低磷胁迫对不同油茶无性系幼苗生长及养分利用效率的影响

选择砂培处理的油茶无性系幼苗为对象,采用裂区设计,以0、0.05、0.5 mmol/L 3种磷处理水平(P₀、P₁、P₂)模拟低磷胁迫,研究低磷胁迫对5个油茶优良无性系生长及氮、磷、钾吸收利用效率的影响差异。结果表明:不同油茶无性系间耐低磷胁迫差异显著; 随低磷胁迫的加剧,各无性系的生物量和氮、磷吸收量减少,而利用率增加。无磷和低磷时湘林67和湘林69两个无性系的生物量和磷吸收量、利用效率均较高,叶片氮磷比(N/P)和叶片Δ(N/P)均较低,表明这两个无性系具有较好的体内磷养分循环利用机制,具备良好的耐低磷胁迫能力。     

磷胁迫对大豆不同磷素基因型光合作用的影响

2002年和2003年通过大田试验。探讨了3种不同磷效率的基因型大豆在不同磷素水平下的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(CS)、胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)及蒸腾速率(Tr)的差异．结果表明：4项指标间存在着显著的正相关。低磷胁迫下大豆磷高效基因型光合能力明显高于磷低效基因型．     

磷素水平对水稻幼苗生长发育的影响

以4种不同基因型水稻为材料,研究磷素水平对水稻幼苗的生物学和营养学性状的影响.结果表明:低磷处理对水稻幼苗各生物学性状影响很大,低磷条件下水稻幼苗株高、鲜重、干重均低于对照处理,根长伸长,根冠比增大;供磷过量处理水稻幼苗株高和干重低于对照.四种水稻幼苗相比,高优35的磷素利用效率明显低于其它三个品种.     

小麦根系性状对磷胁迫响应QTL定位

土壤缺磷是限制作物产量提高的主要的非生物胁迫之一,培育磷高效基因型是解决这一问题的有效途径.根系对作物的正常生长发育,尤其是营养吸收和磷效率的提高至关重要,所以定位不同磷胁迫条件下根系及其胁迫反应相关数量性状位点(QTL)将有助于磷高效品种的培育.本实验以小麦重组近交系群体(农大3338×Altgold)为材料,结合高密度遗传图谱,在正常供磷、低磷处理和磷饥饿处理条件下共检测到与小麦根系性状(根长、根数和根干重)及其磷胁迫响应有关的QTL位点30个(LOD>2.0),分布在14条染色体上,其中单个位点对表型贡献率大于10%的有5个,在染色体7B上共检测到7个位点.分析发现,根系性状QTL和磷胁迫响应QTL是由不同位点所控制的.此外,控制幼苗根系相关性状的QTL的增效等位基因分散于双亲中,聚合这些来自双亲的增效等位基因,将有可能选育出磷效率明显提高的小麦品种.     

不同基因型玉米自交系在低磷胁迫下的生理生化特性比较初探

以珍珠岩作基质固体培养六种不同基因型玉米自交系材料，设置025mol／L KH2PO4全磷（对照）、10μmol／L KH2PO4（低磷）、1μmol／L KH2PO4（极低磷）三种处理，于四叶一心时测定叶绿素含量、SOD活性、POD活性以及MDA含量的变化．各自交系在低磷和极低磷胁迫时，叶绿素含量都升高．缺磷时不同自交系的根和叶的SOD及POD的变化趋势不一致：自交系04099和04417叶片和根系的SOD和POD活性与对照相比均增加；04065叶片和根系的SOD活性比对照升高，但是POD活性比对照降低；04419在两个缺磷水平处理下叶片和根系的SOD活性较对照下降，叶片的POD活性较对照上升，但根系的下降；04242经两个缺磷水平处理后叶片和根系的SOD活性下降，叶片POD活性在低磷处理下上升，极低磷时下降，根系POD活性降低；04088SOD活性变化与04242相同，但是低磷和极低磷下的叶片POD活性比对照增加，根系POD活性在低磷条件下降低，极低磷下上升，玉米的膜脂过氧化程度在缺磷处理时发生改变，低磷和极低磷处理时所有自交系的叶片和根系MDA含量也发生不了同程度的变化，综合分析，初步判断自交系04099和04065是耐低磷胁迫能力较高的材料，有进一步研究的价值。     

磷胁迫及磷高效基因型品种筛选研究进展

介绍了耐低磷胁迫生理生化特性,阐述了低磷胁迫对植物碳水化合物合成与分配的影响,总结了磷高效基因型品种的筛选,分析了其他逆境条件对低磷胁迫的关系,论述了植物低磷胁迫研究进展。     

低磷胁迫下杉木无性系根系形态及养分利用响应研究

【目的】研究不同杉木无性系苗木在低磷胁迫下的根系形态和养分利用特征,为提高杉木养分利用效率的遗传改良提供参考。【方法】以5个杉木无性系组培苗为材料,采用土壤盆栽实验,设置缺磷(PO, KH₂PO₄ 0 mmol/L)和正常供磷(PN, KH₂PO₄ 1.0 mmol/L)两种改良Hoagland营养液进行浇灌处理,培养60 d后测定其生物量(根、茎、叶)、根系形态参数及其养分(磷、氮、钾、钙、镁)累积量和利用效率。【结果】①随施磷水平的变化,杉木无性系的干物质质量和根系形态指标显示出极显著的基因型效应差异。②缺磷处理使杉木无性系的根、茎、叶和整株干物质质量分别减少20.06%、20.68%、14.07%和16.78%,根冠比则增加,总根长、总根表面积、总根体积分别增加17.31%、17.69%、24.77%,根平均直径减少8.22%,细根比例显著提高。③缺磷使杉木无性系整株磷累积量减少17.91%,而磷利用效率呈上升趋势,同时磷在根系中的含量降低16.35%,但茎、叶中的含量在处理间差异不显著; 缺磷还使整株对钾的累积量减少27.58%,钙和氮分别减少18.56%和14.95%,镁减少12.85%。④经主成分分析发现,杉木无性系植株的粗根长、细根长、根冠比、根干物质质量与低磷胁迫响应密切; 回归分析显示,细根量对植株的磷吸收量有显著正向效应。【结论】杉木无性系根系形态指标随施磷水平变化呈极显著的基因型效应差异,缺磷胁迫使苗木地上部干物质质量减少,根平均直径减少,细根比例增大,根冠比增大,根系趋向于磷高效吸收的根构型转变,进而提高对低磷胁迫的遗传适应性。     

铝胁迫下玉米根系生理反应的基因型差异

采用营养液培养方法对2个耐铝性不同的玉米基因型根系分泌物、根系活力等生理特性进行了比较研究.铝胁迫可显著增加耐铝自交系根系苹果酸含量和分泌量.铝处理3d后,耐铝自交系根系可溶性糖分泌量显著高于敏感自交系.铝胁迫可增加2个自交系根系总碳的分泌量,耐铝自交系的伤流液中可检出大量琥珀酸.铝胁迫下耐铝自交系的根系的还原力提高,可维持较高的呼吸代谢活性.     

海岛棉不同基因型幼苗对盐胁迫的生理响应

以海岛棉品种新海21号(XH 21,盐敏感基因型)和新海28号(XH 28,耐盐基因型)为材料,采用水培法,从3叶期开始进行NaCl处理(NaCl浓度为0、50、100、150、200、250mmol/L),研究了盐胁迫下海岛棉不同基因型幼苗干物质分配、生长特征、游离脯氨酸含量、根系活力、膜透性及丙二醛含量的变化规律。结果表明:NaCl胁迫对海岛棉耐盐基因型和盐敏感基因型根长、根系活力、茎粗及干物质分配影响具有明显差异,低浓度的NaCl(≤50mmol/L)能够提高耐盐基因型根系活力,促进根长及茎的生长,增加生物量,而对盐敏感基因型无促进作用;随盐浓度的增加,二基因型功能叶丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性均显著上升,但XH 28与XH 21相比,则具有较低丙二醛含量和电解质外渗率。故盐胁迫下海岛棉叶中能保持较高的游离脯氨酸含量及较低丙二醛含量、膜透性是耐盐性品种的生理基础。     

大豆磷效率与形态生理性状的关系

有关低磷红壤上大豆（Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅ ｍａｘ（Ｌ．）Ｍｅｒｒｉｌｌ）基因型磷效率特性的研究鲜见报到。作者选用低磷红壤耕地上生长适应性不同的１９个广东大豆地方种质,采用低磷红壤盆栽方法,对大豆基因型磷效率特性及其与植株形态生理性状的关系进行了研究。结果表明：在低磷水平下,较之磷效率特性较差的大豆基因型,磷效率特性较好的大豆基因型表现出体内磷素的相对积累和体内磷素转化为干生物量的效率的相对减弱;不同的植     

云南改良稻及元阳地方稻磷高效研究

 在土壤有效磷质量比分别为0.26mg·kg^-1和80.0mg·kg^-1条件下对云南111份改良稻和77份元阳地方稻进行形态性状与程氏指数间的磷高效研究,以明确籼粳分化和米色与磷高效间相互关系,对比改良稻和地方稻间磷高效差异.结果表明:①相对地上干物质量、相对地下干物质量、相对总干物质量和相对分蘖力4个耐低磷指标性状可作为水稻耐低磷能力强弱评价的理想指标,能明确反映出磷高效能力强弱;②元阳地方稻各亚种间平均耐低磷能力均明显高于云南改良稻,且差异明显,4个耐低磷指标性状平均值为籼>偏籼>偏粳>粳,无色米>有色米,耐低磷能力随程氏指数的增大呈递减趋势;③总体而言,程氏指数和耐低磷指标性状间多数呈显著负相关,磷高效特性和籼粳分化密切相关.     

Ideal root architecture for phosphorus acquisition of plants under water and phosphorus coupled stresses: From simulation to application

Under water and phosphorus (P) coupled stresses, root architecture may be related to P acquisition efficiency of plants. Understanding the relationship between root architecture and P acquisition efficiency may provide basic information for improving P acquisition efficiency of plants. In the present study, we quantitatively described the effects of root architecture on P acquisition efficiency by computer simulation together with controlled biological experiments so as to determine an ideal root architecture for efficient P acquisition under water and P coupled stresses. Our results indicate that under given soil water conditions, the ideal root architecture for P acquisition efficiency of a tap root plant (as represented by common bean) is an 搖mbrella-shape?root system whose basal roots tend to be shallow in the P-rich topsoil and tap roots tend to be deep for water in the subsoil. Meanwhile, the ideal root architecture for a fibrous root plant (as represented by upland rice) is a beard-shape?root system with the moderately dispersed yet uniformly distributed adventitious and lateral roots so as to keep most roots in the topsoil for P and a few roots in the subsoil for water.     

Characterization of root architecture in an applied core collection for phosphorus efficiency of soybean germplasm

In the present study, we constructed an “applied core collection“ for phosphorus (P) efficiency of soybean germplasm using a GIS-assisted approach. Systematic characterization and comparative analysis of root architecture were conducted to evaluate the relationship between root architecture and P efficiency and its possible evolutionary pattern. Our results found that: i) root architecture was closely related to P efficiency in soybean. Shallow root architecture had better spatial configuration in the P-rich cultivated soil layer hence higher P efficiency and soybean yield; ii) there was a possible co-evolutionary pattern among shoot type, root architecture and P efficiency. The bush cultivated soybean had a shallow root architecture and high P efficiency, the climbing wild soybean had a deep root architecture and low P efficiency, while the root architecture and P efficiency of semi-wild soybean were intermediate between cultivated and wild soybean; iii) P availability regulated root architecture. Soybean roots became shallower with P addition to the topsoil, indicating that the co-evolutionary relationship between root architecture and P efficiency might be attributed to the long-term effects of topsoil fertilization. Our results could provide important theoretical basis for improving soybean root traits and P efficiency.     

Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting tolerance to low phosphorus in rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

Phosphorus (P)-deficiency in rice (Oryza. Sativa. L) may cause yield reductions. This research has been conducted to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for tolerance to low phosphorus stress in a doubled haploid (DH) population. By using the linkage map of this population, the QTLs for relative dry weight, relative P content and relative P utilization efficiency have been located. The results indicate that one RFLP marker located on chromosome 6 is closely associated with relative root dry weight, relative shoot dry weight and relative total dry weight, which explain 24.9%, 20.5% and 25.2% of the total phenotypic variations, respectively. Two QTLs affect relative P uptake content, which account for 20.7% of the total phenotypic variations. One micro-effect QTL has been found to be associated with relative P utilization efficiency. It is suggested that the P uptake efficiency is more associated with P efficiency. Among the secondary physiological indices of P uptake efficiency, the root dry weight is more important than others.     

The protein kinase Pstol1 from traditional rice confers tolerance of phosphorus deficiency

As an essential macroelement for all living cells, phosphorus is indispensable in agricultural production systems. Natural phosphorus reserves are limited, and it is therefore important to develop phosphorus-efficient crops. A major quantitative trait locus for phosphorus-deficiency tolerance, Pup1, was identified in the traditional aus-type rice variety Kasalath about a decade ago. However, its functional mechanism remained elusive until the locus was sequenced, showing the presence of a Pup1-specific protein kinase gene, which we have named phosphorus-starvation tolerance 1 (PSTOL1). This gene is absent from the rice reference genome and other phosphorus-starvation-intolerant modern varieties. Here we show that overexpression of PSTOL1 in such varieties significantly enhances grain yield in phosphorus-deficient soil. Further analyses show that PSTOL1 acts as an enhancer of early root growth, thereby enabling plants to acquire more phosphorus and other nutrients. The absence of PSTOL1 and other genes-for example, the submergence-tolerance gene SUB1A-from modern rice varieties underlines the importance of conserving and exploring traditional germplasm. Introgression of this quantitative trait locus into locally adapted rice varieties in Asia and Africa is expected to considerably enhance productivity under low phosphorus conditions.     

磷胁迫下不同基因型大豆苗期磷吸收利用差异的研究

在缺磷和低磷胁迫条件下，对不同基因型大豆苗期磷吸收利用的差异进行了研究．结果表明：缺磷胁迫下，磷高效基因型（K1、K2）叶部的吸磷量均大于磷中效（Z1、Z2）、低效（M1、M2）基因型，但根、茎的吸磷量与磷中效基因型差异不明显；低磷胁迫下，磷高效基因型根、叶的吸磷量均大于磷中、低效基因型，但茎部吸磷量与磷中效基因型差异不明显．缺磷和低磷胁迫下，磷高效基因型磷利用率的适应性均未表现出优势．磷高效基因型并非所有性状的适应性均能表现出优势。     

生物技术在冬小麦种植过程中的化肥减施增效作用

本文研究了化肥减施条件下生物菌剂、有机肥对小麦叶绿素、游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量以及过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和根系活力系数等生理及土壤N、P等指标变化的影响,为农田N、P减施增效的机理研究奠定一定基础。肥料配施设置四种处理：传统施肥处理(复合肥75 g?m-2,CK)、复合肥减施处理(复合肥37.5 g?m-2,CF)、添加木霉菌剂的复合肥减施处理(BF)、添加有机肥的复合肥减施处理(OF)。结果显示(1)BF处理的过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶等保护酶的活性显著高于其他处理;丙二醛、游离脯氨酸含量结果显示,BF处理保持较低水平,而OF、CF处理含量明显升高;BF、OF的叶绿素、根系活力水平要明显高于CK和CF处理。(2)BF、OF的产量比对照高20%左右。(3)小麦收割后土壤中N、P的总量结果显示,BF处理要明显低于其他处理,而OF明显高于其他处理;OF处理的碱解氮、速效磷含量最高,BF处理也处于较高水平。研究结果表明,木霉菌剂能促进作物的生长、提高作物的保护酶活性、降低外界环境胁迫对作物造成的损伤,促进土壤中结合态N、P的释放、提高有效N、P的水平从而提高作物产量。木霉菌剂能有效转化土壤中结合态N、P为有效态氮磷,提高土壤中的碱解氮、速效磷的含量并提高作物对N、P的利用率,显著降低土壤中N、P总量。     

稀土在农作物中吸收分布

通过对农作物中5个稀土元素(La、Ce、Nd、Y、Gd)的含量分布以及单一稀土的分布规律的研究.结果表明: 农作物吸收稀土的能力与土壤可给稀土量呈正相关,植物体各部位稀土含量分布一般为根＞叶＞茎＞果实;单一稀土在根部的分布特征是La＞Ce＞Nd＞Y＞Gd,在叶,茎,果实的分布特征是Ce＞La＞Nd＞Y＞Gd,说明轻稀土较重稀土易被植物吸收;植物在生长不同期吸收稀土的能力大小为:幼苗期＞分枝期＞成熟期.总之,稀土元素在植物中不易迁移,主要集中在根部,果实中含量甚微.     

Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting tolerance to low phosphorus in rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

Phosphorus (P)-deficiency in rice (Oryza.Sativa.L) may cause yield reductions.This research has been conducted to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for tolerance to low phosphorus stress in a doubled haploid (DH) population.By using the linkage map of this population,the QTLs for relative dry weight,relative P content and relative P utilization efficiency have been located.The results indicate that one RFLP marker located on chromosome 6 is closely associated with relative root dry weight,relative shoot dry weight and relative total dry weight,which explain 24.9%,20.5% and 25.2% of the total phenotypic variations,respectively.Two QTLs affect relative P uptake content,which account for 20.7% of the total phenotypic variations.One micro-effect QTL has been found to be associated with relative P utilization efficiency.It is suggested that the P uptake efficiency is more associated with P efficiency.Among the secondary physiological indices of P uptake efficiency,the root dry weight is more important than others.     

氮素营养对园林植物根系生长与生理特性影响的研究

以落叶松、橡胶树等园林植物和大田作物为基础,阐述了园林植物根系在氮素营养条件下发生的一系列形态与生理变化。在一定施氮浓度下,随着施氮浓度的增加,园林植物根鲜重、干重逐渐增加,根系总表面积、侧根数、根冠比增大,根系变细变长;不同施氮时期的影响也较为显著,其中早施氮肥对根系生长有利;对根系而言,硝态氮效应比其他形态的氮素效果好;同时,一定的施氮量可以明显增加根系吸水量和根系活力,增加根系分泌物质量,促进碳氮代谢,减少根系内游离氨基酸的数量,维持根系内氮素代谢的平衡。