不同球窝/球凸结构的旋转矩形通道传热及阻力特性研究

采用数值模拟方法研究了旋转工况下球窝/球凸结构对通道传热特性和阻力特性的影响,利用SSTk-ω湍流模型求解了黏性Navier-Stokes方程,其中矩形通道的一侧布置球凸,另一侧布置球窝,球窝/球凸的结构分为圆形、竖椭圆和横椭圆.研究结果表明:球凸的迎风前缘传热能力大大增强,背风后缘及其之后的尾迹区域出现流动分离且传热性能有所减弱;球窝的前缘出现了流动分离且传热性能明显减弱,后半球窝处的分离流体再附使传热能力增强.通道旋转对传热阻力特性的影响很大,主要是旋转使得球窝/球凸表面的流动分离再附提前发生或延迟出现,后缘面流动分离再附频繁出现.比较3种通道发现:竖椭圆球窝/球凸通道和圆形球窝/球凸通道的平均Nu和摩擦系数几乎相等,横椭圆球窝/球凸通道的平均Nu和摩擦系数明显大于圆形、竖椭圆通道.     

布置球窝的U型冷却通道传热性能研究

采用数值模拟方法研究了球窝结构对U型通道传热和阻力特性的影响,U型通道的一侧布置了球窝结构;采用SST k-ω和大涡模拟(LES)湍流模型,对不同Re下的球窝强化传热性能进行了分析.结果表明:U型通道中第2列通道传热系数明显大于第1列通道,180°转弯角附近存在明显的二次流现象且传热系数较高;球窝结构的引入能明显强化U型通道的传热性能,球窝表面的平均Nu沿着流动方向逐渐减小,经过180°转弯角后急剧增大,球窝结构强化传热带来的压力损失非常小,几乎与光滑通道相当;RANS方法计算出的球窝表面Nu要大于LES方法的时均结果,相比LES方法,RANS方法判断的球窝腔内再附点更加靠近上游.     

球凹平板冲击冷却性能的数值研究及结构改进

采用SST湍流模型数值研究了球凹平板冲击冷却的流动与换热特性,分析了4种球凹布置形式对带有最大横向流的冲击冷却性能的影响,提出了球凹布置的改进结构。研究表明:球凹结构对气流压力损失的影响很小,展向偏移布置和叉排布置的球凹能够增大通道对称面和下游的湍动能,顺排布置和流向偏移布置的球凹使通道中心处的湍动能降低;展向偏移布置和叉排布置的球凹平板换热效果最好,其次是平板,然后是顺排布置的球凹平板,流向偏移布置的球凹平板换热效果最差;在通道上游,展向偏移布置的球凹表面换热效果优于叉排布置,而通道下游的趋势正好相反。综合展向偏移布置和叉排布置的球凹表面换热优点,布置新的球凹排列方式,改进布置的球凹表面换热效果与预期的效果相吻合;通道底面的换热效果基本不受球凹沿对称面的布置位置的影响。     

球窝/球凸结构下的U型通道蒸汽冷却性能

采用标准k-ω湍流模型研究了球窝/球凸结构下U型通道内蒸汽的传热与阻力特性,计算、分析了雷诺数为1×104~5×104、来流温比为0.79~0.93、出口压力为0.5~3MPa时通道内的流动与传热性能,获得了拟合的传热关联式,对比了蒸汽与空气冷却特性的差异。研究结果表明:雷诺数增加在提升总体传热效果的同时能够有效降低流动阻力系数;来流温比增大对强化传热的作用并不明显,但可以有效降低流动阻力损失;提高出口压力可以有效增强传热效果,但大大增加了流动阻力;出口压力为1.5~2MPa、来流温比为0.84~0.88时蒸汽冷却参数能够获得较为理想的综合换热效果;与空气相比,蒸汽的热物性更容易受到温度和压力的影响,导致传热增强系数的变化较大,此时雷诺数的变化对传热增强系数的贡献并不显著;拟合的传热关联式可以准确预测通道内蒸汽冷却换热系数。     

含球凸/球凹板翅式换热器的数值分析

在普通平直翅片板翅式换热器基础上演变而来的含球凸/球凹的板翅式换热器具有结构稳定、换热面积大、换热能力强和强化传热效果显著等优点,在工农业的热量传递设备中具有广泛的应用前景。本文采用同位网格上的SIMPLE算法,在雷诺数Re=550~1700的范围内对比研究了矩形通道下球凸/球凹板翅式换热器与平直翅片板翅式换热器的流动及传热问题。研究表明,在相同的流动速度下,冲压有球凸/球凹翅片的矩形通道努塞尔数要比平直翅片的矩形通道高47%~108%,同时冲压有球凸/球凹翅片通道的阻力系数也要比平直翅片通道高69%~140%。分析得出球凸/球凹的存在能够产生数量多、强度大的二次流,从而进一步促进冷热流体的相互混合,但是在强化对流换热的同时流动阻力也有较大的增加。     

流体横掠顺排和错排方形微针肋阵列的流动传热和熵产分析

采用数值模拟的方法研究了流体横掠错排和顺排方形微针肋的流动、传热和熵产。结果发现,雷诺数Re≤50时顺排和错排微针肋阵的熵产接近,Re在50~100之间两者流动熵产和传热熵产的差距开始增加,Re≥100之后错排微针肋阵流动熵产远大于顺排微针肋阵,传热熵产小于顺排针肋。传热熵产数值大于流动熵产,总熵产趋势同传热熵产。以Re=100为例,详细分析发现错排针肋阵内速度场较顺排针肋阵均匀,产生的漩涡较小,温度场分布也较顺排针肋阵均匀。局部熵产分析发现错排针肋和顺排针肋传热熵产分布不同,流动熵产分布近似。     

空冷器球突翅片换热与不可逆性分析

数值模拟了球突翅片管外空气的流动和换热,并基于耗散概念对球突翅片换热的不可逆性进行了分析。结果表明:与平直翅片相比,直接空冷器单排管换热器采用球突翅片可使换热显著强化。当球突个数相同时,错排布置方式优于顺排;在Re=600～1 500的范围内,球突错排时,平均换热系数比平直翅片增加30%～55%,阻力系数增加50%～85%,同功耗强化换热指数PEC为1.14～1.27。球突翅片的等效热阻显著减小,其传热的不可逆性减弱,这正是球突翅片具有良好强化换热性能的物理机制。     

空气在三角形波纹通道内湍流流动与换热的数值研究

采用数值模拟的方法,对流动与换热进入周期性充分发展段等壁温边界条件下三角形波纹通道内流体的流动与换热进行二维数值模拟分析,计算考察了雷诺数Re、间距比ε及波纹纵横比γ对流动与换热性能的影响。结果表明:Re数及波纹纵横比γ较小时,不会出现回流;在计算的Re范围内,随着Re的增加,平均努塞尔数Nu呈递增趋势,摩擦阻力系数f呈下降趋势;并拟合出通道不同几何因子下阻力系数f及表面换热特性数Nu随Re变化的关联式。通过对性能参数j/f的分析得出,采用小间距比ε或者小波纹纵横比γ均可以提高换热性能。     

矩形通道中涡流发生器换热性能的实验研究与模拟

通过换热实验和CFD模拟,在Re=150~1,200范围内对布置有斜截式半椭圆柱型涡流发生器的矩形换热通道内的流动和换热特性进行研究,并对其强化换热机理进行了分析.结果表明,布置有涡流发生器的换热通道较光滑通道Nu增加,压降增大,并且强化效果随Re增大而增强.在涡流发生器布置处产生了纵向涡,使截面涡量值大幅增加,从而强化了换热过程.     

采用球窝控制边界层分离流动的大涡模拟

用具有逆压梯度的平板分离流动模拟低压透平叶片吸力面的分离流动,采用基于动力Sma-gorinsky亚格子应力模型的大涡模拟对逆压梯度条件下布置在平板上单个球窝的流动特性及球窝对边界层分离流动控制的效果进行了研究,详细考察了球窝前沿边界层厚度和球窝深度的比值R分别为0.378、0.994和1.453时球窝的流动特性和控制性能.结果表明:R较小时控制性能最好;球窝内部的马蹄涡对球窝的流动起主导作用;球窝内的马蹄涡周期性脱落并在球窝尾迹区形成发夹涡排,发夹涡涡腿紧贴壁面形成流向涡,流向涡卷吸主流高能流体,由此增强了边界层能量.马蹄涡和发夹涡排对分离流动控制起主要作用.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that