氏体晶界富集。铈在晶界的偏聚减缓了磷在晶界偏聚的进程,锰和磷的相互作用加速了磷在晶界的偏聚。文章讨论了磷和铈的晶界偏聚,铈和磷以及锰和磷之间在晶界偏聚过程中的相互作用。     

磷在Fe-P-C-Cu-Mo铁基粉末合金中的分布及其对性能的影响

在铁基粉末冶金材料中,为了获得强韧化效果,磷已被作为添加元素之一。本研究利用俄歇能谱、扫描电镜及能谱仪等研究了含0.6％磷的Fe-P-C-Cu-Mo合金中磷的分布及其对性能的影响。发现在1080℃～1200℃烧结,磷在晶界的浓度高于其在晶内的浓度。在此温度范围内,烧结温度越低,磷在晶界的偏聚程度越高。当烧结后的合金中含有大量的铁素体时,磷的这种偏聚状态对合金冲击韧性的影响被合金组织的影响所掩盖。在1080℃～1240℃烧结的合金断口均为穿晶断裂。此外还观察到回火后磷的分布对合金断裂方式及机械性能影响很大。合金淬火后在200℃回火,固溶在基体中的钼具有抑制磷向晶界偏聚的作用,合金断口表现为穿晶断裂;在400℃回火,由于钼形成了碳化钼(Mo_2C),失去了抑制磷偏聚的作用,这时磷主要偏聚在晶界,造成合金沿晶断裂,冲击韧性下降;在600℃回火,由于温度较高,减少了磷向晶界偏聚的趋势,并有利于磷作长程扩散,此时磷主要偏聚在孔隙表面,使合金具有较高的冲击韧性,合金断口呈韧窝状。     

硼的晶界非平衡偏聚临界时间和临界冷却速度的确定

本文提出了一种确定晶界非平衡偏聚的临界时间和临界冷却速度的新方法。通过径迹显微照相(PTA),确定出含硼的Fe-30wt％Ni奥氏体合金中硼的晶界非平衡偏聚在不同温度下的临界时间t_0和从不同温度冷却时的临界冷却速度Q_c。     

铈在钢中的晶界偏聚行为与高温回火脆性

稀土元素在钢中细化奥氏体晶粒、提高钢的淬透性、减弱回火脆性、提高钢和合金的高温持久强度等方面的作用已有不断报导。但稀土元素在钢中的合金化作用还研究得不充分,稀土元素在晶界的偏聚,特别是在长时间回火时的晶界偏聚行为还很少研究。     

硼钢淬透性与硼偏聚

用改进的径迹显微照相技术研究了50B钢800—1150℃顶端淬火试样中硼的分布状态及其变化规律与硼钢淬透性的关系。试验表明,硼钢淬透性的变化与冷却时硼向奥氏体晶界偏聚的发展速度密切相关。晶界硼偏聚来自二侧贫硼区,利用成分剖面图技术可定量测定这种偏聚的发展速度。 晶界硼偏聚发展过快与过慢均对发挥硼效应不利。试验表明,只有当晶界硼偏聚的发展速度与基体成分相变孕育期能较好配合时,硼的效应最大。利用这种观点可正确说明硼钢淬透性的变化特征及认识与分析影响硼钢淬透性的各种因素。     

预形变量对再结晶晶界反常硼偏聚的影响

用二次压缩方法测定了含硼面心Ｆｅ－３０％Ｎｉ合金１０００℃热变形１０％和４０％后保温时的软化率曲线，并由此估计了再结晶过程。用径迹照相方法（ＰＴＡ）研究了再结晶过程中运动晶界反常偏聚规律以及形变量对反常硼偏聚的影响。用定量统计方法测量了不同形变量下，运动晶界的硼偏聚量。结果表明，新晶粒长大过程中，晶界反常偏聚量与形变量、晶界运动速度等因素有关，并用半定量的方法估算了不同形变量下，再结晶新晶粒长大过     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with